Abstract
Knowing the limitations caused by fossil fuels various researches are being conducted in search of a substitute fuel. One such substitute fuels are biodiesel. A microalgal feedstock is considered as the ideal third generation biodiesel as they are a highly efficient and sustainable source of fuel due to their high accumulation of lipid and are cultured without agricultural land or ecological landscapes, they help withglobal warming and treatment of wastewater. Even though they provide us with all these benefits, they pose various challenges. This review paper focuses on the important aspects of the production of biodiesel and addresses the challenges posed in the process. We discuss the process in detail from the efficient way to select the microalgal strain, effects of biotechnology and genetic engineering in improving the efficiency of the microalgae, the most efficient culture system and bioreactor used, and the optimum conditions that help the accumulation of the most amount of oil, detailed harvesting methods where both the physical, chemical, and biological methods are discussed in detail. The details of oil conversion to biodiesel by transesterification method followed by the recent developments to increase the oil production by the addition of nano-particles, advantages, and prospects have been discussed.
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