Flower Buds Of Syzygium Aromaticum Research Articles

UFLC-MS Method Development of Vasicinone, Pellitorine, 6-Gingerol, Costunolide, Dehydrocostuslactone, Apigenin, and Validation of Piperine, Biflorin in Polyherbal Formulations

Standardisation of polyherbal formulations is necessary for the quality, safety, quantity, and efficacy of botanicals in marketed and newly established formulations. The Ministry of Ayush, Govt of India, recommended using polyherbal formulations to treat COVID-19, i.e., Kabusura kudineer, Nilavembu kudineer, etc., Kabusura kudineer is a Siddha-based formulation. It prevents and treats COVID-19 due to some botanicals in Kabusura kudineer, which have proven anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and immunomodulatory effects. The current work focuses on establishing a standard protocol for the Kabusura kudineer marketed, a novel dosage form called Hydaljss08, and in plant species, mainly present in both formulations. Both formulations contain some similar crude drugs and their active constituents. They are Zingiber officinale rhizome, Syzygium aromaticum flower buds, Adhatoda vasica leaves, Anacyclus pyrethrum roots, Saussurea lappa roots, Piper longum fruits, Clerodendrum serratum roots, Coleus amboinicus roots, contain active phytopharmaceuticals are 6-gingerol, biflorin, vasicinone, pellitorine, costunolide, dehydrocostuslactone, piperine, and apigenin. Existing liquid chromatography methods were reported for individual above active compounds, but not in these formulations and combined dosage forms. Working UFLC methods have not been reported individually nor combined for the Biflorin. The current study aims to develop UFLC methods for 6-gingerol, biflorin, vasicinone, pellitorine, costunolide, dehydrocostuslactone, piperine, and apigenin in polyherbal formulations Kabusura kudineer marketed, Hydaljss08 and in isolated, fractions, extract of plant species present in both dosage forms. The preliminary identification of the phytopharmaceuticals in the polyherbal formulations, isolated fractions, and extract of plant species was done by TLC and IR spectrum. The developed liquid chromatography method was novel, simple, linear, and rapid for estimating 6-gingerol, biflorin, vasicinone, pellitorine, costunolide, dehydrocostuslactone, piperine, apigenin in a plant species, and Ayush-based formulations.

Formulation Development and Evaluation of Polyherbal Mouthwash Containing Psidium Guajava L.

The mouthwashes prepared from the herbal ingredients has shown great potential to overcome the chemical-based preparations. The combination of two or more herbal ingredients to form a polyherbal formulation has become an efficient approach to add value to the basic herbal formulation. In present study, the polyherbal mouthwash has been prepared using the leaves of Psidium guajava (guava), rhizomes of Curcuma longa (turmeric) and flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (clove). All the three plant materials were collected and separately extracted. Phytochemical screening and quantitative estimation has been performed. The formulation has been prepared by optimization of different concentrations of used active ingredients. All the prepared formulations had undergone evaluation for organoleptic properties, pH and viscosity. The in-vitro antibacterial study has been performed by agar well diffusion method. The bacteria selected for the study were S. aureus, S. mutans and E. coli. The prepared mouthwash shows promising results in terms of zone of inhibition. When compared the prepared mouthwash with the marketed one, it shows greater zone of inhibition due to the synergistic effect produced by the multiple herbs used in the formulation. From the results obtained in this research work, it can be clearly stated that polyherbal mouthwash has become an effective way to improve the efficacy of herbal formulations. The combination of Psidium guajava (guava), Curcuma longa (turmeric) and Syzygium aromaticum (clove) in a mouthwash has shown promising results to improve the chances of usage of polyherbal mouthwash to commercially available chemical-based product.

The effect of volatile compounds of Syzygium aromaticum flower buds against Aspergillus flavus growth on wheat grain at postharvest stage

Reducing the postharvest loss of cereal grains caused by deleterious fungi is critically important for the grain supply chain. Exploring antifungal constituents of plant volatile organic compounds (PVOCs) could promote the development of natural gaseous fungicides in controlling the decay of postharvest grains. In this study, PVOCs were extracted from clove ( Syzygium aromaticum L.) buds and the primary constituents thereof were investigated for their effect on Aspergillus flavus growth in media postharvest grains. Fumigation with clove buds’ volatiles effectively inhibited A. flavus proliferation in 20% moisture wheat grains under simulated storage conditions. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that eugenol and caryophyllene were the two main constituents of clove bud volatiles (49.80% and 36.68%, respectively). An antifungal assay demonstrated that eugenol was responsible for the antifungal activity of clove bud volatiles against A. flavus. Eugenol can completely inhibit A. flavus growth at 0.12 and 0.40 μL/mL in vapor phase fumigation and liquid contact, respectively. The proliferation of A. flavus in 20% moisture wheat grains was completely controlled after fumigation with 600 μL/L eugenol vapor. Eugenol treatment can damage the membrane integrity of A. flavus mycelia, resulting in increased intracellular electrolyte leakage. The 38 metabolites in A. flavus hyphae exposed to 0.40 μL/mL eugenol were markedly differentially expressed and principally involved in the biosynthesis of glycerophospholipids, linoleic acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, sugar metabolism, and ATP-binding cassette transporters. Eugenol also causes phosphatidylserine eversion of the plasma membrane, increased reactive oxygen species, decreased ATP production, and damaged DNA in A. flavus . We propose that eugenol treatment can disrupt cell membrane integrity, fatty acid β -oxidation, and induce apoptosis in A. flavus . This study demonstrated the potential application of clove bud volatile organic compounds as biofumigants for postharvest grain management and provided new insights into the antifungal mechanism of the main constituents against A. flavus growth. • Clove volatiles from Syzygium aromaticum , L. could control Aspergillus flavus growth in wheat grains. • Eugenol and caryophyllene are the two main volatile components of clove determined by GC-MS. • Eugenol could inhibit the growth of A. flavus in vapor phase and liquid contact. • The antifungal actions of eugenol on A. flavus were studied by metabolomic and biochemical analyses. • Eugenol could be used as biofumigants for postharvest grain management.

Natural products with anticonvulsant potentials from Syzygium aromaticum (Myrtaceae)

Chemical investigation of the methanol crude extract of dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (Myrtaceae) resulted in the isolation of seven known compounds; oleanolic acid (1), lignoceric acid (2), β-sitosterol (3), heneicosanoic acid (4), 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methylchromone (5), 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2,8-dimethylchromone (6) and vanillin (7). Their structures were elucidated using one-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and comparison with literature data. The crude extract, and compounds 1-6, revealed significant anticonvulsant activities against seizures induced by picrotoxin, pentylenetetrazole and bicuculline, respectively in mice. Compound 3 produced 100% protection, compound 2, and 5; on the other hand, each offered 83.33%, while the lowest protection came from compounds 1, 4, and 6 (16.66 – 50 00 %). This is the first report on the anticonvulsant activity of these isolated compounds, and the first report on the isolation of compounds 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 from Syzygium aromaticum.

Antibacterial and Anticandidal Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Immature Flower Buds of Syzygium aromaticum

Microbial resistance to antibiotics has been raised over time, creating a serious burden and an issue that requires a quick response. As a result, interest has shifted to medicinal plants as natural, effective, and cost-efficient alternatives. The goal of this study was to assess the antibacterial and antifungal activities of the dried buds of the clove’s flowers, which were extracted in 250 ml of ethanol using the Soxhlet apparatus. Subsequently, DMSO stock solutions were utilized to create concentrations of 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, and ultimately 3.125 mg/ml. Following that, the agar-well diffusion technique was utilized for the evaluation of the antibacterial activities of the clove extract against gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Group A Streptococcus bacteria) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), as well as Candida albicans, isolated and identified through the pediatric hospital's medical laboratory west of Gaza city. Lastly, the results of this study clearly showed that the ethanolic extract of dried immature flower buds of clove has anti-S. aureus and anti-group A Streptococcus effects, as well as for the C. albicans used in the present study, with the exception of E. coli, which demonstrated resistance to the plant extract at all concentrations tested. While the lowest concentrations that showed anti-bacterial activity were revealed to be 12.5 and 25 mg/ml for anti-S. aureus and anti-group A Streptococcus, respectively, with inhibition zone diameters of 2 and 1 mm, on the other hand, 25 mg/ml with a 2 mm inhibition zone was determined to have the lowest concentration that had anti-C. albicans activity. This study concluded that cloves can be employed as a plant with anti-bacterial and anti-fungal characteristics, but additional research is required.

Effect of Extraction Solvents on Total Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Syzygium Aromaticum L. Flower Bud from Ethiopia.

In this study, the antioxidative activity and polyphenolic content of Syzygium aromaticum's flower bud were compared under different extraction solvents including chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous. The antioxidant activity was assessed via established in vitro assay models such as 2, 2-diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, NO- radical scavenging assay, H2O2 scavenging assay and Fe3+ reducing capacity. Total phenolic content was measured according to Folin-Ciocalteu's method, and total flavonoid content was estimated by using the aluminum chloride colorimetric method. The results showed that aqueous extract possessed the highest TPC (19.11 ± 2.76 mg GAE/g DW) and TFC (15.32 ± 1.53 mg CtE/g DW). Among the extracts, methanol extract exerted the strongest radical DPPH quenching activity with an IC50 value of 303.56 ± 13.14 μg/mL. The highest NO- radical scavenging activity was shown by methanol extract (IC50192.94 ± 1.9 μg/mL) which is stronger than BHT (IC50247.64 ± 12.89 μg/mL). Methanol extract showed a strong H2O2 scavenging activity (IC50233.71 ± 3.72 μg/mL). The highest Fe3+ reducing capacity was shown by methanol extract (Absorbance = 0.36 ± 0.05). Strong and positive correlations were observed between total phenolic and flavonoid contents and the antioxidant assays. The results of the present work revealed that the tested spice demonstrated high antioxidant activity, total phenolics, and flavonoids. Thus, this spice is worth considering as important source of natural antioxidant agents.

Phytochemical characterization and immunomodulatory effects of aqueous, ethanolic extracts and essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum L. on human neutrophils

In Morocco, the flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum L (Clove) from Myrtaceae are essential in traditional medicine; they are used in many forms (infusion, maceration, and essential oil) and are suggested to mitigate inflammatory conditions such as muscle and dental pain as well as rheumatic diseases. This study aims to chemically characterize the aqueous and ethanolic extracts as well as the essential oil from cloves; also, we aimed to evaluate their effects on the bactericidal activity of human neutrophils compared with eugenol. The chemical composition of extracts was evaluated via qualitative phytochemical screening followed by quantitative screening using spectrophotometry and HPLC technique. The essential oil was analyzed by the GC-MS technique. The PMNs bactericidal activity of extracts, essential oil, and eugenol was carried out by MTT assay. The screening of extracts showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, flavones aglycones, coumarins, and tannins. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of numerous phenolic compounds such as gallic acid, rutin, and quercetin while the GC-MS analysis of essential oil showed that the main components are eugenol (78.67%), eugenyl acetate (11.77%), and caryophyllene (6.85%). The aqueous, ethanolic extracts and essential oil showed an immunomodulatory activity by exerting a significant inhibition of neutrophil bactericidal activity in a dose dependent-manner reaching maximal inhibition at the concentration of 200 µg/ml with only 29.92%, 32.24%, and 48.15%, respectively (p < 0.001).Our study showed the immunomodulatory virtues of cloves as a natural anti-inflammatory agent. The strength of this effect is related to the presence of eugenol and the extraction forms used.

Combinatorial Synthesis of Novel 1-sulfonyloxy/acyloxyeugenol Derivatives as Fungicidal Agents.

Developing the high-efficiency and low-risk small-molecule greenfungicide is the key to effective control of the plant pathogenic oomycetes. Essential oils play a very important role in novel fungicide discovery for their unique sources and potential target sites. Eugenol, a kind of plant essential oil, was mainly isolated from the unopened and dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum of the Myrtaceae family. Due to its unique structural skeleton, eugenol and its derivatives have exhibited a wide range of biological activities. However, a study on the synthesis of novel 1-sulfonyloxy/acyloxyeugenol derivatives as fungicidal agents against Phytophthora capsici has not yet been reported. Twenty-six novel 1-sulfonyloxy/acyloxyeugenol derivatives (3a-p and 5a-j) were prepared and their structures were well characterized by 1H NMR, HRMS, and m.p. Their fungicidal activity was evaluated against P. capsici by using the mycelial growth rate method. To find novel natural-product-based fungicidal agents to control the plant pathogenic oomycetes, we herein designed and synthesized two series of novel 1-sulfonyloxy/acyloxyeugenol derivatives (3a-p and 5a-j) as fungicidal agents against P. capsici Leonian, in vitro. Results of fungicidal activity revealed that, among all compounds, especially compounds 3a, 3f, and 3n displayed the most potent anti-oomycete activity against P. capsici with EC50 values of 79.05, 75.05, and 70.80, respectively. The results revealed that the anti-oomycete activity of eugenol with the sulfonyloxy group was higher than that with the acyloxy group. It is suggested that the fungicidal activity of eugenol can be improved by introducing the sulfonyloxy group. This will pave the way for further design, structural modification, and development of eugenol derivatives as fungicidal agents.

Determination of eugenitin in mouse blood by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study

Abstract Eugenitin is a non-volatile chromone derivative which is always found in dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum L. (Merr.) &amp; L.M. Perry. Until now, there were no reports about the pharmacokinetics of eugenitin in biological fluids. A UPLC-MS/MS method developed to determine eugenitin in mouse blood. The blood samples were prepared by protein precipitation with acetonitrile. Chrysin (internal standard, IS) and eugenitin were gradient eluted by mobile phase of acetonitrile and water (0.1% formic acid) in a BEH C18 column. The multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of m/z 221.1→206.0 for eugenitin and m/z 255.1→152.9 for IS with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source was used for quantitative detection. The calibration curve ranged from 0.5 to 500 ng/mL (r &gt; 0.995). The accuracy ranged from 98 to 113%, the precision was less than 12%, and the matrix effect was between 86 and 94%, the recovery was better than 81%. The developed method was successfully used for pharmacokinetics of eugenitin in mice after intravenous (5 mg/kg) and oral (20 mg/kg) administration, and the absolute availability of eugenitin was 12%.

Preparation and Standardization of Vrihatsamsharkar Churna: A Polyherbal Formulation

In India the traditional system of medicine is in practice from the ancient times for the treatment of several diseases. Due to lack of standardization or purity of herbal drugs some effective drugs are not regularly used for the treatment which is a major drawback for the herbal sector and pharma industries. That is why the standardization techniques for herbal drugs are required to be developed and make a bond with the main science health stream. There are certain preliminary guidelines given by CCRAS (Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha) for the standardization of these herbal drugs. Standardization of herbal formulations is a prime requirement for the establishment of the good quality of such herbal drugs. The present paper report the preparation and standardization of a poly herbal formulation which contain Syzygium aromaticum (flower buds), Myristica fragrans (seeds), Piper longum (fruit), Zingiber officinale (rhizome), Piper nigrum (fruit). This “Vrihatsamsharkar” churna poly herbal formulation is used in the treatment of dry cough. Following parameters like microscopy, macroscopy, ash value, extractive value, water soluble ash, bulk density, tapped density, Hausner ratio, Carr’s index, moisture content, swelling index and preliminary tests are calculated and discussed in this paper. These are certain important parameters which are necessarily required for the authentication of any herbal drug or any herbal formulation.

Antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry essential oil with identification of its chemical constituents.

Aromatic plants embrace volatile compounds with efficiency in treating different diseases. In Jordan, Syzygium aromaticum flower buds (clove) are extensively used as folk medicine without awareness of its bio-safe dosage. Herein, clove buds were hydrodistilled using the Clevenger apparatus, and the resulting essential oil (CEO) was analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial activity was evaluated against tested bacterial strains by agar diffusion test and micro-broth dilution assay. The antioxidant capacity was assessed using DPPH radical scavenging assay, while the cytotoxic potency was unraveled by determination of its anti-proliferative activity against MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma and normal Vero cell lines. CEO yield was 5.7±1.3% (w/w); encompassed 24 volatile ingredients with eugenol as the principal compound (73.41%). The CEO inhibited the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial test strains, causing the formation of 13.7±1.5-17.3±0.6mm and 11.7±1.5-20.7±1.2mm inhibition zones, respectively with MIC 1.25-5μL/mL. Moreover, it showed antioxidant activity with IC50 0.0016±0.0001μL/mL (1.6±0.1μg/mL, 2.98±0.4µg Trolox®/µg CEO). Intriguingly, the CEO was cytotoxic against both cancerous and noncancerous cell lines at IC50 of 0.25±0.02μL/mL and 0.18±0.01μL/mL, respectively. Herein results unveil the potential application of CEO as a pharmaceutical remedy with considering its bio-safe dosage.

Bioassay-guided Fractionation of Clove Buds Extract Identifies Eugenol as Potent Melanogenic Inducer in Melanoma Cells.

Clove, a dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum, is used in traditional medicine, for culinary purposes, and in essential oil production. In our preliminary screening of crude drugs used in Japanese Kampo formulas, a methanol (MeOH) extract of clove buds was found to exhibit a melanin induction. To date, the effects of clove buds or their constituents on the activation of melanogenesis remain unclear. Thus, this study aimed to isolate active compounds from the MeOH extract of clove buds associated with melanin synthesis in melanoma cells and to investigate the molecular mechanism involved. The MeOH extract of clove buds increased melanin content in murine B16-F1 melanoma cells. To identify the active compounds responsible for melanin induction, the MeOH extract was suspended in water and successively partitioned using hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and n-butanol (n-BuOH). Comparative analysis revealed that the EtOAc fraction induced melanin synthesis. Bioassay-guided separation of the EtOAc fraction isolated three compounds including eugenol. The analysis of structure-activity relationships of eugenol and structurally related compounds indicated that eugenol was the most potent melanin inducer among the 11 compounds, and that a hydroxyl group at C-1 and a methoxy group at C-2 may contribute to melanin induction. Eugenol induced melanin synthesis in human HMV-II melanoma cells as well as in B16-F1 cells. Further analysis indicated that eugenol may invoke intracellular tyrosinase activity and expression of tyrosinase, tyrosinaserelated protein (TRP)-1, TRP-2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). These results suggest that eugenol enhances melanin synthesis by upregulating the expression of MITF and subsequent expression of melanogenic enzymes, and that it may be a potent therapeutic agent for hypopigmentation.

Antinociceptive Activity of Syzygium Aromaticum Linn. Flower Buds (Clove) Extract and its Fractions

Syzygium aromaticum (Myrtaceae) flower buds (clove) are traditionally known to possess antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antiviral and other activities, including the antinociceptive action. Scientific evidence also suggests the antileishmanial, antiherpetic and anti-HIV activities of the buds. This paper reports the antinociceptive activity of S. aromaticum flower buds, reinforcing its use in decreasing the pain. The present study was designed to confirm the analgesic activity of S. aromaticum extract and seven of its fractions to reveal the common belief in its painkilling effects. We chose two thermal nociception assays (i) hot–plate test (ii) and tail-flick method as our experimental techniques. Both of these methods are well established to screen anti-nociceptive activities in new molecules. The standard drug indomethacin (5 mg/kg) given by intra-peritoneal route was used in the study for comparison. The study has shown that the methanolic extract (SA-EXT) and its active fractions possess anti-nociceptive activity (pandlt;0.05) in the models of nociception used.

GC-MS analysis and invitro cytotoxic activity of Syzygium aromaticum volatile oil and its major constituent - eugenol

Purpose: Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. Syzygium aromaticum flower buds have found application as a spice and for medicinal purposes around the world. In this research, we investigated the essential oil and its major constituent, eugenol for cytotoxic activity against breast (AU 565) and cervical (HeLa) cancer cell lines. Methods: The oil was extracted and tested for cytotoxic effect on brine shrimp of Artemia salina (10-1000 μg/mL) and against the cell lines. Chromatographic separation of the oil was carried out and the resulting fractions screened for growth inhibitory activity using radicles of Sorghum bicolor seeds (0.25 mg/mL) as well as cytotoxicity on the cell lines with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The oil and active subfraction were subjected to GCMS studies. Results: Our results demonstrated that the essential oil showed cytotoxic activities against A. salina nauplii, with LC50 of 143.17 μg/mL obtained. Growth inhibitory activity of the fractions against S. bicolor seed radicles was remarkable with subfraction 2 showing high potency. The oil and active subfraction possessed moderate cytotoxicity on AU 565 cell line but no inhibition was observed with HeLa cells. Eugenol was revealed to be the major constituent of the oil (64.84%) and was increased to 82.62% in the subfraction. Conclusion: These results suggest that S. aromaticum oil and its major constituent, eugenol possess moderate cytotoxic properties against AU 565 cells but not HeLa cells. This necessitates further investigation against other cancer cell lines. Keywords: Cytotoxic, AU565, HeLa, volatile oil, Syzygium aromaticum, eugenol

Mise au point et activité biologique d’une crème à base d’huile essentielle de clou de girofle

Clove essential oil is isolated from the dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum from which many biological activities have been reported. The aim of this work was to develop a cream for topical use containing clove essential oil (HE) as an active ingredient and to test its biological activity. Clove EO was extracted by hydrodistillation, its chemical composition was analysed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CG-SM). The EO was then incorporated into a cream where its stability was studied. The antifungal activity was evaluated by disc-diffusion method. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of EO and the cream was assessed y by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. Clove EO contains two major constituents: eugenol (69.14%) and β-Caryophyllene (18.8%). The cream had good organoleptic and physicochemical properties. Both EO and the cream showed growth inhibitory effects on the two studied dermatophytes strains. The incorporation of EO in the cream provided a good anti-inflammatory activity, similar to the reference drug. The developed creme was stable, had good anti-inflammatory properties and moderate antifungal activity. Long-term stability studies and in vivo tests would lead to the use of clove essential oil in the development of new pharmaceutical forms.

Antioxidant, antiradical power of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil, and its antidermatophytic activity against Epidermophyton floccosum and Trichophyton soudanense

In order to provide an effective alternative for efficient management of dermatophytosis, we evaluate in vitro the antioxidant and antiradical potentials of the essential oil of the dry flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum and its antidermatophytic activity against Epidermophyton floccosum and Trichophyton soudanense, For this purpose, the essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation through a Clevenger apparatus and the antioxidant and antiradical potentials were evaluated by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the trapping of the ABTS•+ radical methods, respectively. The evaluation of the antidermatophytic activity was made by the agar incorporation method. The results showed that the essential oil reduced ferric iron (Fe3+) to ferrous iron (Fe2+) in a more significant manner than BHT (reference antioxidant). Moreover, the antiradical power of the essential oil was twice greater than that of BHT. Furthermore, the essential oil inhibited the mycelial growth of the two dermatophytes, with 500 ppm and 1000 ppm of minimal inhibitory concentrations against Epidermophyton floccosum and Trichophyton soudanense, respectively. This activity was greater than that of griseofulvin whose minimal inhibitory concentration was greater than 4000 ppm against both studied germs. These findings show that, withon the framework of safeguarding human lives and protecting the environment, the essential oil from the dry flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum appeared as reliable alternative for the treatment of dermatophytosis caused by Epidermophyton floccosum and Trichophyton soudanense. Our results lay scientific foundation toward the promotion and development of Cameroonian biodiversity in treatments of dermatophytosis.

Synthesis, Antibacterial, and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Oleanolic Acid-4-aminoquinoline Based Hybrid Compounds.

The study aims to prepare a class of oleanolic-based compounds. Conventional drugs used to treat infectious diseases suffer from limitations such as drug toxicity and drug resistance. The resistance of microbes to antimicrobial agents is a significant challenge in treating microbial infections. Combining two or more drugs with different modes of action to treat microbial infections results in a delay in developing drug resistance by the microbes. However, it is challenging to select the appropriate drugs for combination therapy due to the differences in stability and pharmacokinetic profile of the drugs. Therefore, developing hybrid compounds using the existing drugs is a promising approach to design effective antimicrobial agents. To prepare oleanolic-based hybrid compounds followed by characterization, in vitro antibacterial and cytotoxicity evaluation. Oleanolic acid-4-aminoquinoline-based hybrid compounds were synthesized via esterification and amidation. The compounds were characterized using FTIR, NMR, and UHPLC-HRMS. Oleanolic acid (OA) was isolated from the flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry, a species from Kingdom Plantae, order Mytales in the Myrtaceae family. Antibacterial activity was determined against selected strains of bacteria using the microdilution assay and cytotoxicity activity was assessed using the sulforhodamine B assay against selected cancer cell lines. The synthesized hybrid compounds exhibited antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC13047), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC19659), Staphylococcus aureus as well as Gram-negative bacteria, Klebsiella oxytoca (ATCC8724), Escherischia coli (ATCC25922), and Proteus vulgaris (ATCC6380) with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 1.25 mg/mL compared to oleanolic acid (2.5 mg/mL). Compounds 13 and 14 displayed cytotoxicity in vitro against the cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and DU 145) compared to the oleanolic acid (IC50 ˃ 200 μM). Modification of C28 of OA enhanced its biological activity.

Efficacy of Some Botanical Extracts on the Control of Late Blight Disease in Experimental Potato Field

Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) De Bary is the most devastating disease of potato. This study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of ten botanical extracts against the late blight disease incidence and severity in experimental potato field at University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh during 2019-2020. Crude aqueous extract of leaves of Syzygium cumini, Psidium guajava, Eucalyptus globusus, Carica papaya and Lawsonia inermis; fruits of Terminalia bellirica, T. chebula and Piper nigrum; flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum and cloves of Allium sativum were used at 5% (w/v) concentration for evaluation. Out of ten botanicals, Syzygium cumini leaves extract was found most effective in controlling the late blight disease incidence and severity up to 66 DAS (days after sowing) and increased the potato yield by 71.29% compare to untreated control. The efficacy of Lawsonia inermis extract against late blight disease was found promising and increased the potato yield by 48.51%. Other four botanical extracts (Terminalia chebula, Piper nigrum, Syzygium aromaticum and Carica papaya) showed moderate efficacy against the incidence and severity of late blight disease, and increased 30% more potato yield compare to control. These results suggest that botanical extract of Syzygium cumini has a great potential as an alternative of chemical fungicides to control the late blight disease of potato in eco-friendly way.

Novel ferulic acid and benzophenone derivatives from the flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum

Phytochemical investigation of clove resulted in the isolation of two new natural compounds, a ferulic acid derivative, sabrinic acid (1) and a benzophenone derivative (2) together with two known compounds kaempferol-3,5-dimethyl ether (3) and 4-methyl benzoic acid (4). Compounds 3 and 4 were isolated for the first time from the genus Syzygium. The structures of compounds were elucidated through modern spectroscopic techniques including 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.

Quality assessment and antibacterial properties of a commercial clove sample and copper sulphate as ingredients of an herbal mouth wash

Clove buds obtained from flower buds of (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merril et L. M. Perry (Eugenia caryophyllus C. Spreng. Bull et Harr) have been used in traditional medicine for a variety of ailments, as food spice and in aromatherapy. Some of the pharmacological properties have been reported as anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. The main constituent of clove is eugenol which has been reported and confirmed to have antibacterial action. The oil from the commercial clove sample was extracted using a Clevenger apparatus and assessed by gas chromatography for the content of eugenol in comparison to a standard clove oil. In addition, the TLC fingerprint, physicochemical and antibacterial properties were determined by standard methods to authenticate and establish the quality of the clove prior to use in the herbal mouthwash formulation. The sample clove oil exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values of <0.02 – 0.312 mg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of 0.156 – 0.312 mg/ml against selected gram positive and negative organisms. MIC and MBC values for Copper sulphate were in the range of <0.02 – 0.156 and 0.156 - 0.312 mg/ml respectively. The sample clove oil with 15% yield was determined to have 71.7% purity in comparison to the standard clove oil. The evaluation of the clove buds, oil and copper sulphate showed that it conformed to specifications and has potential for use in the mouthwash formulation.