Thin Layer Chromatography Studies Research Articles

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF AN ANTIMICROBIAL MUCOADHESIVE DENTAL GEL OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA AND GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA

Objective: Objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate an antimicrobial mucoadhesive dental gel of herbal drugs for the prevention and treatment of dental plaque, dental caries, and periodontitis.
 Methods: Azadirachta indica leaves extract was prepared with ethanol: water (80:20 v/v) and Glycyrrhiza glabra roots extract was prepared with ethanol: water (30:70 v/v). Both the extracts were evaluated for organoleptic properties, pH, phytochemical screening and total phenolic content. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) studies were performed. Antibacterial activity of the extract was done on Mueller Hinton agar media against Streptococcus mutans using the disc diffusion method. A mucoadhesive gel was prepared using carbopol 934, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 as a bioadhesive polymer and penetration enhancer, respectively. Three gel formulations were prepared at various concentrations of carbopol 934. Dental gel formulations were evaluated for different parameters such as appearance, pH, viscosity, spreadabilty, syringeability. Optimised batch was used for further studies viz. stability study, drug content, diffusion study to determine percent cumulative release of drug from gel formulation and in vitro mucoadhesion study.
 Results: Rf value of nimbin and glycyrrhizin in TLC study, were found to be 0.08 and 0.56, respectively. RP-HPLC method was developed for estimation of active constituents present in both extracts using mobile phase acetonitrile: water [containing 0.1 % v/v glacial Acetic acid (GAA)]: methanol in the ratio of 30:60:10 at the flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. Rt of active constituents from both drug extracts was found to be 3.119 and 4.15 min, respectively. 2.5 % w/v of Azadirachta indica leaves extract showed a good zone of inhibition (10.66±0.577 mm) near to chlorhexidine (11.33±0.5773 mm). 1 % of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots extract exhibit antibacterial activity (9±1 mm) and masks the bitter taste of formulation. Batch (F2) was selected on the basis of viscosity, spreadabilty and syringeability. The optimised batch was found to be stable and has 83 % and 80.3 % of drug content. Percent cumulative releases of the drug from gel formulation during the diffusion study were found to be 87.52 % and 85.43 %. Adhesive force and adhesiveness were found to be 11.90 g and 0.92 millijoule, respectively during mucoadhesion study.
 Conclusion: The evaluation parameters of optimized batch indicate the prepared dental gel is mucoadhesive, stable, good delivery drug system containing antimicrobial agents for prevention of plaque formation, dental caries and periodontitis.

Antimicrobial activity of Averrhoa carambola L. leaf extract and its Phytochemical Analysis

Growing drug resistance of microorganisms and adverse result of antibiotic usage have led to the search for alternative medicines from nature. Many plants have been exploited to cure infectious diseases from time immemorial. The current investigation deals with the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity, preliminary phytochemical screening and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis of Averrhoa carambola L. leaf extracts. The antimicrobial activity was done by agar well diffusion method. Preliminary phytochemical screening was done by standard method. Plant extracts were found active against all the bacteria. Aqueous extract of A. carambola leaves showed higher antibacterial activity as compared with methanol and petroleum ether extract at the concentration of 25 mg/ml. Highest antibacterial activity was exhibited by the aqueous extract against Salmonella typhi (29.23±0.02 mm). The highest antifungal potential was exhibited by the methanol extract against Candida krusei (21.09±0.08 mm). Plant extracts were observed to be active against all the fungal pathogens except Aspergillus niger. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using serial dilution method. The preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins and polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, phytosterol, proteins and amino acids, carbohydrates, glycosides etc. while saponins was absent in both the extract. The petroleum ether and methanolic extracts were subjected to TLC study and the Rf value of different spots was observed in various solvent systems. The outcomes of the present study indicate that A. carambola leaf is endowed with potential antimicrobial activity and hold promise for development of pharmaceuticals and antimicrobial agents in future.

Comparative high-performance liquid chromatographic and high-performance thin-layer chromatographic study for the simultaneous determination of dapagliflozin and metformin hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation

The discovery of potent antidiabetic drugs is of necessity owing to the rapid prevalence of diabetes worldwide. The investigation of a new separation method for the simultaneous determination of combined antidiabetic drugs is thus an essential issue to cover the usual demands of simple analytical methods for the routine analysis. Therefore, herein, simple and fast chromatographic methods were established for synchronized determination of metformin (MET) and dapagliflozin (DAP), a mixture approved recently by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for diabetes therapy. In high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), a Water-pak C18 column was used as the stationary phase with an isocratic mobile phase composed of 10 mM NaH2PO4 (pH 3.5 adjusted using ortho-phosphoric acid)‒acetonitrile (65:35, v/v) containing 0.1% trimethylamine at a flow rate of 1.2 mL min−1 and a wavelength detector set at 225 nm. In high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), separation was achieved on pre-coated silica gel 60 ...

Comparative thin-layer chromatographic studies and development of a high-performance thin-layer chromatography method for the quantification of lawsone in natural and micropropagated plant parts of Lawsonia inermis L.

A simple, sensitive, and precised high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method has been developed for the analysis of lawsone in natural vis-a-vis micropropagated plant parts of Lawsonia inermis L. Separation of the components was perfectly achieved on high-performance thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plates using optimized tertiary mobile phase of benzene‒ethyl acetate‒ acetic acid (7.5:2.5:0.1, v/v). Densitometric scanning was performed before derivatization of the plate in absorption/reflection mode, and lawsone was quantified at its maximum absorbance of wavelength of 275 nm. Linearity of the method was obtained in the concentration range of 50 to 350 ng spot−1 with a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.9999, indicating good relationship between concentrations in opposition to the peak area. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 16 and 50 ng spot−1, respectively. The obtained recovery ranges from 95.09% to 96.90% with an average value of 96.02% proved the excell...

Preliminary toxicity and thin layer chromatographic studies of Pteleopsis habeensis leaves

Oral acute toxicity test in which a single dose is used in an animal on one occasion is to identify the gross behaviour and the dose that will cause the animal to die. To investigate the phytoconstituents and toxicity of different extracts of P. habeensis in wistar strain Albino rats. The acute toxicity was determined through oral administration of different doses of P. haeensis leaf extracts to Wistar albino rats in increasing concentrations to ascertain its safety. The animals were monitored daily for 10 days for signs of toxicity such changes in their general behaviour and death as endpoint. The lethal dose (LD50) of P. habeensis leaves extract were found to be ≥ 4000 mg/kgand there was no any sign of toxicity or changes in the gross behaviour when observed. The extracts were found to contain some important phytochemical constituent such as alkaloid, flavonoids, Tannin and Triterpenoids. TLC studies illustrated the spots of different phytoconstituent presents. The findings revealed that with the different extracts of P. habeensis no sign of toxicity on short term exposure of a single dose and contains different active constituent which are associated with some pharmacological effects.

Preliminary toxicity and thin layer chromatographic studies of Pteleopsis habeensis leaves

Oral acute toxicity test in which a single dose is used in an animal on one occasion is to identify the gross behaviour and the dose that will cause the animal to die. To investigate the phytoconstituents and toxicity of different extracts of P. habeensis in wistar strain Albino rats. The acute toxicity was determined through oral administration of different doses of P. haeensis leaf extracts to Wistar albino rats in increasing concentrations to ascertain its safety. The animals were monitored daily for 10 days for signs of toxicity such changes in their general behaviour and death as endpoint. The lethal dose (LD50) of P. habeensis leaves extract were found to be ≥ 4000 mg/kgand there was no any sign of toxicity or changes in the gross behaviour when observed. The extracts were found to contain some important phytochemical constituent such as alkaloid, flavonoids, Tannin and Triterpenoids. TLC studies illustrated the spots of different phytoconstituent presents. The findings revealed that with the different extracts of P. habeensis no sign of toxicity on short term exposure of a single dose and contains different active constituent which are associated with some pharmacological effects.

Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Phytoconstituents in Some Antifertility Herbs

Antifertility herbs are used to prevent conception or fertilization. This study is aimed to evaluate some antifertility herbs Bambusa arundinacea (leaf), Bauhinia racemosa Lam. and Ficus racemosa (bark) qualitatively and quantitatively in term of their phytoconstituents. The total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent using gallic acid as a standard, total flavonoid content by aluminum chloride assay using quercetin as a standard, total tannin content by Folin-Denis' reagent and alkaloid content was determined as equivalents to atropine. Saponin content was determined in crude powder of drugs. The extracts were screened for presence of various phytoconstituents using preliminary chemical tests and TLC was performed for qualitative analysis. Among the four extracts, ethanol extract of B. arundinacea leaves showed maximum amount of phenolic content (2.24±0.34mg/g) and flavonoid content (4.65±0.74 mg/g) as compared to F. racemosa and B. racemosa bark extracts whereas total tannin content was found maximum in F. racemosa bark (8.96±1.54 mg/g). Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates, tannins, phenols and saponins. Thin layer chromatographic studies of various extracts constituted different colored phytochemical compounds with different Rf values. This study gave an insight to the Aerva, the phytoconstituents present in the plant and useful for quantification of the compound in herbal formulation.

Establishment of quality function deployment with special reference to good manufacturing practice of Chandraprabha Vati.

Context:Quality function deployment (QFD) is a powerful tool for the translation of vague, imprecise customer requirements into clear, measurable technical requirements.Aims:The objective of this article is twofold: (a) to propose a platform conceptual model for Chandraprabha Vati and (b) to present 10-step procedure to build QFD matrix.Materials and Methods:The method deals with, first, preparing two conceptual models for Chandraprabha Vati for the sake of manufacturing unit. The survey study was carried out for two products for the selection of customer requirement. Then, with the help of survey study QFD’s house of quality matrix was prepared which contained two products, i.e., classical product prepared by pharmacy of university and marketed product. High performance thin layer chromatography study was also carried out.Statistical Analysis Used:Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the data using unscrambler software.Results:The results of QFD chart and PCA analysis were obtained from the two surveys. The first survey reveals that if proper care is taken during preparation on hardness and capping of Vati, then product goes toward zero defects. The second survey reveals that if proper care is taken during preparation on hardness, capping and sticking, then physically Vati goes toward zero defects.Conclusions:The 10-step procedure facilitates the process of reasoning and reduces the time spent for manufacturing with zero defect in product.

Physicochemical study of the homoeopathic drug, Blatta orientalis

Introduction: Blatta orientalis or oriental cockroach, also known as water bug or black beetle, belongs to class insecta and family Blattidae. In Homoeopathy, medicine prepared from it is used in a number of ailments, especially in the treatment of asthma. Materials and Methods: The physicochemical study includes evaluation of different parameters, namely foreign matter, moisture content, total ash, water-soluble and acid-insoluble ash values, water and ethanol extracts of the raw drug. Physicochemical studies, namely organoleptic specifications, sediment, specific gravity determination, total solids, pH measurement, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), ultraviolet-visible spectra and alcohol content have also standardised and presented for both in-house and commercial mother tinctures (finished products). Results: The study indicates that the values of the preliminary parameters of this drug are quite different from the ranges reported for plant drugs. TLC study confirms the complexity of the composition of the prepared drug. Conclusion: The physicochemical data of the drug, B. orientalis, may serve as pharmacopoeial standard for authentication, quality assurance and quality control process of the commercially available drug.

Antibacterial, cytotoxicity and GC-MS analysis of <i>Psidium Guajava</i> extracts

Leaves of Psidium guajava was extracted with water, ethanol and chloroform using percolation technique. The extracts were subjected to thin layer chromatography, bioactivity and toxicity studies as well as GC-MS analysis. The TLC chromatogram revealed 3, 4 and 6 bands respectively for the water, ethanolic and chloroform extracts. Contact bio-autographic assay conducted on the extracts against the tested bacteria showed that, out of the thirteen (13) fractions tested only one (1) showed activity on the test bacteria (Rf3).The fraction was active against all the tested bacteria with strong zones of inhibition against S. Paratyphi B, moderate against S. Paratyphi A and weak against S. Typhi . S. typhi showed slight sensitivity, S. paratyphi moderately sensitive, while S. paratyphi B showed strong sensitivity. Result of the brine shrimp lethality assay showed that all the extracts were toxic in the order of chloroform extracts (31.112µg/mL) more toxic, and then ethanolic extracts (39.903µg/mL) and lastly water extracts (49.534µg/mL). The GC-MS analysis was conducted on the most active fraction (Rf3).In the total ion chromatograms (TIC), constituents including fatty acids, heterocyclic compounds and esters among others were found. The major constituents successfully matched and identified were Oleic acid (Peak 6, 35.56% peak area), Palmitic acid (Peak 2, 20.26% peak area)and were all reported to be active principles. Keywords: bacteria, Bioactivity, GC-MS analysis, Psidium guajava , thin layer chromatography, toxicity

Changes in molecular structure of chickpea starch during processing treatments: A thin layer chromatography study

To detect the changes in molecular structure of chickpea starch during processing treatments, a thin layer chromatographic method for characterizing the molecular structure of chickpea starch was developed. With this method, the components in chickpea starch could be divided into amylopectin, small linear molecules and large linear molecules, and their contents could be determined. It was found that the degrees of polymerization of the large linear molecules and small linear molecules in chickpea enzyme-resistant starch were about 40 and below 15, respectively. Furthermore, the small linear molecules were more susceptible to α-amylase hydrolysis than the large linear molecules. The results suggested that the large linear molecules and small linear molecules in chickpea enzyme-resistant starch might mainly originate from the amylose and amylopectin of native chickpea starch, respectively, based on the retrogradation properties of amylose and amylopectin and the enzymatic degradation behavior of the large linear molecules and small linear molecules.

Preliminary pharmacognostic and phtochemical evaluation of Darbha (Desmostachya bipinnata Stapf.)

Background: Darbha (Desmostachya bipinnata Stapf.) is found in the plains of India, throughout the Middle East to Indo-China, North and tropical Africa. It is a species of open habitat, arid regions with water table near surface. According to Ayurveda its roots are used in conditions such as Mootrakruchchra¸ Ashmari, Raktapitta, Pitaprakopa, etc. Aim: To investigate preliminary pharmacognostical and phytochemical parameters of plant to standardize the drug. Materials and Method: Identification of the plant was done as per the standard guidelines given in the floras. Preliminary physico-chemical and phytochemical screening was done and after achieving the idea of phytoconstituents group, quantitative test of sugar content and volatile oil content and thin layer chromatography studies were carried out for different organic solvent extracts. Results: Presence of air cavities in root but their absences in stolon suggest that Darbha is a halophytic plant. Aqueous extracts showed the presence of tannins, carbohydrates and sugars. Conclusion: The findings of the study will be helpful in the identification of Darbha plant.

Pharmacognostical, Physicochemical and Preliminary Phytochemical Standardization of Aerial Parts of Onosma bracteatum Wall

Objective: The present study was undertaken to develop the standardization parameters of powdered aerial parts of Onosma bracteatum Wall, family Boraginaceae. Methods: Different parameters such as pharmacognostical, physicochemical, preliminary phytochemical evaluation along with thin layer chromatography for identification of phytoconstituents were studied. Results: On microscopical examination of the aerial parts it showed the presence of oval to polygonal thin walled straight epidermal cells; spiral vessels, a few fibres elongated with blunt tips, long warty, tubercle based unicellular hairs and paracytic stomata. On physicochemical evaluation it was found to contain more amount of polar constituents as the ethanol extractive value was found to be more. Total ash value and acid insoluble ash indicated the presence of inorganic acids and silicaceous matter respectively. Foaming index and swelling index were indicative of saponins and mucilaginous matter present in the aerial parts. On preliminary phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatographic studies it revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and mucilage. Conclusion: The present work carried out can serve as a purpose for identification, authentication and standardization of the crude drug.

EVALUATION OF ANXIOLYTIC EFFECT OF MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS EXTRACTS IN MICE

Objective: Anxiety is one of the most common and serious mental illness affecting humankind and its extensiveness is on the rise at an alarming rate. Anxiolytic substances are highly acclaimed in the ranking of the most utilized drugs by human. The clinical applications of most widely used anxiolytic agents, that is, benzodiazepines are restricted by their undesirable side effects. Therefore, the development of new pharmacological agents for the treatment of this problem is well justified. Among medicinal plants, Melilotus officinalis (yellow sweet clover) has been recommended for relief of insomnia, convulsions, and as nervine tonic in traditional system of medicine. Nevertheless, no pharmacological studies have thus far evaluated its anxiolytic effect. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate antianxiety effect of different extracts of M. officinalis in mice.Methods: The extracts of roots and aerial parts of the plant were prepared according to the polarity, that is, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, and water. The anxiolytic effects of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous extract of aerial parts and roots of the plant (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, p.o) were examined in albino mice using elevated plus maze (EPM) and mirror-chamber models of anxiety. High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) studies were carried out using toluene: Acetone: Formic acid as mobile phase.Results: Various extracts prepared from roots did not produce significant effect in both the models, whereas the ethanol extract prepared from aerial parts at 100 and 200 mg/kg showed a significant anxiolytic effect as compared to control and standard group. The petroleum ether, chloroform, and water extracts (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) of the aerial parts of the plant did not produce meaningful effects in this study. HPTLC analysis of the ethanol extract revealed the presence of nine components.Conclusion: These results suggest that the ethanol extract of aerial parts of M. officinalis plant has statistically significant dose-dependent antianxiety activity which can be attributed to the presence of coumarin, and flavonoid compounds in it.

Studies of preparation, characterization, and solubility of mefenamic acid-nicotinamide co-crystal synthesized by using melt crystallization method

Objective : The objective of this study is to develop the formation mefenamic acid (MFA) – nicotinamide (NCT) co-crystal by using melt crystallization method and investigate its solubility.Method : Co-crystal was prepared by using melt crystallization method of MFA-NCT (1:2) at (220±3) ° C. The initial co-crystal formation was performed by powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD). The thin layer chromatography (TLC) method was done to confirm the chemical stability of MFA and NCT due to synthesized process. The melt crystallization of MFA-NCT (1:2) was characterized by DSC/TG, Infrared spectrophotometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The solubility of the melt crystallization of MFA-NCT (1:2) was evaluated by incubated the samples in water at 25 °C and shaken for 24 h. The solubility of MFA was measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometer.Result : Characterizations of a co-crystal MFA-NCT (1:2) including PXRD, FTIR, DSC and SEM have indicated the formation of new solid crystal phase that differ from MFA, NCT and its physical mixture. The chromatogram of the TLC study exhibited two spot that corresponds to MFA and NCT. The solubility of the melt crystallization of MFA-NCT (1:2) was 57.97 % higher than MFA solubility.Conclusion : These results suggest that MFA-NCT co-crystal can be synthesized by using melt crystallization method without decomposition of its component and provides an opportunity for the development of MFA solid form.Keywords: co-crystal, mefenamic acid, nicotinamide, melt crystallization, solubility

Detection of Phytoconstituents of Medicinal Plant Terminalia arjuna Using Chromatographic Techniques

The plant extract revealed the presence of phytochemicals such as Phlobatannins, phenols, leucoanthocyanins, saponins, emodins, coumarins and quinones. Process of extraction of pure compound using column chromatography. The gradient of solvent eluted fraction has in pure form, tested and partial characterized. Thin layer chromatographic study was carried out by using various solvent system of varying polarity of which water, ethyl acetate and propanol system suited the best. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using albumin denaturation (50%) membrane stabilization assay (75%) and proteinase inhibitory activity (33.33%). For anti-inflammatory activity Aspirin (85.67%) used as standard drug. Using alfa amylase inhibition assay, In vitro antidiabetic activity was determined, fraction 5 (89.12%) and fraction 6 (80%) were showed at conc. 500 μg/mL. Antimicrobial efficiency of the plant extract fractions was determined using well diffusion method against Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp., Protease and Staphylococcus aureus, of which no activity was observed against Pseudomonas sp.

Pharmacognostic and physicochemical evaluation of homoeopathic drug: Erigeron canadensis L.

Background: Erigeron canadensis L. is an erect annual herb belonging to the family Asteraceae. Aerial parts are used in Homoeopathy for bruises, cough, dysuria, gonorrhea, haemorrhages, haemorrhoids, spermatorrhea, and wounds. Objective: The pharmacognostic and physicochemical studies have been carried out to facilitate the use of correct species and lay down standards of raw drug materials. Materials and Methods: Pharmacognostic studies of the leaf and stem of authentic samples of E. canadensis L. have been carried out. Physicochemical parameters of the raw drug include extractive values, ash value, and formulation; besides weight per mL, total solids, and alcohol content, high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and ultraviolet (UV) studies are given. Results: Epidermal cells often possess crystals of calcium oxalate. Stomata are anomocytic, anisocytic, and tetracytic types. Trichomes are uniseriate and conical in structure. The mid vein in transection is flat on adaxial and is ribbed toward abaxial, with a secretory cavity beneath the central vascular bundle. Stem in transection is round. The vascular tissue is made of several vascular bundles in a ring. Crystals of calcium oxalate occur in the epidermis, cortex, and pith of stem. In mature stem, secondary xylem is well developed with a reduced phloem. The determined physicochemical data, namely, extractive values, ash values, and preparation of for raw drug and weight per mL, total solids, and alcohol content besides UV and HPTLC profile for finished product are provided. Conclusions: The presented morphoanatomical features along with powder microscopic and organoleptic characters and physicochemical data are diagnostic to establish the standards for ensuring quality and purity of the drug.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND TLC STUDIES OF PETALS OF SELECTED INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS

ABSTRACTObjective: The present study was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity, and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) studies from the petals of fourdifferent Indian medicinal plants (Punica granatum, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Cassia auriculata, and Moringa oleifera).Methods: The phytochemical screening of the methanol extract of petals of four different Indian medicinal plants was performed using standardprocedures. The antimicrobial activity was tested against various test organisms using the agar disc diffusion method.Results: The preliminary phytochemical screening for petals of four different medicinal plants revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins,and saponins. From the above study, the results indicated that the methanol extract of M. oleifera petals showed the highest antimicrobial activityagainst Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis with zone of inhibition 17.93 and 23.40, respectively, at the concentration of 20 µl/ml and alsoshowed the maximum inhibitory activity at the highest concentration (20 µl/ml) than the lowest concentration (5 µl/ml) against Gram-negativebacteria such as Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Gram-positive B. subtilis and S. aureus. TLC studies of methanolextracts of petals of Indian medicinal plants revealed the presence of different phytoconstituents as evidenced by separated compounds with differentRf values.Conclusion: The results obtained in the present study indicate that the petals of four different Indian medicinal plants showed the highest antibacterialactivity and can be used as an antibacterial agent against bacterial diseases.Keywords: Phytochemicals, Antibacterial activity, Thin-layer chromatography.

Pharmacognostic standardization and HPTLC analysis of the leaves of Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz

ObjectiveTo analyze the anatomical features, physiochemical characteristics and to carry out a high performance thin layer chromatography finger printing on the leaves of Hiptage benghalensis. MethodsAnatomical characterization (organoleptic, microscopic and macroscopic analysis) and physico-chemical analysis (ash content, moisture content, foreign matter, extractive values, and fluorescence analysis) were carried out as per World Health Organization guidelines followed by high performance thin layer chromatography studies. ResultsPharmacognostic studies revealed that leaf of Hiptage benghalensis had a wide and thick semi-circular midrib, thick and dorsiventral lamina, thick adaxial and narrow abaxial epidermis. They also had six to seven layered spongy parenchymal cells. ConclusionsResults of the present study can serve as a marker for authentic identification and authentication of the plant of this taxon.

Montmorillonite K10: An efficient organo heterogeneous catalyst for one-pot synthesis of new N,N′-alkylidene bisamide derivatives under solvent free condition

Montmorillonite K10 clay as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of new N,N′-alkylidene bisamide derivatives using phenyl acetylene/1-hexyne, aromatic aldehyde and benzamide/acetamide were taken as starting materials. The desired products were obtained in good to high yields. The assistance of alkynes has been confirmed by using thin layer chromatographic (TLC) studies. All the reactions were done at 100 °C using 0.035 g of catalyst. The developed method is valid for either substituted aldehyde, thus it constitutes a general synthetic method for these kinds of compounds. In all the cases aromatic aldehydes containing electron-withdrawing groups gave shorter time than that with electron-donating groups. The salient features of the present protocol are mild reaction conditions, excellent yields, high atom economy, Eco-friendliness, easy isolation of products, recyclability and reusability of the catalyst.