Total Replacement Of Corn Research Articles

Carcass traits and morphometry, typification of the Longissimus dorsi muscle and non-carcass components of hair lambs: can biscuit bran completely replace corn? A machine learning approach.

Biscuit bran (BB) is a co-product with worldwide distribution, with Brazil as the second largest cookie producer in the world with 1,157,051 tons. We evaluate the impact of completely replacing corn with BB on the characteristics and morphometry of carcass of purebred and crossbred Morada Nova lambs using machine learning techniques as an auxiliary method. Twenty male lambs from two genetic groups (GG) were used: purebred red-coated Morada Nova (MNR) and crossbred MNR × white-coated Morada Nova (MNF1). Supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques were used. No interaction (P > 0.05) was observed between diets (D) and genetic groups (GG) and no simple isolated effect was observed for carcass characteristics, qualitative-quantitative typification of the Longissimus dorsi muscle, weight of non-carcass components, weight and yield of commercial cuts and carcass morphometric measurements. The formation of two horizontal clusters was verified: (i) crossed lambs with corn and BB and (ii) purebred lambs fed corn and BB. Vertically, three clusters were formed based on carcass and meat characteristics of native lambs: (i) thermal insulation, body capacity, true yield, and commercial cuts; (ii) choice, performance, physical carcass traits, and palatability; and (iii) yield cuts and non-carcass components. The heatmap also allowed us to observe that pure MN lambs had a greater body capacity when fed BB, while those fed corn showed superiority in commercial cuts, true yields, and non-carcass components. Crossbred lambs, regardless of diet, showed a greater association of physical characteristics of the carcass, performance, palatability, and less noble cuts. Crossbred lambs, regardless of diet, showed a greater association of physical characteristics of the carcass, performance, palatability, and less noble cuts. BB can be considered an alternative energy source in total replacement of corn. Integrating of machine learning techniques is a useful statistical tool for studies with large numbers of variables, especially when it comes to analyzing complex data with multiple effects in the search for data patterns and insights in decision-making on the farm.

The Effect of Substituting (Triticosecale) Instead of Yellow Corn and using a Mixture of Enzymes on some Chemo-Biological Properties of Broiler Serum

The experiment was conducted in the fields of the Department of Animal Production - College of Agriculture - University of Tikrit for a period of 38 days. Tartikelle was replaced with yellow corn after the naturalization of one-day-old chicks, and it was fortified with a mixture of enzymes to see the extent of its effect on some chemo-biological characteristics of the blood serum of broiler chickens. 288 ROSS 308 birds were used, with an initial weight of 43 g. The chicks were distributed into six treatments, and each treatment had six replicates with 8 birds per replicate (three replicates males and the same number of females), and the treatments were as follows, the first treatment (T1) represented the control treatment without any addition (control negative). The second and third treatment (T2 and T3) partial and total replacement of corn by 50% and 100%, respectively. As for the treatments T4, T5 and T6, they are similar to the treatments T1, T2 and T3, respectively, with the addition of the enzyme mixture in an amount of 500 g / ton, according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. We note that there is a significant increase in the sixth treatment compared to the first treatment, and gender had no significant effect on the mentioned characteristics. In terms of the interaction between the experimental treatments and gender, the fourth treatment, females, was significantly superior in calcium concentration over the second and third treatments, males. The sixth treatment, males, outperformed the first and fifth treatments, males and the third. Males and females in York lions. As for blood glucose, the first treatment, females, decreased significantly in comparison with the rest of the experimental treatments. The first treatment was significantly superior to the second in serum albumin concentration. Gender did not have any significant effect. As for the interaction, the first treatment, males, decreased significantly in comparison with the second and fifth treatment, males, as well as with the second treatment, females, in total protein concentration. Blood serum on the first and second treatments were males and the fifth were females, and the second treatment was significantly superior to the first, fifth and sixth treatments in cholesterol, and the sixth treatment was significantly superior to all the experimental treatments in triglycerides, and the second and sixth treatments were significantly superior in HDL to the first and fifth treatments. Effect on the characteristic of cholesterol. As for the triglycerides and HDL, the males were significantly superior to the females. As for the overlap, the second treatment, males, was significantly superior in cholesterol over the first, males, and the first and sixth, females. As for the triglycerides, the sixth treatment was superior to males compared to all the treatments of the experiment, as well as the second and sixth treatments outperformed males in HDL on the fifth males and the first, fourth and fifth females.

Effects of corn replacement by sorghum in broiler chickens diets on performance, blood chemistry, and meat quality

The influence of feeding a new hybrid of sorghum (ES Shamal, orange variety) in broiler chickens on growth, health, meat, and litter quality was evaluated from 1–42 d. A total of 360-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks (40.1 ± 2.3 g) were randomly assigned to 3 experimental diets: 100% corn-based diet (S0), partial replacement of corn with 50% sorghum (S50), total replacement of corn with sorghum (S100). All diets were calculated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric with similar content of total lysine, total sulphur amino acids, calcium, and available phosphorous. The results indicated that partial or total replacement of corn by sorghum is suitable for broiler chicken diets with no adverse effects on growth, and slaughter performance, as well as litter quality over the whole trial period. Moreover, the substitution of corn with sorghum, reduced (p = .007) abdominal fat associated with an increase in breast and thigh meat colour (L* values; p < .001). Also, a significant (p = .002) decrease in plasma triglyceride was found in broilers fed sorghum-based diets. Except for collagen and hardness in the breast and thigh, and gumminess only in the thigh muscle, there were no differences in fundamental physicochemical (pH, protein, fat, moisture) or textural attributes of meat due to dietary treatment. However, sorghum alters the intestinal microflora, resulting in a lower count of E. coli in the caeca. It can thus, be concluded that sorghum (ES Shamal, orange variety) can be included in broiler feeds from hatching to day 42, without any adverse effects on the broiler’s performance. HIGHLIGHTS Climate changes become a threat to the livestock sector and finding novel nutritional solutions for feeding farm animals became a priority. New sorghum varieties are valuable in terms of drought-resistant plants. Replacement of corn with sorghum in broiler diets maintains growth performances and carcase characteristics.

Pasta wastes, as substitute for corn, in the laying Japanese quails diet: Effects on production performance, egg quality and blood biochemistry.

Animal food shortage and finding efficient ways to produce poultry products are getting more and more important issues in the world. This study was aimed to determine the effect of replacing corn with pasta wastes (0%, 50% and 100%) in the diet on production performance, some blood variables and the egg quality traits of laying quails. A total of 240 laying quails were allocated into 3 experimental groups with 8 replicates for 8 weeks. Egg production percentage, egg mass, feed intake and also mortality rate and percentage of abnormal eggs, egg quality traits and blood variables were evaluated. None of the pasta wastes inclusion had significant effect on egg mass, abnormal egg percentage, mortality rate, yolk diameter, yolk weight, albumen height, yolk index, shell weight percentage, egg shape index and blood parameters (except for triglycerides). Replacing 100% corn with pasta by-product reduced feed conversion ratio and increased egg weight values. Replacing 100% corn by pasta wastes significantly increased the albumen weight, shell weight and also egg length and width and decreased the Haugh unit. Replacing 50% and 100% corn had a significant increase in yolk height, egg surface area and significantly decreased shell thickness and yolk colour. Overall, 100% replacement of corn by pasta by-product increased blood triglycerides compared to the 50% group. Based on the result of current experiment, total replacement of corn with pasta wastes could increase the egg weight and also improve feed conversion ratio in the laying quail diets.

Supplementation of crossbred cows with maize and urea in tropical pasture

ABSTRACT This research article aims to evaluate the effect of total replacement of corn by soybean meal and urea on intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter and its components, production and composition of milk and feeding behavior of lactating cows grazing, with intermittent stocking Mombaça grass (Megathyrsus maximus cv. Mombaça). Twelve milking cows were distributed in a triple 4 x 4 latin square. Experimental treatments consisted of four soybean meal replacement levels by corn more urea (0; 33; 66; 100%). The grass has an average content of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber of 19% and 59%, respectively. The replacement of soybean meal by corn and urea did not affect the intake and digestibility of nutrients. A linear reduction of milk production was observed, but there was no change in milk production corrected to 4.0% of fat. The milk components (g/kg) of fat, protein, lactose, and total solids were not altered, as well as feeding behavior. Under the conditions of this study, the replacement of the diets is suitable for crossbred dairy cows in lactation third medium, producing in average of 12.5 kg/day-1 when kept in quality pastures.

High-concentrate diets with fibrous by-products for feedlot Nellore heifers.

The objective of this study was to evaluate high-concentrate diets and two energy sources on intake, performance and meat quality parameters of feedlot Nellore heifers. Twenty-eight heifers (200 ± 22.5 kg BW) were randomly assigned to four treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement: two concentrate levels (70 and 80%) and two energy sources (corn and corn germ meal). At the end of day 112, heifers were slaughtered. There was no interaction (P>0.05) of concentrate levels and energy sources for dry matter intake, unlike crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intakes. The concentrate level of 80% and corn, allowed the highest CP (1.17 kg/day) and NDF (4.05 kg/day) intakes. Final BW (P<0.05) and daily gain (P<0.01) were influenced just by energy source. The carcass composition represented by muscle and fat was affected by concentrate level (P<0.05). Treatments affected (P<0.01) carcass fat deposition, global preference and texture of Longissimus muscle (P<0.05). It was concluded that high proportions of concentrate containing corn as energy source provided the best performance in heifers, and that the total replacement of corn with corn germ meal in high-concentrate diets is not recommended for performance Nellore heifers, but provided good sensory quality to the meat.

The effects of a partial or total replacement of ground corn with ground and whole-grain low-tannin sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) on zootechnical performance, carcass traits and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of broiler chickens

The partial (50%) or total (100%) replacement of corn in broiler diets with a home-grown sorghum cultivar low in tannins was investigated regarding the effects on zootechnical performance, apparent ileal nutrient digestibility (AID) and carcass traits. A total of 240 mix-sexed Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to four experimental diets: 100% corn (M), partial replacement of corn with 50% ground sorghum (S50G), total replacement of corn with ground sorghum (S100G) and a total replacement of corn with 50% ground + 50% whole grain sorghum (S100/50WG). All final feed mixtures were calculated isoenergetic as well as isonitrogenous and met or exceeded current feeding recommendations. Analyses included body weight (BW), average daily weight gain (ADWG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the complete experimental period of 29 days. In the end, broilers were slaughtered and carcass traits as well as AID of amino acids (AA) and crude nutrients were determined. The results demonstrated that partial or total replacement of corn by home-grown low-tannin sorghum is suitable for broiler chicken diets with no adverse effects on zootechnical and slaughter performance over the whole trial period. A numerical decrease of AID in dry matter (DM), crude ash (CA), methionine and tyrosine were observed in experimental groups with sorghum compared to M. The partial and total replacement of corn with ground or whole grain sorghum had no significant effect on carcass weight, dressing, or absolute and relative weight of carcass parts. Broiler chickens expressed increased absolute and relative proportion of the gizzard weight (p ≤ 0.05) due to the increase in particle size in S100/50WG. Total replacement of corn by sorghum reduced lightness, redness and yellowness of abdominal fat in comparison to M (p ≤ 0.05). It can be concluded that home-grown low-tannin sorghum is suitable to create diets for the purpose of poultry meat production. The partial or total replacement of corn by ground or whole grain low-tannin sorghum in broiler diets did not influence the zootechnical or slaughter performance parameters in broiler chickens when the nutrients were balanced. However, the substitution of corn by sorghum negatively affected the coloring of the abdominal fat which requires an adequate dietary supplementation with pigments.

Reemplazo parcial o total de maíz por cebada en dietas integrales para cuyes (Cavia porcellus) en crecimiento

Reemplazo parcial o total de maíz por cebada en dietas integrales para cuyes (Cavia porcellus) en crecimiento

DESEMPENHO, CARACTERÍSTICAS DA CARCAÇA E DA CARNE DE CORDEIROS CONFINADOS COM NÍVEIS CRESCENTES DE BAGAÇO DE LARANJA EM SUBSTITUIÇÃO AO MILHO

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o desempenho e as características quantitativas e qualitativas da carcaça e da carne de cordeiros terminados com diferentes níveis de substituição do milho moído pelo bagaço de laranja. Foram utilizados 32 machos inteiros, da raça Texel, com peso médio inicial de 16 ± 2,5 kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em quatro tratamentos experimentais, com oito repetições cada. Os tratamentos foram quatro níveis de substituição (0, 33, 66 e 100%) do milho moído pelo bagaço de laranja na matéria seca. Os animais foram abatidos quando atingiram 32.5 kg de peso vivo. O ganho de peso médio diário (188 g por dia), o ganho de peso total (16 kg) e o peso ao abate (32,5 kg) foram semelhantes entre os tratamentos. A área de olho de lombo e a espessura de gordura subcutânea diminuíram linearmente em função dos níveis de inclusão do bagaço de laranja na dieta. As características de desempenho e de carcaça não foram alteradas pela substituição parcial ou total do milho por bagaço de laranja. Entretanto, a substituição total do milho por bagaço de laranja reduziu em 32% a AOL e em 35% a espessura de gordura subcutânea.

Short communication: Growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood parameters of fattening lambs fed diet replacing corn with orange pulp

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of replacing corn with orange pulp (OP) on growth performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility and blood parameters of fattening lambs. Twenty male lambs were placed in individual pens and fed with four levels of replacement of corn by OP (0, 33, 66, 100%) during 60 days. Average daily gain (ADG) showed a quadratic effect (p&lt;0.007) with the increasing levels of replacement. Inclusion of 33 and 66% of OP in the diet significantly increased dry matter intake (DMI) compared to control group (p&lt;0.01). Ruminal ammonia-N concentration showed a linear decrease (p&lt;0.002). Ruminal fluid pH increased linearly with the increasing replacement of corn by OP (p&lt;0.001). Acetate concentration showed a linear increase (p&lt;0.001). Plasma total protein showed a linear increase (p&lt;0.002). Organic matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber showed a quadratic effect with the level of replacement. The results of the present study showed that replacement of corn by OP improves DMI of fattening lambs, leading to an enhancement in ADG at the replacement level of 40.3%. Also, total replacement of corn by OP did not have any adverse effect on growth performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility and blood parameters.

SORGO EM DIETAS PARA O JUNDIÁ Rhamdia quelen

With the study we had aimed to verify the possible effects of replacing corn by low tannin sorghum in diets for silver catfish Rhamdia quelen on productive performance, carcass chemical composition, size and density of the villi. The experiment was conducted at the Instituto de Pesquisa em Aquicultura Ambiental – InPAA in Toledo - PR. We used 600 fingerlings with average initial weight and length of 4.49 ± 0.80 g and 8.68 ± 0.62 cm respectively, distributed in 24 cages with a capacity of 1m3 of useful volume. We used a completely randomized design with six treatments and four replications, being each experimental unit consisted of a tank with 25 fish. The treatments consisted of six diets with increasing levels of 0; 20; 40; 60; 80 and 100% of sorghum to replace corn. During 114 days, the fingerlings were fed three times a day until apparent satiation. Productive performance, chemical composition, size and density of the villi showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) due to the result replacement of corn by sorghum. Thus, we can concluded that the partial or total replacement of corn by sorghum in diets for silver catfish is feasible because it does not modify the productive performance, the chemical composition of the carcass and the size and density of the intestinal villi.

Total replacement of corn by mesquite pod meal considering nutritional value, performance, feeding behavior, nitrogen balance, and microbial protein synthesis of Holstein-Zebu crossbred dairy steers.

The objective of the present study to assess the effects of mesquite pod addition replacing corn (0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000g/kg in the dry matter basis) on nutrient intake, animal performance, feeding behavior, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, and microbial protein synthesis. Twenty-five Holstein-Zebu crossbred dairy steers at 219 ± 22kg initial body weight and 18months of age were used. The experiment lasted 84days, divided into three periods of 28days. A completely randomized design was used, and data were submitted to analysis using PROC GLM for analysis of variance and PROC REG for regression analysis using the software Statistical Analysis Systems version 9.1. Experimental diets were composed of Tifton 85 hay, soybean meal, ground corn, mesquite pod meal, and mineral salt. Samples of food offered were collected during the last 3days of each period, and the leftovers were collected daily, with samples bulked per week. At the end of each 28-day period, the remaining animals were weighed to determine total weight gain and average daily gain. The assessment of behavioral patterns was performed through instantaneous scans in 5-min intervals for three consecutive 12-h days. A single urine sample from each animal was collected on the last day of each collection period at about 4h after the first feeding. The replacement of corn by mesquite pod meal did not significantly influence treatments regarding nutrients intake, animal performance, and feeding behavior. Retained and consumed nitrogen ratio did not statistically differ between replacement levels. Likewise, there were no statistical differences regarding microbial protein synthesis and efficiency between replacement levels. Mesquite pod meal can be used in Holstein-Zebu crossbred dairy steers' diet with total corn replacement.

Glicerina bruta em suplementos para bovinos de corte a pasto no período seco

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da substituição do milho pela glicerina bruta (GB) sobre os parâmetros nutricionais e o desempenho de bovinos de corte em pastagem de Urochloa brizantha 'Marandu', no período seco. Para a avaliação dos parâmetros ruminais, foram utilizados cinco bovinos da raça Nelore não fistulados, com peso corporal (PC) inicial de 331,7±29,6 kg, distribuídos em delineamento em quadrado latino 5x5. Para a avaliação do desempenho, foram utilizados 30 bovinos, com PC médio de 312,4±23,3 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Avaliaram-se suplementos concentrados (20% de proteína bruta) com 0, 33, 66 e 100% de GB em substituição ao milho, fornecidos na quantidade de 4,0 kg por animal por dia. Os consumos de matéria seca (MS) de suplemento, total e de pasto, bem como o de matéria orgânica (MO) digestível, apresentaram comportamento quadrático frente aos níveis de substituição. As digestibilidades aparentes de MS, MO, fibra em detergente neutro e MO digerida, bem como o ganho médio diário, também apresentaram comportamento quadrático. Em suplementos concentrados fornecidos na quantidade de 10 g kg-1 de peso corporal, a substituição total do milho pela glicerina bruta reduz o consumo de suplemento e de matéria orgânica digerida, além do desempenho de bovinos de corte em pastejo.

Comparison of corn-based and Canadian pearl millet-based diets on performance, digestibility, villus morphology, and digestive microbial populations in broiler chickens

A study was undertaken to examine the effects of partially or totally replacing corn with pearl millet in broiler diets on growth performance, jejunal digesta viscosity, and histomorphological parameters, ileal CP digestibility, and cecal microbial populations. Two hundred 1-d-old male Ross 508 broilers were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 isonitrogenous and isocaloric dietary treatments (8 cage replicates; 5 birds/cage) and grown over a 42-d experimental period. Dietary treatments included a standard corn-soybean meal diet and one in which the total amount of grain (corn + pearl millet) consisted of 25, 50, 75, or 100% pearl millet. All diets contained chromic oxide (0.4%) as an indigestible marker. Body weight and feed intake were recorded weekly throughout 42 d. At d 14, 28, and 42, 8 birds/treatment (1 bird/cage) were killed for sample collection and analysis. In comparison with corn, pearl millet grain contained higher CP (14.48 vs. 7.35%, on a DM basis) but slightly lower ME (3,093 vs. 3,355 kcal/kg, on a DM basis). Total replacement of corn by pearl millet significantly (P < 0.05) improved BW and feed conversion. Moreover, in comparison with the standard diet, feeding broilers pearl millet-based diets had no detrimental effects on digesta viscosity, villus height, villus width, and villus surface area of the jejunum. Ileal CP digestibility and cecal concentrations of Escherichia coli, lactobacilli, and bifidobacteria were also similar between birds fed corn and pearl millet. It was concluded that substituting corn for pearl millet in broiler diets can improve production responses without causing any adverse effects on nutrient digestibility or bird health.

Perfil de ácidos graxos e composição química do músculo longissimus dorsi de cordeiros alimentados com dietas contendo polpa cítrica

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da substituição do milho por polpa cítrica na composição química e no perfil de ácidos graxos do músculo longissimus dorsi de cordeiros. Utilizaram-se 32 cordeiros Santa Inês não-castrados abatidos aos 141 dias de idade com peso médio de 33 kg. Os cordeiros foram alimentados com ração contendo 90% de concentrado (milho moído e/ou polpa cítrica, farelo de soja e minerais) e 10% de feno de "coastcross" (Cynodon spp). A polpa cítrica foi adicionada nos níveis de 23,7; 46,1; e 68,4% da matéria seca em substituição a 33, 67 e 100% do milho, respectivamente. A substituição total do milho pela polpa cítrica promoveu aumento de 177% na concentração de ácido linolênico (C18:3), enquanto a substituição parcial resultou em aumento de 72% no ácido linoleico conjugado (C18:2 cis-9 trans-11). Não houve alteração na concentração total de ácidos graxos saturados, monoinsaturados e poliinsaturados. Entretanto, a quantidade de gordura intramuscular do longissimus dorsi diminuiu com o aumento de polpa cítrica na ração, sem alterar os teores de umidade, proteína e cinzas. A substituição do milho por polpa cítrica na ração modifica a quantidade e o perfil de lipídios do músculo longissimus dorsi de cordeiros.

Finishing steers with diets based on corn, high-tannin sorghum, or a mix of both: Feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and beef sensory attributes1

The objective of this work was to compare feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and beef sensory attributes from steers finished with diets based on corn, high-tannin sorghum (HTS), and a mix of both grains. Angus crossbred steers (n = 11 steers per treatment, initial BW = 404 +/- 18 kg) were finished on diets containing 765 g/kg of DM of corn, HTS, or a 1:1 mix of corn and HTS. Final BW (P < 0.01), ADG (P < 0.001), and G:F (P < 0.01) were reduced in steers fed HTS when compared with steers fed corn. Steers fed the mixed diet had greater G:F than the average between corn and HTS diets (P = 0.04), which indicated that mixing corn and HTS had positive associative effects. Estimated NE(m) of HTS was 1.91, and estimated NE(g) was 1.35 Mcal/kg of DM. Hot carcass weight (P < 0.01), trimmed carcass weight (P < 0.01), yield grade (P = 0.04), and 12th-rib fat thickness (P = 0.01) were less in steers fed HTS than in those fed corn. Estimated percentage of HCW as boneless, closely trimmed retail cuts was greater in steers fed HTS compared with those fed corn (P = 0.02) but, due to the decreased HCW, estimated amount of boneless, closely trimmed retail cuts was less in steers fed HTS than in those fed corn (P = 0.03). Steers fed HTS had greater pH on LM (P = 0.02) than steers fed corn, but the difference was small (5.42 +/- 0.02 vs. 5.36 +/- 0.02, respectively) and within the range of normal beef pH. Diet had no effect on Warner-Bratzler shear values (P > or = 0.72). Multivariate ANOVA indicated a difference in sensory attributes of beef from corn and HTS steers (Wilks' Lambda, P = 0.04). When evaluating each sensory attribute independently, panelists found beef from steers fed HTS to be less juicy (P < 0.01), less tender (P = 0.03), and more cooked (P < 0.01) than beef from animals fed corn. Data from this study indicated that by using a 1:1 mix of HTS and corn it is possible to finish steers to similar BW and carcass quality as by using a corn-based diet. Also, total replacement of corn by HTS in the diets produced lighter and leaner animals. Total replacement of corn by HTS in the finishing diet changed beef sensory attributes, reducing the perception of beef tenderness and juiciness by panelists but without changing instrumental tenderness.

Resposta de vacas leiteiras à substituição total de milho por polpa cítrica e à suplementação com microminerais orgânicos II: desempenho e economia

Avaliaram-se o desempenho e a eficiência financeira de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com dietas com substituição total de milho por polpa cítrica. O teor dietético do milho foi 10% e o de polpa 24% nos tratamentos com milho, e o de polpa foi 33% nas dietas exclusivas com polpa. A substituição total das fontes inorgânicas Cu, Mn, Se, Zn e Cr por fontes orgânicas foi avaliada simultaneamente. As quatro dietas geradas por arranjo fatorial dos dois fatores foram fornecidas a 16 vacas em Quadrado Latino 4x4. As produções de leite foram 27,5kg para vacas alimentadas com polpa e 28,4kg para aquelas que receberam milho (P=0,04). A substituição total de milho por polpa cítrica reduziu o teor e a produção de proteína no leite (P&lt;0,03), e não afetou a secreção de gordura (P&gt;0,24). Dietas formuladas exclusivamente com polpa cítrica podem ser indicadas quando o pagamento do leite for baseado apenas no volume. A inclusão de milho pode aumentar a renda bruta subtraída do custo alimentar quando a produção de sólidos for valorizada.

Polpa cítrica em rações para cordeiros em confinamento: características da carcaça e qualidade da carne

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do fornecimento de polpa cítrica na dieta sobre as características de carcaça e a qualidade da carne de cordeiros em confinamento. Utilizaram-se 32 cordeiros Santa Inês distribuídos em delineamento de blocos completos casualizados com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições, os quais foram definidos pelo peso e pela idade dos animais no início do experimento de desempenho. Os animais foram alimentados com rações contendo 90% de concentrado (milho moído e/ou polpa cítrica, farelo de soja e minerais) e 10% de feno de coastcross (Cynodon spp). A polpa cítrica foi adicionada nos níveis 23,7; 46,1 e 68,4% da MS em substituição a 33, 67 e 100% do milho. Ao atingirem 33 kg de peso corporal médio, os cordeiros foram abatidos para avaliação dos rendimentos de carcaça quente e fria, da perda por resfriamento, da espessura de gordura de cobertura, da área de olho-de-lombo, dos rendimentos de cortes e da proporção músculo:gordura:osso, além da capacidade de retenção de água, da cor, da perda de peso por cozimento e do pH da carne. As características de carcaça não foram alteradas pela substituição parcial ou total do milho por polpa cítrica. Entretanto, a substituição total do milho por polpa cítrica reduziu em 12,4% o teor de gordura na carcaça.

Substituição do milho por casca de soja: consumo, rendimento e características de carcaça e rendimento da buchada de caprinos

Thirty-two Anglo-Nubian crossbred castrated male goats were utilized in a completely randomized design to evaluate the effect of replacing corn with soybean hull in diets based on cactus forage (Nopalea cochenilifera Salm Dyck) at levels of 0, 33, 66 and 100%, measured for intake and carcass yield. The rise in soybean hull levels increased neutral detergent fiber intake linearly (p < 0.05) and reduced the intake of non-fiber carbohydrates. However, live slaughter weight, empty body weight, freezing losses, hot carcass weight and yield, cold carcass and “buchada” (gut) were not influenced. Fasting losses presented quadratic behavior (p < 0.05) while true and freezing yields increased linearly (p < 0.05). The carcass compactness index, the cuts and their respective yields were not influenced by the replacement of corn with soybean hull level, except for the shoulder cut, which presented quadratic behavior (p < 0.05). Total replacement of corn reduced feeding costs by 15.4%. Soybean hull can represent an alternative in the feeding of goats in confinement fed a cactus forage-based diet.

Substituição de milho por sorgo triturado ou extrusado em dietas para eqüinos

Avaliou-se a substituição de milho triturado ou extrusado por sorgo triturado ou extrusado no concentrado utilizado em dietas para eqüinos. Utilizaram-se quatro éguas com peso médio de 450 kg e 24 meses de idade, sem raça definida, em um delineamento experimental quadrado latino 4 × 4, em esquema fatorial. Avaliaram-se a digestibilidade aparente total da dieta e dos nutrientes e o perfil metabólico dos animais considerando os valores plasmáticos de glicose e insulina pós-ingestão das dietas. As dietas contendo milho e sorgo extrusado proporcionaram coeficientes de digestibilidade total da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) maiores que os obtidos com dietas contendo estes ingredientes triturados. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente total do amido foram semelhantes entre as dietas. A resposta glicêmica e insulinêmica foi maior quando fornecidas as dietas extrusadas, logo, o processamento provocou alterações no metabolismo dos eqüinos. A total substituição do milho pelo sorgo em dietas para eqüinos é possível, uma vez que os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes e os níveis plasmáticos de glicose e insulina não diferiram entre as formas de processamento do sorgo testadas. A forma de processamento do milho e do sorgo por extrusão aumenta os coeficientes de digestibilidade do amido e melhora o potencial energético da dieta.