Sustainable Viticulture Research Articles

Vineyard Management and Its Impacts on Soil Biodiversity, Functions, and Ecosystem Services

Healthy soils form the basis of sustainable viticulture, where soil characteristics have a direct impact on wine quantity and quality. Soil not only provides water and nutrients to vines, but is also a living medium containing micro- and macroorganisms that perform many ecological functions and provide ecosystem services. These organisms are involved in many processes, from decomposing organic matter to providing minerals to vine roots. They also control diseases, pests, and weeds, in addition to improving the soil structure in terms of its capacity to retain water and nutrients. Related to decomposition processes, the carbon content of vineyard soils influences fertility, erosion and biogeochemical cycles, with significant implications for the global climate. However, common agricultural practices represent strong threats to biodiversity and associated ecosystem services provided by vineyard soils. As consumers increasingly consider environmental aspects in their purchase decisions, winegrowers have to adapt their vineyard management strategies, raising the demand for sustainable pest- and weed-control methods. This article presents a comprehensive review of the impacts of vineyard practices on the soil ecosystem, biodiversity, and biodiversity-based ecosystem services, and provides future prospects for sustainable viticulture.

Powdery Mildew Resistance Genes in Vines: An Opportunity to Achieve a More Sustainable Viticulture.

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is one of the main fruit crops worldwide. In 2020, the total surface area planted with vines was estimated at 7.3 million hectares. Diverse pathogens affect grapevine yield, fruit, and wine quality of which powdery mildew is the most important disease prior to harvest. Its causal agent is the biotrophic fungus Erysiphe necator, which generates a decrease in cluster weight, delays fruit ripening, and reduces photosynthetic and transpiration rates. In addition, powdery mildew induces metabolic reprogramming in its host, affecting primary metabolism. Most commercial grapevine cultivars are highly susceptible to powdery mildew; consequently, large quantities of fungicide are applied during the productive season. However, pesticides are associated with health problems, negative environmental impacts, and high costs for farmers. In paralleled, consumers are demanding more sustainable practices during food production. Therefore, new grapevine cultivars with genetic resistance to powdery mildew are needed for sustainable viticulture, while maintaining yield, fruit, and wine quality. Two main gene families confer resistance to powdery mildew in the Vitaceae, Run (Resistance to Uncinula necator) and Ren (Resistance to Erysiphe necator). This article reviews the powdery mildew resistance genes and loci and their use in grapevine breeding programs.

Фізіологічні та біохімічні маркери посухостійкості сортів та форм винограду

Goal. To ensure sustainable viticulture of Ukraine through the allocation of resistant to lack of moisture supply varieties and forms of the new selection of grapes using physiological and biochemical markers of drought resistance. Methods. Physiological — to determine the content of different fractions of water in the tissues of the leaves; biochemical — to determine the enzyme of peroxidase activity in leaf tissues in the critical phase of the growing season for the grape plant to fix the level of stress reactions. Results. Out of 20 varieties and forms of the table and technical grapes, different levels of manifestation of physiological and biochemical markers of drought resistance were fixed. The most pronounced stress reaction up to the loss of turgor leaves was observed in the arid conditions of 2019 in the variety Persei. The least pronounced reaction to the lack of moisture was in table varieties and forms of Odisei, Tairian, Fontan, and Zahrava, from the group technical the high level of ecological plasticity, confirmed varieties and forms of Zahrei, Aromatnyi, Yarylo, and Idyliya muskatna. The prospects of these genotypes are confirmed by the low activity of the marker of stress reactions of the plant enzyme peroxidase in arid years (2017 and 2019). Conclusions. Varieties and forms of grapes selected by markers of drought resistance can be successfully grown by extensive technology. For the variety Persei (if necessary) it is recommended to use intensive technology, in particular, artificial irrigation in critical periods of the growing season — flowering, ripening berries, and the end of the growing season.

Productiveness and Berry Quality of New Wine Grape Genotypes Grown under Drought Conditions in a Semi-Arid Wine-Producing Mediterranean Region.

One alternative for adapting viticulture to high temperatures and the scarcity of water is the development of new varieties adapted to such conditions. This work describes six new genotypes, derived from “Monastrell” × “Cabernet Sauvignon” (MC16, MC19, MC72, MC80) and “Monastrell” × “Syrah” (MS104, MS49) crosses, grown under deficit irrigation and rainfed conditions in a semi-arid wine-producing area (Murcia, southeastern Spain). The effect of genotype, year, and irrigation treatment on the phenological, productiveness, morphological, and grape quality data was evaluated. The study material was obtained and selected as part of a breeding program run by the Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarollo Agrario y Medioambiental (IMIDA). The results obtained show that under rainfed conditions, the values for productive variables decreased, while those referring to the phenolic content increased. Notable variation in the parameters evaluated was also seen for the different genotypes studied. The behavior of the genotypes MC80 and MS104 under rainfed conditions was noteworthy. In addition to maintaining very adequate yields, phenolic contents, must pH, and total acidity values, MC80 fell into the best ‘phenolic quality group’ and MS104 returned a low º°Baumé value, ideal for the production of low-alcohol-content wines. These genotypes could favor the development of sustainable quality viticulture in dry and hot areas.

Application of a Cost-Effective Visible/Near Infrared Optical Prototype for the Measurement of Qualitative Parameters of Chardonnay Grapes

In this paper, a cost-effective visible/near infrared optical prototype was tested for grape maturity monitoring. The device was used to quantify the qualitative parameters of Chardonnay grapes, based on the combination of spectroscopic data and the creation of predictive models. The optical acquisitions were performed directly in the field through the use of 12 wavelengths in the vis/NIR range, i.e., 450, 500, 550, 570, 600, 610, 650, 680, 730, 760, 810 and 860 nanometers. The prediction of the qualitative parameters was carried out through a multivariate model, partial least square (PLS) regression technique and built knowing the real values of the parameters, i.e., total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) and pH measured through the reference laboratory analyses. Sampling included two harvest years. The most efficient model was the one for TSS evaluation that gave a R2 = 0.87 (independent test set validation). The results demonstrated that the optical device is able to provide useful information about the ripening parameters of Chardonnay grapes directly in the field in order to predict its correct maturation stage and, therefore, support operators in rapid and objective decision making. Overall, the use of the prototype promotes a sustainable approach and viticulture 4.0.

Analysis of the varietal composition of vineyards in Ukraine and the potential for growing new varieties

The object of current research is the varietal composition of industrial vineyards in Ukraine. One of the most problematic aspects is the assortment of table grapes, which is represented by a limited number of varieties, especially in industrial viticulture. That is why the local market is saturated with imported table grapes. Viticulturists have been creating Ukrainian grape varieties since the middle of the last century. 150 promising varieties and hybrid forms were bred. They combine high productivity and product quality with high rates of adaptability to the «risky» growing conditions of the Northern Black Sea coast. Many years of research confirmed a high level of pathogen, drought and frost resistance, winter hardiness, as well as a high level of quality traits. The inclusion of modern Ukrainian varieties in the regional assortments, especially with the usage of intensive cultivation, will ensure the development of sustainable viticulture. Due to genetically determined pathogen resistance, a significant reduction in pesticide load is possible, which in the future will ensure the transition to adaptive, and later to organic viticulture. The results of the analysis of the composition and structure of the assortment of grapes in Ukraine are obtained and the new varieties with a high level and stability of productivity and product quality for improving the assortment are suggested. This provides the opportunity to increase profitability by 250–350 % for table varieties, due to high productivity, reducing pesticide load, and increasing the price of product due to the visual appearance and high taste properties. Common varieties require 9–12 pesticide treatments, the usage of additional stimulants such as gibberellins, and other elements of production intensification to obtain the marketable product. New wine varieties also show significant economic potential, as they have higher winter hardiness, pathogen resistance, and exclusive wine characteristics.

Assessing the Response of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Xynisteri to Different Irrigation Regimes and Its Comparison to cvs. Maratheftiko, Shiraz and Sauvignon Blanc

The world’s changing climate is placing great pressure on the resources for sustainable viticulture. With this, it has become necessary to investigate grape varieties that are well adapted to hot climates. This study investigated whether two Cypriot varieties (Xynisteri and Maratheftiko) responded differently to Shiraz and Sauvignon Blanc grown under different irrigation regimes (full, 50% and 25%). Irrigation trials were established in Cyprus in 2019 and in Australia in 2020/2021. Vine growth and physiology and fruit composition (field trial only) measurements were recorded. The trial in Cyprus in 2019 demonstrated that for all three irrigation regimes, Xynisteri had higher stem water potential, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll and greater biomass than Sauvignon Blanc under all irrigation regimes. In 2020/2021, Xynisteri had a greater biomass than Maratheftiko and Sauvignon Blanc, with Shiraz having the lowest. Under reduced irrigation, Xynisteri and Maratheftiko had higher stem water potential, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll content than Shiraz and Sauvignon Blanc. These results indicate that Xynisteri in particular may possess better cultivar-specific growth traits than Shiraz and Sauvignon Blanc when grown under the same environmental conditions and in turn may be a more appropriate choice in areas where water is limited.

Changes of Vine Water Status and Growth Parameters Under Different Canopy Managements on cv. Merlot (Vitis vinifera L.)

The climate is the dominant regulator that determines the cultivation in a viticulture region as it strongly controls vine physiology, vine growth, canopy microclimate, berry quality and finally wine components. However, the effects of climate change force vine producers to find solutions that will facilitate their adaptation processes. The importance of water management in vineyards is becoming more important every day for sustainable viticulture and winemaking. Efficient use of water in vineyards is an important issue to control the yield and to provide the targeted berry quality at the desired level. This experiment was carried out during the 2013-2014 and 2015 growing seasons to evaluate the effects of green pruning practices on water leaf potentials of 12-14 years old grapevines of cv. Merlot (Vitis vinifera L.) grafted onto Kober 5BB in the experimental vineyard of Tekirdag Viticulture Research Institute in Turkey. A completely randomized block design was used: LRMS1, LRMS2, LRMS3 represent three levels of leaf removal treatments on main shoots and LRLS1, LRLS2, LRLS3 represent three levels of leaf removal treatments on lateral shoots. Due to the relatively high soil moisture in vineyard conditions, no extreme and high-water stress levels was observed in experiment years. The main factor controlling the water status in cv. Merlot vines was largely dependent on the meso-climatic conditions and soil water availability during the growing season. However it was observed that increasing of main shoot length give rise to tendency to water stress. It was determined that leaf removal treatments on lateral shoots caused changes in shoot weight, pruning weight and Ravaz index (RI), especially in 2014 whereas the leaf removal treatments on main shoots caused changes in mentioned parameters in 2015. In conclusion, the results show that plant water condition can be managed with summer pruning taking into account of different climatic conditions and different phenological stages. Planning of canopy management practices should be done by considering long- and medium-term meteorological evaluations while short-term planning within vegetation period should be done in relation to weekly and monthly meteorological data.

Grapevine DMR6-1 Is a Candidate Gene for Susceptibility to Downy Mildew.

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is a valuable crop in Europe for both economical and cultural reasons, but highly susceptible to Downy mildew (DM). The generation of resistant vines is of critical importance for a sustainable viticulture and can be achieved either by introgression of resistance genes in susceptible varieties or by mutation of Susceptibility (S) genes, e.g., by gene editing. This second approach offers several advantages: it maintains the genetic identity of cultivars otherwise disrupted by crossing and generally results in a broad-spectrum and durable resistance, but it is hindered by the poor knowledge about S genes in grapevines. Candidate S genes are Downy mildew Resistance 6 (DMR6) and DMR6-Like Oxygenases (DLOs), whose mutations confer resistance to DM in Arabidopsis. In this work, we show that grapevine VviDMR6-1 complements the Arabidopsis dmr6-1 resistant mutant. We studied the expression of grapevine VviDMR6 and VviDLO genes in different organs and in response to the DM causative agent Plasmopara viticola. Through an automated evaluation of causal relationships among genes, we show that VviDMR6-1, VviDMR6-2, and VviDLO1 group into different co-regulatory networks, suggesting distinct functions, and that mostly VviDMR6-1 is connected with pathogenesis-responsive genes. Therefore, VviDMR6-1 represents a good candidate to produce resistant cultivars with a gene-editing approach.

Biostimulants in Viticulture: A Sustainable Approach against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses.

Climate change and disproportionate anthropogenic interventions, such as the excess of phytopharmaceutical products and continuous soil tillage, are jeopardizing viticulture by subjecting plants to continuous abiotic stress. One of the main physiological repercussions of abiotic stress is represented by the unbalanced redox homeostasis due to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ultimately leading to a state of oxidative stress (detrimental to grape quality). To these are added the direct and indirect damages caused by pathogens (biotic stresses). In light of this scenario, it is inevitable that sustainable techniques and sensitivity approaches for environmental and human health have to be applied in viticulture. Sustainable viticulture can only be made with the aid of sustainable products. Biostimulant (PB) applications (including resistance inducers or elicitors) in the vineyard have become interesting maneuvers for counteracting vine diseases and improving grape quality. These also represent a partial alternative to soil fertilization by improving nutrient absorption and avoiding its leaching into the groundwater. Their role as elicitors has important repercussions in the stimulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway by triggering the activation of several enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase, lipoxygenase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and peroxidase (with the accumulation of phenolic compounds). The present review paper summarizes the PBs’ implications in viticulture, gathering historical, functional, and applicative information. This work aims to highlight the innumerable beneficial effects on vines brought by these products. It also serves to spur the scientific community to a greater contribution in investigating the response mechanisms of the plant to positive inductions.

Field survey and UAV remote sensing as tools for evaluating the canopy management effects in smallholder grapevine farm

The transition towards more resilient and sustainable agricultural systems must start from smallholder farms (SHs), that are responsible for one third of total crop production, are crucial to preserve ecosystems services, but are restive to adopt precision viticulture (PV) tools because benefits are considered insufficient to justify the costs. PV could help SHs to face with climate variability, maintaining high quality standards in the vineyard and to increase grapevine resilience adopting strategic cultural practices. This paper focus on evaluating some canopy management techniques (leaf removal at different phenological stages) on Italian grapevine landraces through field survey and UAV remote sensing, to obtain an automated estimation of the vine status in terms of canopy architecture, vine vigour, and berry traits. Findings showed as the adoption of canopy management practices, like the leaf removal, can increase the productive performance of the vines by regulating canopy growth, improving berry quality, and at the same time can increase the environmental sustainability of viticulture. Remote sensing restores a real-time vegetational indices (VIs) at vine scale that SHs could use to maximize quality and sustainability through a more efficient and site-specific management of the vineyard.

Soil management and plant protection strategies with reduced use of copper: productive and environmental aspects in a Sangiovese vineyard

Plant protection strategies in organic viticulture are based on the application of copper products, which is well known to generate a consistent environmental impact due to the accumulation of copper in soils and its negative effects on edaphic biodiversity. Life Green Grapes is a demonstrative project aiming to improve the sustainability of viticulture throughout the supply chain: from vine nursery to the table. In this paper, we report the main results obtained over three growing seasons (2018-2020) in response to the adoption of a strategy based on a reduced use of copper products in an organic vineyard. Plant protection treatments have been strictly planned according to forecasting models for disease development and fungicides have been partially substituted with products improving plant resistance. Green manure, known for contributing to the health of the vineyard, was also adopted. Results suggest the effectiveness of the “Green Grapes” strategy under low downy mildew pressure. Furthermore, no declines in grape quality have been observed; on the contrary, the synergic effect of green manure and substances beneficial to plants improved yield. An overall positive influence on the edaphic biodiversity was also observed.

Five-year period of evaluation of leaf mineral concentrations in resistant varieties in Trentino (Northeastern Italy)

Recently new resistant and/or tolerant genotypes to the main cryptogams (downy and powdery mildew) were identified, to be used in enhancing sustainable viticulture. These cultivars (result of interspecific crossings between Vitis vinifera cultivars and other Vitis species of American and Asian origin) are experiencing a relevant expansion in Europe in viticultural regions characterized by high rainfall per year. In two sites of Trentino (Northeastern Italy) with different soil pH levels, and where these conditions are widespread, an important study was scheduled. During the period 2015-2019, fifteen resistant varieties were monitored in order to have information about agronomical and nutritional behavior. Yearly, at fruit set nutritional aspects through leaf analyses and leaf green color (SPAD indexes) were monitored. At pre-veraison, photosynthetically active biomass behavior (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NDVI indexes) was controlled. Weather conditions of different years strongly changed the availability of nutrients in vines in relation to different genotypes and their color of vegetation and vigor. Collected results allow to suggest interventions aimed at a more suitable nutritional management for resistant varieties, in comparison of Vitis vinifera, above all for nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn); in particular, for magnesium (Mg), early foliar treatments should be recommended, especially in years where rainfall is concentrated in the spring months.

Outlook on disease resistant grapevine varieties

Breeding programs for disease resistance were developed from the 19th century on, in both the old (Europe) and new world as a way to promote sustainable viticulture. The main results of breeding, in terms of disease resistance and grape (and wine) quality are described, ranging from the first American hybrids to the most recent varieties. The activity of some representative breeders is discussed and the current situation in Italy is reported. Productive, legislative, and commercial aspects for wine production are considered, especially for European Union where the wine sector is strongly regulated. The perspectives of breeding for disease resistance are discussed, including the new breeding techniques (Nbt) like cis-genesis and genome editing. The importance to interact with the society to make acceptable these innovations is emphasized. While less acceptance problems are expected with table grapes, raisins or rootstocks, more concerns might arise with wine grapes. The role of science is to give the legislator tools to cope with sustainability and to educate the society (from the grape grower to the wine consumer) to a correct understanding. Innovations can be a real advantage only if they are accepted by all the actors of the wine chain.

In vitro evaluation of grapevine endophytes, epiphytes and sap micro-organisms for potential use to control grapevine trunk disease pathogens

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) threaten the economic sustainability of viticulture, causing reductions of yield and quality of grapes. Biological control is a promising sustainable alternative to cultural and chemical methods to mitigate the effects of pathogens causing GTDs, including Botryosphaeria dieback, Eutypa dieback and Esca. This study aimed to identify naturally occurring potential biological control agents from grapevine sap, cane and pith tissues, and evaluate their in vitro antagonistic activity against selected fungal GTD pathogens. Bacterial and fungal isolates were preliminarily screened in dual culture assays to determine their antifungal activity against Neofusicoccum parvum and Eutypa lata. Among the fungal isolates, Trichoderma spp. inhibited mycelium growth of E. lata by up to 64% and of N. parvum by up to 73%, with overgrowth and growth cessation being the likely antagonistic mechanisms. Among the bacterial isolates, Bacillus spp. inhibited mycelium growth of E. lata by up to 20% and of N. parvum by up to 40%. Selected antagonistic isolates of Trichoderma, Bacillus and Aureobasidium spp. were subjected to further dual culture antifungal analyses against Diplodia seriata and Diaporthe ampelina, with Trichoderma isolates consistently causing the greatest inhibition. Volatile organic compound antifungal analyses showed that these Trichoderma isolates inhibited mycelium growth of N. parvum (20% inhibition), E. lata (61% inhibition) and Dia. ampelina (71% inhibition). Multilocus sequence analyses revealed that the Trichoderma isolates were most closely related to Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma hamatum. This study had identified grapevine sap as a novel source of potential biological control agents for control of GTDs. Further testing will be necessary to fully characterize modes of antagonism of these microorganisms, and assess their efficacy for pruning wound protection in planta.

Evaluation and Pre-selection of New Grapevine Genotypes Resistant to Downy and Powdery Mildew, Obtained by Cross-Breeding Programs in Spain.

The need to develop an environmentally friendly, sustainable viticulture model has led to numerous grapevine improvement programmes aiming to increase resistance to downy and powdery mildew. The success of such programmes relies on the availability of protocols that can quantify the resistance/susceptibility of new genotypes, and on the existence of molecular markers of resistance loci that can aid in the selection process. The present work assesses the degree of phenotypic resistance/susceptibility to downy and powdery mildew of 28 new genotypes obtained from crosses between “Monastrell” and “Regent.” Three genotypes showed strong combined resistance, making them good candidates for future crosses with other sources of resistance to these diseases (pyramiding). In general, laboratory and glasshouse assessments of resistance at the phenotype level agreed with the resistance expected from the presence of resistance-associated alleles of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for the loci Rpv3 and Ren3 (inherited from “Regent”), confirming their usefulness as indicators of likely resistance to downy and powdery mildew, respectively, particularly so for downy mildew.

Sustainable viticulture: how to evaluate and record it on a wine estate

Sustainable viticulture is being developed to meet the challenges of current societal expectations. Numerous assessment tools have emerged in recent years. The IDEA method (Indicateurs de Durabilité des Exploitations Agricoles or Farm Sustainability Indicators) is one of these assessment tools. Using the 4th version of IDEA (IDEA4), this article assesses the overall performance (level of sustainability) of a wine estate in Bordeaux in partnership with the company Ekylibre.

Eco-Labels and Sustainable Viticulture to Avoid Environmental Impacts

Wine products have significant environmental impacts, yet sustainable practices in the wine industry have yet to be clearly defined by regulatory bodies. In the absence of regulation, some vineyards and wineries have created their own sustainable practices. Some have turned to eco-labels to showcase their dedication to the environment. This article explores the current landscape of sustainable certifications and self-assessments accessible to vineyards within the United States.

Physiological and proteomic analyses of Tunisian local grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cultivar Razegui in response to drought stress.

Drought is one of the major environmental constraints threatening viticulture worldwide. Therefore, it is critical to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) drought stress tolerance useful to select new species with higher tolerance/resilience potentials. Drought-tolerant Tunisian local grapevine cultivar Razegui was exposed to water deficit for 16days. Subsequent proteomic analysis revealed 49 differentially accumulated proteins in leaves harvested on the drought-stressed vines. These proteins were mainly involved in photosynthesis, stress defence, energy and carbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis/turnover and amino acid metabolism. Physiological analysis revealed that reduction of photosynthesis under drought stress was attributed to the downregulation of the light-dependent reactions, Calvin cycle and key enzymes of the photorespiration pathway. The accumulation of proteins involved in energy and carbohydrate metabolism indicate enhanced need of energy during active stress acclimation. Accumulation of protein amino acids seems to play a protective role under drought stress due to their osmoprotectant and ROS scavenging potential. Reduced protein synthesis and turnover help plants preserving energy to fight drought stress. Proteins related to stress defence might scavenge ROS and transmit the ROS signal as an oxidative signal transducer in drought-stress signalling. All of these original results represent valuable information towards improving drought tolerance of grapevine and promoting sustainable viticulture under climate change conditions.

Hybrid Grapes for a Sustainable Viticulture in South Italy: Parentage Diagram Analysis and Metal Assessment in a Homemade Wine of Chambourcin Cultivar

The aim of this work was to explore a more sustainable approach in the viticulture of Mediterranean countries that could derive from growing hybrid grape varieties inheriting tolerance/resistance characters from the wild vines utilized for their selection. Among the plethora of hybrid grapes developed in the last decades, some are able to produce high-quality wines whose flavor resembles European varieties, thus overcoming a typical limit of several old hybrids based on V. labrusca whose wine was characterized by a distinctive wild flavor. In this context, we examined some characteristics of Chambourcin, one of the most promising hybrid cultivars producing quality red wine and requiring much less phytosanitary interventions than European grapevine. In detail, the scope of this study included the investigation of the parentage diagram for this hybrid grape variety and the chemical analysis of a Chambourcin wine produced in South Italy. We filled the gaps corresponding to some of the Vitis ancestors participating in its complex pedigree by means of a literature analysis and a mathematical approach. We found high ancestry of V. vinifera (about 41%), followed by V. berlandieri (about 28%), V. rupestris (about 19%) and to a lesser extent other American wild vines. The significant content of V. berlandieri and V. rupestris genome in Chambourcin explains the considerable resistance of this variety to the two main pathogens affecting grapevines, i.e., downy mildew and powdery mildew. We then analyzed an organic Chambourcin wine produced in South Italy from grapes obtained without any phytosanitary treatment by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) in order to assess heavy metal content and found it comparable to other (red and rosè) V. vinifera wines obtained from family-run vineyards. Heavy metals contents detected were not of concern for any of the wines analyzed, however, copper accumulation in V. vinifera vineyard soils, and pollution deriving from other phytosanitary chemicals remain issues that in the case of Chambourcin vineyards could be solved at least in large part.