Traditional Garden Research Articles

Overview of traditional medicine in the Muisca Reserve of Cota, Colombia: A cross-sectional study.

The Muisca Indigenous people in Cota, Colombia, has committed to reviving and strengthening their traditional culture, including the ancestral knowledge associated with their traditional medicine. To explore the occurrence of traditional medicine and factors associated with its use among the Muisca people in Cota, Colombia. A participatory cross-sectional study applied a questionnaire to 471 Muisca mothers who had at least one child over 10 in April 2019. The 44 questions inquired demographic, social, and cultural factors of participants and their knowledge, use and practice of traditional medicine. We used the Mantel-Haenszel procedure to measure the associations using Odds Ratio and 95% confidence intervals. 66.2% (312/471) of the mothers knew at least three cases of traditional diseases; 56.8% (267/470) had and used medicinal plants; 15.8% (73/462) had practiced traditional self-care for flu, menstruation and postpartum; and 11.8% (54/458) reported that they had gone to midwives, bonesetters and healers. Four factors had a significant association (p < 0.05) with traditional medicine: consumption of three traditional foods; having traditional gardens and plants; living within the reservation; and parents born in a municipality of indigenous influence. The study showed that the permanence of traditional medicine is strongly associated with traditional food, agricultural vocation and the possession and use of medicinal plants. The results suggest that the strategy for the recovery of traditional medicine could focus on promoting a stronger link between indigenous identity, territory, food and health.

Balinese Traditional Agroforestry as Base of Watershed Conservation

Forests, traditional gardens and green spaces play an important role in regulating the water flow of an area. Along with the high demand for land in Bali for agriculture and tourism, many forest areas have been converted into hotels and settlements. Forest conversion has caused many problems such as erosion, soil fertility decreased, flora fauna extinction, floods, drought, global warming and the disturbing watershed, especially rivers for springs. The purpose of this study is the development of watershed conservation in Bali based on traditional agroforestry. The method that used is vegetation analysis. Calculation of the erosion amount using the USLE formula. Sampling was done by ten plots. The results showed that traditional agroforestry vegetation consisted of vertical and horizontal structures. The characteristic of traditional agroforestry is that dominant plants are distributed irregularly, thus creating a miniature structure like a forest. The vertical structure consists of trees, horizontal structure filled with species of garden plants and agriculture. Trees have roots spread intensively in the soil and reduce nutrient leaching. Land cover by vegetation protects the soil and erosion. The agroforestry has a role as an act of soil and water conservation. Traditional agroforestry land cover has a relatively low C coefficient (0.05-0.25) compared to other lands. The level of erosion hazard is low and moderate. Average erosion value of 55.01 t.ha-1.yr-1. This indicates that traditional agroforestry makes the soil have a higher ability to absorb water, thereby reducing surface runoff. Likewise, organic material that improves the water content capacity. In addition, water quality can be improved through the humus filter function. During a long dry season, there is a drought due to low rainfall, but rivers and springs were able to supply water for the peoples daily needs. This condition occurs because of the tree retentions in traditional gardens. Conservation actions need to be taken, namely maintaining trees vegetation, increasing reforestation, bench terraces use, mounds and mulch use. This condition also places traditional agroforestry as a sustainable land management system.

Formative Characteristics of the Soudang (素宇堂) Historic House &amp;lt;italic&amp;gt;Byeoldang&amp;lt;/italic&amp;gt; Garden in Uiseong

Background and objective This study aimed to estimate the creation period and creators of Soudang historic house Byeoldang (Annexe) Garden (素宇堂古宅 別堂庭園, Unification as ‘SB Garden’ from now on) located in Uiseong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do through a literature research and field survey, and establish the construction style and value of the garden through research and analysis of its spatial and visual characteristics and garden design. The findings are as follows. Methods The research method was a combination of literature study, field survey, and comparative review. The architectural history of SB Garden were analyzed through a literature survey, and the spatial configuration of Soudanggotaek and the visual and planting design characteristics of SB Garden were derived through field survey. Also the form and style of SB Garden were identified through comparative studies between Japanese garden style cases, and Japanese gardens created in Korea during the late Joseon and Japanese colonial period. Results It is estimated that SB Garden was built between 1890 and 1920, during the late Joseon Dynasty and the early days of Japanese colonial rule, by Lee Jang-seop (1854–1907) and Lee Hong (1887–1972). Comprehensively considering the form of its small hills, the shape of the pond and the introduction of yarimizu, the presentation of oddly-shaped stones and stone structures (stone settings), the introduction of stone bridges and stone lanterns, the strolling route and stepping stones, and the tree species introduced and their planting methods, the hills of SB Garden are different in form and technique from seokgasan created in Korean traditional gardens. Through the hills, the intention of making a garden is detected, with the motif of “garden of cranes and turtles.” Conclusion The foundation from which SB Garden can be considered a Korean traditional garden is very weak, and this garden is evaluated as a modern garden completed by introducing a Japanese garden style in modern times. Specifically, SB Garden is considered to be a stroll-style garden that enables users to appreciate it by connecting the three gardens with stepping stones and stone bridges, including the garden of cranes and turtles (a sort of pond garden), the tea garden centered on the Byeoldang (Annexe), and the stone garden.

「京都岡崎の文化的景観」をはぐくむ地域の活動−伝統的庭園の植栽管理を事例に

「京都岡崎の文化的景観」をはぐくむ地域の活動−伝統的庭園の植栽管理を事例に

ОБЗОР ИСТОРИЧЕСКИХ ЭТАПОВ РАЗВИТИЯ ЯПОНСКОЙ САДОВОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ (Часть 2 – от Мэйдзи до Рэйва) начало в №1 2022

The review provides an analysis of the development of Japanese ornamental gardening from the Meiji period to the present. In historical terms, this short period of time of about 155 years originates in the restoration of the imperial power of Japan after the last shogun resigned his authority to govern the country. It is characterized by high rates of industrialization of the economy, which could not but affect the development of many traditional arts, including gardening. It was during this period that Japanese traditions were imported to the countries of the Old and New World, Japanese gardens were built outside the country. At the same time, European art, technology and traditions are penetrating Japan and have a strong influence on the culture of the country. The influence of Western art led to the emergence of eclectic gardens, but brought a certain fresh stream to modern decorative gardening. The complex, but always recognizable structure and appearance of the Japanese garden are gradually giving way to simplified forms of European-American design, while outside Japan interest in Japanese gardens is not decreasing and more and more Japanese architects are building traditional Japanese gardens in other countries.

Kent Biyoçeşitliliği ve Kültürel Değişim Açısından Dış Mekan Süs Bitkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi: Niğde Kenti Örneği

Plant species used in urban settlements play an important role in cultural change and biodiversity determination. In the past, people have used many plant species to beautify their gardens by giving importance to flowering plants. Biodiversity can be determined by using the distribution of flowering plant species that have traditionally been preferred as species and in urban settlements. In this study, when the plants used in the settlement areas were investigated, 132 plant species belonging to 39 families were identified in a total of 200 sample areas. Five different residential areas were evaluated in the study. These can be listed as detached houses, traditional houses, villa houses, site, mass housing. It has been determined that non-natural species are used extensively in the research areas. It is observed that plant species natural plants and containing fruit are given priority in traditional gardens. It has been determined that unnatural species are used in other house types. For the continuity and protection of natural plant species, the garden order of traditional houses has been found more valuable.

Reviving a sense of poetry: assessing Wang Shu’s contemporary design practice

Chinese men of letters pursued the idea of a poetic life in feudal times, and this ideal was often embodied in traditional gardening and landscape paintings. However, it has been argued that the pursuit of this traditional notion of poetic life has been lost with the arrival of modernity. In this view, Chinese cities are seen as losing their identities and becoming Westernised. Wang Shu, the Pritzker Prize-winning Chinese architect, has taken great efforts to rebuild an understanding of Chinese cultural identity: by looking back to the idea of poetic life reflected in traditional gardens and landscape paintings, and attempting to recompose a sense of poetry for contemporary architecture. This article aims to examine Wang’s approaches to this sense of poetry in one of his projects, the design of Xiangshan campus while, at the same time, seeking to offer a Chinese reflection on the architecture of poetry.However, Wang’s approach to using visual and metaphoric techniques in reviving the city’s poetic system can be questioned. His tactics, considered here in relation to the Xiangshan campus, arguably do not fully understand Chinese aesthetics, and do not pose fully a contemporary definition of the ‘sense of poetry’ in relation to the traditional Chinese mind. A holistic interpretation of architectural poetry should concern life, both as living and pleasure, material and spirit, rather than dealing primarily in visual composition. Nevertheless, his efforts in exploring Chinese-ness and his influence on Chinese architects remain highly significant.

Vandra Costello. Irish Demesne Landscapes, 1660–1740.

Vandra Costello. <i>Irish Demesne Landscapes, 1660–1740</i>.

The First Traditional Gardening Art in the "Garden" Style Built on the Territory of Uzbekistan

A thorough study of the art of gardening in the style of Garden on the territory of Uzbekistan, determination of the periods of creation of gardens, their graphic restoration and development of modern landscaping projects, adaptation of such gardens to modern requirements.

Classical soil gardens versus outdoor hydroponic gardens utilizing energy and water capture technologies to combat climate change.

Many outdoor gardens are designed for plants to grow in soil. Few gardens are designed for plants to be hydroponically grown outside with energy and water capture technologies. The feasibility of a selfsufficient, adaptive hydroponic garden harnessing energy from multiple renewable energy (solar and wind) and rainwater collection techniques while producing food has been considered. This study's primary objective is to conduct a comparative analysis between a traditional soil garden bed and an outdoor hydroponic system, called Pangea. The study findings suggest no significant statistical difference between the plants grown in traditional soil and a Pangea system. Additional objectives of this study include a comparative analysis of water and energy differentials between a standard garden and Pangea. This study's energy findings suggest that the Pangea system produces 0.05 kWh of energy to 0 kWh of energy production in the classic soil over a month timespan. The water production findings indicate that a Pangea system produces 198.01 L of water and a classic soil of 69 L for a timespan of 1 month, concluding a positive water differential of 288.12 L and a negative water differential of 414 L after 6 months. The study findings suggest the combination of sustainable practices can limit the negative effects of weather-related events to create a positive differential for producing food, water, and energy.

PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE PREVENTIVE PROTECTION OF ROCKERY IN THE MOUNTAIN RESORT BASED ON THE COMPREHENSIVE DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY

Abstract. The concept of preventive protection originates from the European heritage protection field. Nowadays, a complete knowledge system and normative reference framework have been formed in the field of museum collection cultural relics. However, it is just beginning in the field of traditional garden heritage protection. Based on the review of the theories and practices of the preventive protection of international historical building and traditional garden heritage, this paper makes a comprehensive survey, photo and modeling record of the rockery of Mountain Resort with the help of the current comprehensive digital mapping technology. Based on this, the paper combines the historical data files to carry out the comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the authenticity, destruction and safety of the present rockery; moreover, taking Jinshan as an example, the main points of digital surveying and mapping of large-scale rockery are summarized; Finally, summarize the current problems of rockery and put forward preventive protection suggestions. It is hoped that through this study, the case of preventive protection of Royal Garden heritage in Qing Dynasty will be enriched, and a new idea will be provided for the protection of Royal Garden heritage in Qing Dynasty.

Intelligent Recognition Method of Decorative Openwork Windows with Sustainable Application for Suzhou Traditional Private Gardens in China

Decorative openwork windows (DO-Ws) in Suzhou traditional private gardens play a vital role in Chinese traditional garden art. Due to the delicate and elegant patterns, as well as their rich cultural meaning, DO-Ws have quite high protection and utilization value. In this study, we firstly visited 15 extant traditional gardens in Suzhou and took almost 3000 photos to establish the DO-W datasets. Then, we present an effective visual recognition method named CSV-Net to classify different DO-Ws’ patterns in Suzhou traditional gardens. On the basis of the backbone module of the cross stage partial network optimized with the Soft-VLAD architecture, the proposed CSV-Net achieves a preferable representation ability for distinguishing different DO-Ws in practical scenes. The comparative experimental results show that the CSV-Net model achieves a good balance between its performance, robustness and complexity for identifying DO-Ws, also having further potential for sustainable application in traditional gardens. Moreover, the Canglang Pavilion and the Humble Administrator’s Garden were selected as the cases to analyze the relation between identifying DO-W types and their locations in intelligent approaches, which further reveals the design rules of the sustainable culture contained in Chinese traditional gardens. This work ultimately promotes the sustainable application of artificial intelligence technology in the field of garden design and inheritance of the garden art.

A study into hawler botanical garden (h.b.g) in comparison to some other botanical gardens of the world

The aim of establishing botanical garden (B.G) in any place, has now been well expanded. It is confined to creation of an aesthetically pleasant refuge form of life as perfect as possible. In fact, it is an outdoor and indoor living museum of plant. Recently it becomes a multi-purpose area in contrast to any traditional gardens, park or greenery. However, such, botanical garden is not found in Iraq and it is almost not available in whole Middle East countries. The present project is a first attempt to establish a botanical garden under the name of Hawler botanical garden (H.B.G) in Iraq. Its structure, design and composition are forwarded and discussed in the present paper. However, (H.B.G) goal is planned to be extended for creation of a herbarium, seed bank, gene bank, conservation of energy, also country local specific gardens and especially Kurdish gardens, all of which are not exist or found so far in the area. Undoubtedly, this will encourage establishing more such gardens in the region in order to increase greenery area and refresh the environment.

Climate-Responsive Green-Space Design Inspired by Traditional Gardens: Microclimate and Human Thermal Comfort of Japanese Gardens

Urban green spaces can provide relaxation, exercise, social interaction, and many other benefits for their communities, towns, and cities. However, green spaces in hot and humid regions risk being underutilized by residents unless thermal environments are designed to be sufficiently comfortable. Understanding what conditions are needed for comfortable outdoor spaces, particularly how people feel in regard to their thermal environment, is vital in designing spaces for public use. Traditional gardens are excellent examples of successful microclimate design from which we can learn, as they are developed over the generations through observation and modification. This study analyzed how Japanese gardens affect people’s thermal stress on extremely hot summer days. Meteorological data was collected in three Japanese gardens, and human thermal comfort was evaluated through physiological equivalent temperature (PET). Statistical analysis examined the relationship between spatial configurations of the gardens and thermal comfort. Our study revealed that Japanese gardens can efficiently ameliorate thermal stress. Spatial analysis showed that garden elements affect thermal comfort variously depending on time of the day and spatial distribution.

Ordination of Selected Traditional Japanese Gardens, Traditional Chinese Gardens, and Modern Chinese Gardens

Designers and academics are interested in the characteristics, differences, and similarities between built environments such as garden types. This investigation aims to examine the ordination of traditional Japanese gardens in Kyoto, the classical Chinese gardens in Suzhou and the modern Chinese gardens in Xiamen. A hundred and thirty-four variables were selected for the ordination. According to a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) ordination, the first three principal components covered 70.77 percent of the sample variance: the first principal component (traditional Asian values to non-Asian dimension) and second principal component (a complexity to simplicity dimension) divides the gardens into three identifiable groups; the first and the third principal component (a hardscape to softscape dimension) indicates the similarities of traditional Japanese gardens and classical Chinese gardens; the second and third principal component implies the similarities of traditional Japanese gardens and modern Chinese gardens.

The allometric relationships for estimating above-ground biomass and carbon stock in an abandoned traditional garden in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract. Karyati, Widiati KY, Karmini, Mulyadi R. 2021. The allometric relationships for estimating aboveground biomass and carbon stock in an abandoned traditional garden in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 751-762. The existence of traditional gardens after abandonment process has a role based on ecological and economic aspects. To estimate the biomass and carbon stock in the abandoned traditional gardens, specific allometric equations are required. The aim of this study was to develop allometric equations to estimate biomass of plant parts (leaf, branch, trunk, and aboveground biomass (AGB)) through tree dimensions variables (diameter at breast height (DBH), total tree height, and tree bole height). The relationships between stem biomass, AGB and tree dimensions were very strong indicated by the relatively high adjusted R2 value. The moderately strong relationships were shown between branch biomass and tree dimensions, meanwhile, the relationship between leaf biomass and tree dimensions was very weak. The specific allometric equations for estimating biomass and carbon stocks that are suitable for tree species and/or forest stands at a particular site are very useful for calculating the carbon stocks and sequestration. The appropriate biomass and carbon stock calculation are needed to determine policies related to global climate change.

Traditional Gardens of Anatolia in term of the Vineyard and Vegetables: The Case Study Siirt Gardens

Mesopotamia is the region where milestone in human history has been developed and the first settled societies were formed. The formed agricultural structure in the region was differentiated and developed according to the relationship between the region’s geographical specifications, life features of people who live in that region and food sources. In this process, vineyards and vegetable gardens that are regional gardens were formed in the scope of agricultural structure. In traditional life, the vineyards are agricultural fields where the fruit need which is based on dryland farming, the vegetable gardens are agricultural fields where vegetable production is mostly made and based on irrigated farming. The city of Siirt where was built on the high parts of Mesopotamia is one of the oldest places in the world which the vineyard. In this study; vineyards and vegetable gardens in and around the city of Siirt were evaluated in terms of their general garden plan, its elements, and border plants by examining their general specifications. In this way, the regional garden cultures that have reached from the past to modern-day introduction was aimed. In the region, the signs of these traditional gardens' essential cultures were detected. The vineyards and vegetable gardens kept their existence up to modern-day as an important element of regional nutrition relations and economy by providing the daily fruit – vegetable need. However, the local gardens that have come from history are gradually becoming narrow and changing its quality because of urbanization and intensive agriculture.

A breakthrough in landscape design: from traditional garden of ancient despots to the avant-garde "garden of Cubism"

A breakthrough in landscape design: from traditional garden of ancient despots to the avant-garde "garden of Cubism"

풍수형국(風水形局)과 화석원(花石園)을 통해 본 임실 노동환가옥의 정원미학

This study examines the characteristics of the house and garden of No Donghwan’s House, located in Samgye-myeon, Imsil, through literature studies, field studies, and interviews with owner of garden. The results of this study aimed at finding the value of traditional garden by discovering the contrast history of the house, the arrangement of the garden, symbolic aesthetics, and the meaning of the special garden which attached to the Sarangchae(Men´s part of a house) are as follows. No Donghwan’s House was built in 1775 by Noyeop, the eighth generation of the owner, who chose a site in 1760, and it can be seen that it was named ‘Olyucheosa’ with the spirit of Do Yeonmyeong and the spirit of ‘Baeksecheongpung’. In terms of the ‘Jeongyangsa’ a tablet hung on the Sarangchae, a space between pursuit study and improving of temperament, which was called ‘Oryujeongsa’ or ‘Bukgyejangsa’, came to the future, and the concept of the reality of ‘A building of healing’ was strengthened. On the other hand, amid the tensions of the situation of ‘Abarn swallow type’ and ‘Head of snake type’, the confrontational and complementary No Donghwan’s House and the surrounding Feng shui geographic relationship has become a key symbolic aesthetic that contains secrets and salts in the house and garden of No Donghwan’s House. In front of Sarangchae, the ‘Hwaseog-won garden’ was carved in rock in odd stones a letter, which is presumed to be a space for creating culture and taste for the arts. In analogy with the existing form of the Hwaseog and the 「Buggyejeongsagi」, the Hwaseog-won garden is judged to be Seokgasan as calculus-shaped stones that mimics the Pyeongcheonjang of the Tang Dynasty Lee Deokyu in China. In addition, 'Hwaseog' is a symbol of the garden that collectively refers to 'Flowers and stones', and it is understood as a garden facility that demands that the house and garden be maintained for generations to generation with the support of the gardener.

담양 죽녹원 지방정원 기본구상

Damyang Juknokwon, with bamboo garden, is composed of five thematic gardens, including a cultural garden, an experiential botanical garden, a historical garden, a nucleus garden, and a traditional garden in an area of 15 ha. In particular, the number of visitors to Juknokwon has been increasing steadily every year since the counting started in 2005, and the number of visitors, which was only about 330,000 in 2005, was about 1.5 million in 2014 and about 1.2 million in 2015. Even though Juknokwon is a paid tourist destination and shows a significant growth year after year, it can be said that Juknokwon is competitive as a tourism resource. Therefore, in this study, a basic design plan was established to designate the local garden of Juknokwon. To this end, the value and current status of Juknokwon was analyzed, and the Juknokwon as a local garden was developed. The space of Juknokwon, which is currently divided into 4 areas, was reorganized, and subjects were assigned to each area, and new facilities and programs were designed accordingly. In addition, the current bamboo forest, Shiga Culture Village (including the Hanok Experience Village), and Chuseong Creative Village, while maintaining the current three themed gardens, while maintaining the current three themed gardens, include two themed gardens such as the Sagun Resource and the Damvit Participation Garden. It was proposed to newly create and reconstruct it into 5 theme gardens. As an experiential program, five categories of programs such as ecology, tradition, humanities, horticulture, and participation were proposed, and an organizational reorganization plan was proposed for future management and operation.