Abstract
Climate change and disproportionate anthropogenic interventions, such as the excess of phytopharmaceutical products and continuous soil tillage, are jeopardizing viticulture by subjecting plants to continuous abiotic stress. One of the main physiological repercussions of abiotic stress is represented by the unbalanced redox homeostasis due to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ultimately leading to a state of oxidative stress (detrimental to grape quality). To these are added the direct and indirect damages caused by pathogens (biotic stresses). In light of this scenario, it is inevitable that sustainable techniques and sensitivity approaches for environmental and human health have to be applied in viticulture. Sustainable viticulture can only be made with the aid of sustainable products. Biostimulant (PB) applications (including resistance inducers or elicitors) in the vineyard have become interesting maneuvers for counteracting vine diseases and improving grape quality. These also represent a partial alternative to soil fertilization by improving nutrient absorption and avoiding its leaching into the groundwater. Their role as elicitors has important repercussions in the stimulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway by triggering the activation of several enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase, lipoxygenase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and peroxidase (with the accumulation of phenolic compounds). The present review paper summarizes the PBs’ implications in viticulture, gathering historical, functional, and applicative information. This work aims to highlight the innumerable beneficial effects on vines brought by these products. It also serves to spur the scientific community to a greater contribution in investigating the response mechanisms of the plant to positive inductions.
Highlights
Intensive food production for animal and human consumption, for which conventional agricultural systems have been adopted, has led to the haphazard and promiscuous use of agrochemical products, generating several negative and dangerous effects for the agroecosystem, including the conservation of the biodiversity connected to these agricultural systems [1,2,3,4,5]
Farmers commonly use fertilizers to sustain crop yield and profitability [6]. These invalidating impacts involve higher soil contamination, which dwindles its fertility, as well as water pollution [7]; during the past decades, owing to an excess of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) coming from anthropogenic activities leaching into groundwater or moving into waterways via surface runoff, there was a massive increase in global marine eutrophication [8,9]
Penetration of protein hydrolysates into a plant tissue is energy-dependand happens by the diffusion of protein through membrane pores [147]
Summary
Intensive food production for animal and human consumption, for which conventional agricultural systems have been adopted, has led to the haphazard and promiscuous use of agrochemical products, generating several negative and dangerous effects for the agroecosystem, including the conservation of the biodiversity connected to these agricultural systems [1,2,3,4,5]. Farmers commonly use fertilizers to sustain crop yield and profitability [6]. These invalidating impacts involve higher soil contamination, which dwindles its fertility, as well as water pollution [7]; during the past decades, owing to an excess of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) coming from anthropogenic activities leaching into groundwater or moving into waterways via surface runoff, there was a massive increase in global marine eutrophication [8,9]. Eutrophication that originates from phytopharmaceutical products (critical values 9–25 μg L−1 [10]) leads to the increase in the frequency of anoxic events and the death of several fish species [11]. Contamination with organic pollutants and heavy metals, together with erosion and sustained tillage, diminishes the soil’s quality and signals significant toxicological and environmental threats [12].
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