Thin Layer Chromatography Studies Research Articles

Standardization and Phytochemical screening of Carica papaya seeds

The present work focus to evaluate the physicochemical and preliminary phytochemical studies on the seeds of family Caricaceae. The plants resources which are used in pharmaceutical formulation standardization was carried out on the basis of organoleptic properties, physical characteristics, and physico-chemical properties. Different Physicochemical parameters ash values, extractive values, loss on drying, foreign matter, fluorescence analysis, and pH were evaluated. Macroscopical characteristics and Physicochemical parameters like total ash, acid insoluble ash and water soluble ash were found to be 83.7%, 71.7% and 61.5% w/w respectively. Hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and water soluble extractive values (hot)were 7.6%, 11.6%, 27.4%, 37.5%w/w respectively. The pH of 1% and 10% aqueous solution was found to be 3.57 and 3.78 respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of Tannins, Proteins and amino acids, Glycosides, Phenolic compounds, Carbohydrates, Saponins, Alkaloids and Flavonoids. Thin layer chromatographic studies also had been done on ethanolic and hexane extracts. HPTLC fingerprinting is a valuable method for the quantitative determination of phytochemicals present in plant extract. These studies aim to investigating referential information for correct identification and standardization of this plant secondary metabolites.

PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES AND GCMS ANALYSIS OF CAESALPINIA BONDUC STEM BARK

Caesalpinia bonduc (Lin.) Roxb. (Family: Fabacea) is well known for its medicinal and therapeutic values in Ayurveda. The leaves, root bark, seeds, seed kernel of the plant are used as medicine. This plant is used as febrifuge, expectorant, anthelmintic and used for diabetes, leprosy, piles, phantom tumour etc. The present study investigated extraction and physicochemical studies of stem bark of C. bonduc which include extractive and ash values. Preliminary phytochemical studies and thin layer chromatographic studies were conducted using the extracts. GC-MS analysis of the ethanolic extract was also carried out. The preliminary phytochemical studies indicate the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins and carbohydrates in abundant quantities in the stem bark. The GC-MS analysis of the TEE identified 12 components. The major compounds identified were 1-hentetracontanol, 1, 1, 3 triethoxy propane, Tetracosa methyl cyclododecasiloxane and Octadecamethyl cyclononasiloxane. The studies suggest further phytochemical studies on the bark to isolate chemical constituents.

Comparative chromatographic analysis and pharmacodynamic activities of aqueous mushroom extracts (Pleurotus Tuber-Regium) with other antiglaucoma drugs

Experimental studies have shown that aqueous extract of Pleurotus tuber-regium (PT) caused a reduction in steroid induced ocular hypertension in feline models and a contractile effect on isolated bovine iris. A comparative thin layer chromatographic study and Ultraviolet-Visible spectrophotometric analysis (TLC-UVS) of PT in comparison with known antiglaucoma drugs (0.5% betaxolol, 0.5% timolol maleate, 2% pilocarpine, and 0.005% latanoprost) was carried out to identify their similarities. Graded concentrations (5mg/ml, 10mg/ml, 20mg/ml and 40mg/ml) of PT were spotted along with the drugs on prepared glass plates. Silica type 60 gel served as the stationary phase while a solvent system of 50ml chloroform and 50ml absolute ethanol was used as the solvent system. On completion, comparison was made between the extracts and the drugs based on their migration speeds and retardation factors. Further analytic studies were carried out on the filtrates gotten from thin layer chromatography with an Ultraviolet-Visiblespectrophotometer. Thin layer chromatographic (TLC) analysis showed that the extracts compared favorably with the drugs under study, particularly with timolol maleate and latanoprost, as they had similar migration distances and retardation factors (R ). f Spectrophotometry revealed that the extract has an absorption spectrum within the ultra-violet wavelength range with a λmax of 260nm, this is comparable to the known absorption spectra of the anti-glaucoma drugs. PT may likely have similar substances with known anti glaucoma drugs. This is a preliminary evaluation of the crude aqueous extract of PT. Key Words: Antiglaucoma drugs, Chromatographic Analysis, Pharmacodynamics, Pleurotus tuber-regium.

Comparative Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Study of <i>Cassia auriculata</i> and <i>Cassia fistula</i>

<em>Cassia auriculata</em> L. (CAL) popularly identified as Tanner’s Cassia and <em>Cassia fistula</em> L. (CFL) is generally known as Golden Shower. Both plants belong to the Family, Fabaceae. These plants are used in skin disease, as hepatoprotective, as anticancer agent and as antioxidant agent. The intention of current article is to put forward the comparative pharmacognostical analysis of <em>Cassia auriculata</em> and <em>Cassia fistula</em> roots in terms of macroscopic evaluation, microscopic evaluation, physicochemical evaluation, extractive values and phytochemical analysis. Thin Layer Chromatography study was carried out for CAL and CFL and data pertaining to the above cited evaluations were recorded for both, CAL and CFL roots. The present study may help in differentiating among these species and these pharmacognostic parameters may serve as a tool for identification, authentication and standardization of CAL and CFL.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND DEVELOPMENT OF VARIOUS THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS FOR DIFFERENT CEDRELA TOONA ROXB. FRUIT EXTRACTS

Air dried powdered material of the fruits of cedrela toona Roxb. was successively extracted with petroleum ether, hexane, acetone, methanol and water extract by soxhlet extraction and subjected to various qualitative chemical tests to determine presence of various phytoconstituents like alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, phenolics and tannins, phtosterols, fixed oils and fats, proteins, amino acids, flavonoids, saponins etc. The various extracts of fruits of cedrela toona Roxb. were than subjected to thin layer chromatographic studies to identify the number and nature of the chemical constituents present. This study helps researchers for developmentof isolation method of active ingredient having vast pharmacological effects.
 Keywords: Cedrela toona, Extracts, Phytoconstituents, TLC

Physicochemical standardisation of the homoeopathic drug Rumex acetosella and its comparison with another homoeopathic drug, Rumex crispus

Background: Rumex acetosella, a relatively new drug in the homoeopathic system, is traditionally used for treating inflammation, diabetes and gastrointestinal problems, especially diarrhoea. Objective: The aim of this work is to report physicochemical standardisation of the homoeopathic drug, Rumex acetosella. Further, we propose our simple and economical method to differentiate it with a closely related species, Rumex crispus. Materials and Methods: The physicochemical study measuring several parameters was done. The pH of the mother tincture (MT) and the water extract was measured and compared. Furthermore, the chemical composition of the Rumex acetosella MT were compared with taxonomically closely related Rumex crispus MT by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Results: The results show a strong relationship between the extracting solvent's polarity and its extracting power. A simple TLC study shows a strong correlation between two drugs of the same genus, Rumex, but they can be differentiated by their unique spots. Conclusion: Our study not only provides the physicochemical standards for the drug Rumex acetosella but also shows that a simple analytical technique, a manual TLC can easily be used to distinguish two taxonomically close homoeopathic drugs.

A Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical study of Kanchanara Gutika

Kanchanara gutika is one of the preparations of the Ayurveda, which is used for the treatment of the Thyroid disorders. It is in use since many years with good clinical outcome. But the pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies of the drug has not been carried out yet. Hence to study them this study is planned. Aim: Authentication of the raw drugs of Kanchanara gutika and phytochemical evaluation of the finished product. Materials and methods: The present study deals with the Pharmacognostical identification of the ingredients of Kanchanara Gutika and its physicochemical analysis. Thin Layer chromatography study (TLC) was also developed.Results: Pharmacognostical results showed Pippali catkin with fruit, Maricha with the epicarp and the oil globules, Sunti with oleoresins and vascular bundles, Haritaki with fibres, Amlaki with epicarp and mesocarp, Vibhithaki with stone cells and Kanchanara with xylem and phloem vessels. Qualitative studies shows that Loss of drying 33%, PH 4.72%, Water soluble matter 12%, Alcohol soluble matter 19%, Total ash 3%, Acid insoluble ash 2.5%, Dissolution time 4%, Moisture content 8%. The TLC chromatograph showed five bands at Rf 0.21(Yellow), 0.28 (Grey), 0.47 (Brown), 0.56 (Violet), 0.93 (Orange).Conclusion: Pharmacognostical study revealed genuinity of raw drugs. Physicochemical and TLC studies inferred that the formulation meets the minimum quality standards. The inference from this study may be used as reference standard in the further quality control researches.

A Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical study of Sookshma Eladi Choornam

Introduction: Sookshma Eladi choornam is one of the Ayurvedic formulations specially mentioned for Kaphaja Hridroga in Hridroga prakarana of Bhaishajya Ratnavali. Dhamani pratichaya (Atherosclerosis) is one of the diseases of Kaphaja nanatmaja vaydhi which is the more important cause for Ischemic Heart Disease. The cause for Atherosclerosis could be Hyperlipidemias. Eladi choornam is a compound preparation which contains powders of Sookshma ela (Elettaria cardamomum Maton.) and Pippali moolam (root of Piper longum L.,). As these drugs are Katu vipaka in nature they can be used in Hyerlipidemia. To know the efficacy of the drugs their quality parameters are highly essential to manufacture in the large scale. Method: The present study deals with the Pharmacognostical and phyto-chemical study of Sookshma eladi choornam including Thin Layer chromatography study (TLC) as per the standard literature. Result: Consistency of Sookshma eladi choornam is fine powder. Colour was brown, odour was aromatic spicy smell, Taste was pungent, touch was smooth powder form, Qualitative study showed that pH is 4.9, total ash value 12 %, loss on drying is 4.5%, Water soluble matter17%, Alcohol soluble matter 8%, Acid insoluble ash 8.5%. Thin Layer chromatography (TLC) revealed one yellow spot. Dissolution time is 4 minutes and Moisture content was 8%. Phytochemicals as Alkaloids, Glycosides, Tannins, Flavonoids and Phenols were found. Conclusion: Pharmacognostical, phyto-chemical and TLC studies inferred that the formulation meets the minimum quality standards. The study may be used as reference standard in the further quality control researches.

Comparative Studies on Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Properties between Schiff Base Co(II) Complex and Peroxo Complex

A new Schiff base Co(II) complex and - peroxo complex were synthesized and characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC), elemental analyses, magnetic moment, conductivity measurements, UV-Vis., IR and ESI-MS spectral studies. The cobalt ion was participated in direct complexation with the Schiff base (SB) ligand derived from o-aminobenzoic acid and cinnamaldehyde during the single pot reaction. IR spectral data showed that the Schiff base ligand coordinated to the metal ion through nitrogen of azomethine group and oxygen of carboxyl group (COO-). The molar conductance values indicated that both the complexes are non-electrolytic in nature. Antibacterial activity of the complexes was tested against four pathogenic bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli & Shigella dysenteriae with standard Kanamycin-30. The results showed that both type of complexes have moderate to strong antibacterial activity and the peroxo complex is relatively more potential towards all the tested organisms.

Facile Electrochemical Demethylation of 2-Methoxyphenol to Surface-Confined Catechol on the MWCNT and Its Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrazine Oxidation and Sensing Applications.

Owing to its biological significance, preparation of stable surface-confined catechol (CA) is a long-standing interest in electrochemistry and surface chemistry. In this connection, various chemical approaches such as covalent immobilization (using amine- and carboxylate-functionalized CA, diazotization-based coupling, and Michael addition reaction), self-assembled monolayer on gold (thiol-functionalized CA is assembled on the gold surface), CA adsorption on the ad-layer of a defect-free single-crystal Pt surface, π–π bonding, CA pendant metal complexes, and CA-functionalized polymer-modified electrodes have been reported in the literature. In general, these conventional methods are involved with a series of time-consuming synthetic procedures. Indeed, the preparation of a surface-fouling-free surface-confined system is a challenging task. Herein, we introduce a new and facile approach based on electrochemical demethylation of 2-methoxyphenol as a precursor on the graphitic surface (MWCNT) at a bias potential, 0.5 V vs Ag/AgCl in neutral pH solution. Such an electrochemical performance resulted in the development of a stable and well-defined redox peak at Eo’ = 0.15 (A2/C2) V vs Ag/AgCl within 10 min of preparation time in pH 7 phosphate buffer solution. Calculated surface excess (16.65 × 10–9 mol cm–2) is about 10–1000 times higher than the values reported with other preparation methods. The product (catechol) formed on the modified electrode was confirmed by collective electrochemical and physicochemical characterizations such as potential segment analysis, TEM, Raman, IR, UV–vis, GC–MS, and NMR spectroscopic techniques, and thin-layer chromatographic studies. The electrocatalytic efficiency of the surface-confined CA system was demonstrated by studying hydrazine oxidation and sensing reactions in a neutral pH solution. This new system is found to be tolerant to various interfering biochemicals such as uric acid, xanthine, hypoxanthine, glucose, nitrate, hydrogen peroxide, ascorbic acid, Cu2+, and Fe2+. Since the approach is simple, rapid, and reproducible, a variety of surface-confined CA systems can be prepared.

Total phenolic and flavonoids contents in the standardized polyherbal formulation “vayusadi guggulu”

Vayusadi guggulu vati (VGV), a polyherbal formulation is recommended for the management of diseases like obesity, arthritis, hyperlipidaemia and hyper cholesterol. Though Vayusadi guggulu vati is widely used for the treatment of obesity in Ayurvedic System of Indian Medicine, but till date, its quality standard study has not been carried out. In the present article, we evaluated the total phenolic and flavonoid contents in the standarised polyherbal VGV. The total phenolic content was determined by Folin Ciocalteu reagent (FC reagent) method. Aluminum chloride colorimetric method was used for total flavonoids contents determination. The VGV was standardized by physic-chemical parameters like total ash value, acid insoluble ash, loss on drying (LOD), PH, extractive value, phytochemical tests and thin layer chromatography (TLC). Determination of microbial load in different dilutions was also performed. Quality determination of vati (tablet) was also evaluated with help of various tablet parameters. Microbial load study revealed the growth of microbes increases with increases the dilutions. The phenolic and flavonoid contents in VGV were 190.16 ± 5.07 mg/g and 80.216 ± 2.07 mg/ g respectively. Physicochemical parameters such as total ash value (9.73 ± 1.45% W/W), acid insoluble ash (1.85± 0.40 % W/W), LOD (4.77 ± 0.45%W/W), PH 1% (4.6) water soluble extract (64.69 ± 3.42% W/W), alcohal soluble extract (50.56 ± 2.48% W/W) were assessed in preliminary physicochemical scanning. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) fingerprints study revealed that alcoholic and hexane extract of formulation showed 3 spots with different resolution in long wave UV 366 nm. TLC study revealed genuinely, quality and purity of formulation. Physico-chemical and microbial load result revealed that the formulation has a good quality. The inference from the present study may be used as reference standard in the further quality control researches.
 Key words: Phenolic contents, flavonoid contents, microbial load, vayusadi guggulu vati

Thin layer chromatographic compatibility study in preformulation of new transdermal therapeutic systems

Abstract Objective: The compatibility of four binary active substances combinations adapalene – levofloxacin (ADP-LFX), adapalene – miconazole nitrate (ADP-MCZ), levofloxacin – meloxicam (LFX-MLX) and levofloxacin – miconazole nitrate (LFX-MCZ) was analysed to be comprised in new transdermal therapeutic systems. Also, the compatibility of selected active substances and four polymeric excipients (hydroxypropyl methyl-cellulose - HPMC 15000, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose - HPMC E5, ethyl cellulose - EC 10, and hydroxyethyl cellulose – HEC) was studied. Methods: Thin layer chromatographic method (TLC) and four selected mobile phases were used. On the plate (in situ) were obtained the binary combinations (active substances and active substance-polymer). Results: A good compatibility of ADP-LFX was found using ammonia : methanol : acetonitrile : methylene chloride 2:4:1:4 mobile phase. Using chloroform : acetone : glacial acetic acid 34:4:3 on the chromatogram of ADP-MCZ, only ADP spots appeared but without changes in the shape of the spots and Rf values. Any modifications of LFX and MLX spots (from LFX-MLX mixture) had been observed using toluene : glacial acetic acid : methanol 11:1:0.5 mobile phase, although LFX spots have remained on the baseline. Only LFX spots were visible from LFX-MLX and LFX-MCZ mixtures (ammonia : methanol : acetonitrile : methylene chloride 2:4:1:4 mobile phase). Distinctive spots were observed for ADP, LFX and MLX with variable results from no chemical interactions to limited chemical interactions when the compatibility with polymers was verified. Conclusions: ADP-LFX and LFX-MLX mixtures were found to be compatible. ADP with HPMC polymers and LFX with HPMC E5 and HEC had presented excellent compatibility; for the other binary combinations, different analytical methods will be necessary.

Pinus Roxburghii Sarg. Ameliorates Alzheimer?s disease- Type Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Deficits Caused by Intracerebroventricular-Streptozotocin in Rats: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study

Pinus roxburghii Sarg. is traditionally used as a nerve tonic, hemostatic and anticonvulsant. The present study was aimed to investigate the neuroprotective activity of Pinus roxburghiiSarg. stem bark for memory and cognition using in vitro and in vivo methods. Plant drug was extracted with methanol using Soxhlet extraction. In vitro cell viability activity of Pinus roxburghiiSarg. was assessed using PC-12 cell lines. The in vivo neuroprotective activity of Pinus roxburghii Sarg. was tested on Wistar albino rats (either sex) and intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (3 mg/kg, bilateral) was given to cause memory deficits. High-performance thin layer chromatography fingerprinting was performed for the presence of quercetin and gallic acid in the plant extract. The phytochemical testing of extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, and tannins. Pinus roxburghii Sarg. showed significant cell viability at 10, 50 and 100 μg/ml in an in vitro test on PC-12 cell lines. In the in vivo activity, intracerebroventricular streptozotocin caused significant deterioration in memory and cognition, tissue oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase activity. Pinus roxburghiiSarg. 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, per os and donepezil (3 mg/kg, per os) significantly (p<0.05) reversed the behavioral changes in rats when tested on morris water maze and elevated plus maze. Increased levels of lipid peroxidation, acetylcholinesterase activity and decreased the level of glutathione were significantly (p<0.05) antagonized by Pinus roxburghii Sarg., similar to donepezil in rat brain. Quercetin and gallic acid were identified quantitatively in the plant extract in High-performance thin layer chromatography study. The methanolic extract of Pinus roxburghii Sarg. ameliorated intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced cognitive deficits and memory impairment possibly due to the presence of quercetin and gallic acid.

Anti-cancer activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Salvia officinalis against oral squamous carcinoma cells in vitro via caspase mediated mitochondrial apoptosis

Aim: Need for novel agents that fight oral squamous cancer is on constant demand. The current study aims in the identification of active phytochemical ingredients from Salvia officinalis leaf extract (SOLE) and evaluation for anticancer properties in oral squamous carcinoma cells. Materials and Methods: Soxhlet method was used for SOLE extraction. Phytochemical tests and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) were performed for active compounds identification. Oral squamous cancer cells (SSC-15 and SSC-25) were used to assess anticancer efficacy. MTT analysis was utilized for the viability of cells. The utilization of flow cytometry was done to assess the changes in cell cycle and apoptosis induction. Western Blotting method was used to analyze the expressions of apoptotic protein. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of sterols, flavonoids, and tannins. TLC study revealed the presence of rutin in SOLE. The extract inhibited cell proliferation of SSC-15 and SSC-25 cells with GI50values of 340.7 μg/ml and 287.7 μg/ml, respectively. SOLE inhibited the migration of these cells across the endothelial membrane and induced nuclear fragmentation in cancer cells. Analysis of the cell cycle revealed SOLE to increase the sub G0/G1population in SSC-15 and SSC-25 cells. SOLE increased both early and late phase apoptosis in both oral squamous cancer cell lines. Apoptotic markers such as caspase-3, Bax and P-53 were found to be dose-dependently increased with SOLE treatment in both the tested cell lines, while the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein was decreased. Conclusion: In summary, SOLE demonstrated excellent anticancer and anti-migration efficacy in oral squamous cancer cells through caspase-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis. More than one compound might be responsible for the activity, which deserves further research.

PHARMACOGNOSTIC STANDARDIZATION, PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND TLC FINGERPRINTING OF THE BARK OF CASCABELA THEVETIA L.

Objectives: In this study, systematic pharmacognostic study and preliminary phytochemical screening of the bark of Cascabela thevetia L. were carried out.&#x0D; Methods: The selected plant part was collected, processed and stored in an airtight container. From the bark different pharmacognostic studies like macroscopic and microscopic evaluation, physicochemical parameters, fluorescence analysis were done. Powdered bark was successively extracted by petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol using a Soxhlet apparatus and finally macerated with the hydro-alcoholic solvent system (30:70). The preliminary phytochemical analysis and thin layer chromatography of the extracts were done to find the nature and number of the different phytoconstituents present.&#x0D; Results: Transverse microscopy reveals the presence of crystal oxalate, cork cell, starch granules, vascular bundle, phloem fiber, parenchyma cells, and collenchyma cells. Powder microscopy also showed the presence of cork cell, fiber and calcium oxalate crystal. Results obtained in different physicochemical analysis like total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, alcohol-soluble extractive, water-soluble extractive, and moisture content were 8.67%, 0.83%, 5.33%, 4.53%, 12.27%, and 7.83% respectively. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, triterpenoid, phytosterol, tannin, saponin, anthraquinone, carbohydrate and fatty acid in the different extracts. TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) study revealed 4 spots in petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts and 3 spots in the Hydro-alcoholic extract with different solvent systems.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results obtained from the study will provide a reliable basis for identification, purity, and quality of the plant.

EXTRACTION, QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION AND SPECTRAL IDENTIFICATION OF CARNOSIC ACID – A DITERPENE ANTIOXIDANT FROM ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS

Carnosic acid is a benzenediol abietane diterpene having antioxidant and other medicinal activities. The medicinally active compound carnosic acid was isolated from leaves of the herb Rosmarinus officinalis. A simple solid-liquid extraction with solvent acetone in Soxhlet extractor was used for the extraction of compound from the plant source. The purity of the compound was studied using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LCMS) studies and the results were compared with standard carnosic acid. The result proves that the isolated compound was found to have 98.10% purity and no other impurities were observed. The molecular structure of the isolated compound was derived using spectral studies like UV, IR, NMR, C13 and mass spectroscopy. The spectral study proves that the compound has a molecular structure of 332 g/mol and molecular formula of C20H28O4.The molecular mass, formula and the molecular structure of the isolated compound was found to be similar to that of standard carnosic acid.

DURATION DEPENDENT ANTIAPOPTOTIC EFFICACY OF CAMELLIA SINENSIS (GREEN TEA) ON STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETES LINKED TESTICULAR HYPOFUNCTION IN ALBINO RAT: GENOMIC AND FLOW CYTOMETRIC ASSESSMENT

Objective: The study has been conducted to search out the threshold duration of treatment of ethyl acetate fraction of methanolic extract of leaves of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze at the dose of 100 mg/kg body weight for the management of diabetes-induced testicular impairment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat in a duration dependent fashion.&#x0D; Methods: In this respect, the glycemic, androgenic, oxidative stress sensors, gene expression of testicular androgenic key enzymes along with apoptotic markers were evaluated in a duration dependent way (14, 28 and 56 d).&#x0D; Results: A significant correction was noted in the levels of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C), testicular thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), conjugated diene (CD), sperm viability, sperm mitochondrial status, serum testosterone, and genomic expression of testicular Δ5, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD), 17β-HSD, Bax, Bcl-2 after treatment for different duration with the said fraction in diabetic groups in compare to respective vehicle-treated diabetic group without any toxicity induction in general. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) study of the fraction showed two spots with retention factors (Rf) of 0.78 and 0.51.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results showed that 28 d treatment was threshold duration of treatment for the correction of diabetes-induced testicular impairment.

Pharmacognostic evaluation and HPTLC fingerprinting of Pirantai Vatakam, a Siddha formulation

The present study is an attempt to evaluate the pharmacognostic parameters and HPTLC fingerprint profiles for a Siddha compound formulation, Pirantai vatakam in which Cissus quadrangularis is the main ingredient. Powder microscopy studies were carried out and different microscopic characters were distinguished. Physico-chemical parameters such as loss on drying at 105⁰C, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble extractive, alcohol soluble extractive AND volatile oil were determined. High performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) study of Pirantai vatakam was performed and the chromatograms were documented. The observations laid down a platform for the standardization of Pirantai vatakam and will help us to determine the genuineness of the drug from the adulterants and substitutes.

Studies on phytochemical, antioxidant, antimicrobial analysis and separation of bioactive leads of leaf extract from the selected mangroves

In the present study, phytochemical and antimicrobial analysis of selected mangrove species: Suaeda nudiflora, Lumnitzera racemosa, Ipomoea tuba and Avicennia alba was performed. The phenol found in all selected mangroves and tannins found in the species: Suaeda nudiflora, Ipomoea tuba and Avicennia alba and terpenoids present in Lumnitzera racemosa, Ipomoea tuba and Avicenia alba. The steroids and emodins were not found in all selected mangrove species. The antioxidant analysis proved that maximum inhibitory potential of leaf extract was obtained in Lumnitzera racemosa and minimum scavenging activity was found in Suaeda nudiflora. The leaf extract with different solvents was screened for antibacterial activity against pathogenic strains: Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsella pneumonia and Bacillus subtilis. The methanol extracts from Squeeda nudiflora and Ipomoea tuba was shown highest zone of inhibition compared to other solvent extracts. The order of antimicrobial activity expressed as inhibitory zones of methanol > acetone > hexane observed for pathogenic strains. Further, thin layer chromatography (TLC) studies revealed presence of bioactive compounds in the extracts of the mangrove species.

Cow bone char as a sorbent to increase sorption and decrease mobility of hexazinone, metribuzin, and quinclorac in soil

Hexazinone, metribuzin, and quinclorac herbicides are used extensively throughout Brazil, and they can easily be leached to groundwater sources. Bone char (BC) has been shown to strongly sorb organic compounds and could be used as a sorbent to increase herbicide sorption and decrease leaching, although the better form of application is not known. The aim of this research was to assess the effect of cow BC on the sorption-desorption and mobility of hexazinone, metribuzin, and quinclorac applied to a sandy loam tropical soil under laboratory conditions. The methodology of the sorption-desorption studies was established using a batch equilibrium method, and the treatments were unamended soil, pure BC, and BC-amended soil (at a rate of 5% by weight). Herbicide mobility studies were evaluated by column leaching and soil thin-layer chromatography (TLC). In the column leaching studies, BC was either applied to the surface or incorporated into the 0–10 cm top layer of soil, the latter at a rate of 5% by weight (60 t ha−1). A glass column was prepared for each treatment, and analyses of 14C-herbicides were performed by liquid scintillation counting. Finally, for TLC studies the BC treatments were unamended soil, BC (5% by weight)-amended soil, soil + BC band (1 cm) in the middle, and soil + BC band at the top. We conclude that cow BC is an excellent sorbent to reduce mobility of hexazinone, metribuzin, and quinclorac in a tropical soil through the high sorption of these herbicides, regardless of application form of the material. Thus, it is possible to minimize the pollution of soil-applied herbicide simultaneously, as the BC and thus the herbicides can remain in the soil for a long time.