Communication Stereotypes Research Articles

Uticaj stereotipa na interkulturalnu komunikaciju

Broadly speaking, stereotyping is a cognitive mechanism that underlies all aspects of intercultural processes-the way individuals perceive members of other groups shapes their attitudes and behavior towards them and influence different types of intercultural interactions and worldviews Based on the assumption that positive stereotypes about people who come from other cultures are used in human communication as an expression of each person's need to simplify all impressions and representations in order to understand the world and the people around them, positive stereotypes can facilitate communication. On the other hand, negative stereotypes in intercultural communication can lead to complete misunderstandings because it is assumed that all people within a certain group have the same characteristics. Therefore, both positive and negative stereotypes in intercultural communication can result in unfounded generalisations, false evaluations and oversimplifications, thus forming the basis for unfair behavior and labelling towards those to whom they refer, in addition to discrimination and interpersonal conflicts. In the search for a model for successful intercultural communication, the principle that culturally specific information should not be applied to all members of a cultural group and that the uniqueness of each member of the group must be respected can be considered extremely important. Stereotypical classifications should not be resistant to change as they relate to relationships between people, which are highly susceptible to change. Successful intercultural communicators should be able to form an opinion based on their communication experience and independent observations, free from stereotypes that they may have consciously or unconsciously gained. Also, viewing the world from the prism of others, not only from our own egocentric and ethnocentric position, and not allowing stereotypes to act as "filters", which allow in only what is similar to our cultural behavior, are important in preventing the adverse effects of stereotypes on communication. Therefore, a recommendable model of successful and efficient intercultural communication is unburdened by bias and stereotypes towards the members of cultural groups different from our own.

THE SPECIFICS OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION OF YOUNG LEARNERS (BASED ON MATERIAL FROM POPULAR LITERATURE AND THEMED WEBSITES)

The paper offers a systemization of tools to study child discourse (thesaurus, text corpora, speech data and etc.). Modelling of linguistic activity involves various methods studying child speech at different stages of its development in connection with forming cognitive, social, psychological skills, and acquired gender stereotypes in communication. Establishment of a register for linguistic resources for child speech research is currently a relevant objective. In multimodal corpora, both linguistic and metalanguage material modeling children's discourse is presented; the corpus can be provided with markup to characterize prosody of speech and non-verbal means of communication. In multimodal corpora, texts are linked to other materials, which allows you to accurately reproduce the features of communication (gender, age, emotive sides of speech, etc.). The concepts of dictionaries of children's speech are diverse (content platforms, explanatory dictionaries, thesaurus dictionaries, thematic, motivational dictionaries, dictionaries of innovation, etc.). In our opinion, lexicographic sources form a new branch of lexicography, which can be associated both with the development of the theoretical foundations of a new field of research and with the creation of a new type of dictionaries.

OVERCOMING STEREOTYPES IN THE KOREAN-SLAVIC INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION (based on the Korean-Ukrainian and Korean-Polish Intercultural Communication)

The article is devoted to the analysis of stereotypes in the Korean-Slavic intercultural communication which were revealed during a survey of Korean students, which was conducted at the Department of Ukrainian Studies and Department of Polishat Hankuk University of Foreign Studies inApril and November 2021. It deals with the causes of these stereotypes and characterizes the ways to overcome them based on M. Bennett’s model of intercultural sensitivity development and stereotype-oriented learning, which Korean students studied during lectures on the discipline “Understanding the Modern Slavic Cultural Code”. The procedure of the analysis went through several stages: 1) revealing stereotypes through anonymous surveys among students; 2) quantitative and qualitative analysis of the data obtained; 3) stereotype-oriented /non-stereotyped teaching and feedback from the students. The results of the first stage of the survey show that in Korean-Slavic intercultural communication, Korean students are mostly at the ethnocentric stage. This is due to the lack of information about Ukraine and Ukrainians and Poland and Poles in the Korean media, personal contacts, as well as “old” stereotypes inherited from the older generation. Instead, at the end of the academic year, Korean students progressed to the ethno-relativistic stage thanks to stereotype-oriented learning, which helped them understand many specific features of Slavic cultures (especially Ukrainian and Polish). Therefore, further study of the formation and overcoming of stereotypes in Korean-Slavic communication will contribute to the integration of three cultures and successful intercultural communication between Koreans and Ukrainians and Poles. Key words: Korean-Slavic intercultural communication, Korean students, Ukraine, Poland, stereotypes, developmental model of intercultural sensitivity (DMIS).

Women about Women: Genderlect Manifestations through Positive and Negative Self-Stereotypes in Contemporary Fiction

The article re-actualises genderlect as one of the key points of male-female differentiation and a relevant object in the humanities, not merely from the perspective of gender studies but linguistic and literary ones. Self-stereotypes in the speech of one or another gender may be considered the result of the complex interaction of collective identity and the subconscious. The excerpts from the selected novels by Salman Rushdie, Jennifer Crusie, Lisa Kleypas, Aleksandar Hemon, Zadie Smith and Candace Bushnell have provided a wide range of patterns of expressing self-stereotypes in the dimension of ‘women about women’. To emphasise the multicultural nature of genderlect self-stereotypes, the writers of different ethnic affiliations are represented. The article also classifies the criteria of self-stereotype polarisation in characters’ speech to explicate the strategies of women’s verbal behaviour. These criteria include marital status, maternal experience, professional activity, ageism and harassment. The impact of gender on verbal behaviour, observed in real life and adapted to fiction through literary representation, is manifested in communication stereotypes. This serves to illuminate the most representative speech self-stereotypes, which make certain images or ideas easier to interpret. The application of an interdisciplinary approach with a set of appropriate methods to theorising and practising genderlect reveals its role as a significant tool for reconstructing a linguistic worldview and contextualises both positive and negative self-stereotypes for the expressive evaluation of speech in fictional discourse.

Physical therapy for orphan diseases (Goldenhar syndrome)

The leading method of physical therapy for children with Goldenhar syndrome is the specialization of socialization and communication skills.
 Goldehar's syndrome is genetically heterogeneous, develops spontaneously and is characterized by underdevelopment of the auricles, deformation and abnormal location, macrostomia, anomalies of the palate, interspinal tongue, and additional frenulums. Tasks of physical therapy: increasing the working capacity of the body, with the help of efforts with normal tolerance to fatigue, development of willpower (perseverance, determination, endurance, etc.); fixing the correct reactions to kinetic, visual, verbal stimuli. The performance of these exercises facilitates initially simple, and over time complex verbal instructions, they may not be supported by the demonstration of movements; to encourage the release of the activity of motor movements, so that they have a meaningful character, motor qualities, and the development of motor functions in the child. All this is aimed at the orderliness of the child's activity, which becomes purposeful, and the behavior is more disciplined; increasing the level of concentration: learning the ability to listen, consider, and perform clear, understandable actions; harmonization of the emotional component, formation of communication skills between adults and the child, precisely because of this, the restlessness and aggression that may arise in the child is removed; encouraging interest in communication, developing collectivism, learning to work in a team, promoting interpersonal interactions in a group.
 The construction of the process of learning communication and motor actions is determined by the laws of the formation of motor skills and takes place over a certain period.
 To form this, interaction with the world and physical development are required. Therefore, the formation of these skills is important for determining the directions of the child's integration in society. The use of an improved complex program of physical therapy made it possible to form some new communication stereotypes, which gave children the opportunity to perform new motor actions at a new level of motor functions, combining them with communication skills. This made it possible to increase the quality of children's socialization.
 The conducted studies show that the improvement of existing physical therapy programs can ensure the achievement of the maximum possible positive result and improvement of the general social and communication status of a child with the orphan disease Goldenhar syndrome.

Нормативность виртуальной коммуникации при выражении отрицательной оценки

The study is devoted to the problem of the virtual language communication normativity, namely the specifics of expressing a negative assessment. It is proved that the formation of the norm of language communication occurs in the system of taxa “norm – non-normal – anti-norm” (according to the concept of V.G. Kostomarov). It is substantiated that the virtual language communication normativity is not a direct reflection of the real language environment normativity, but is formed under the influence of the virtual environment communication stereotypes characteristics, which have significant differences from the current national communication stereotypes adopted in the Russian society. It has been established that a negative assessment in a virtual environment acts as a means of verbal aggression due to the absence of restrictions in the language means choice by which the intention of a negative assessment is verbalized in virtual communication situations that are aimed at achieving extralinguistic communication goals related to the communicant’s self-affirmation with the help language means of taxa non-norm and anti-norm, the exclusive right presumption to an interlocutor negative assessment (verbalization of the insult intention), the rejection of the opponent’s point of view, manifested in the absence of intentions of the interlocutors to seek a compromise. The results of the study allow us to state the special conditions presence for the formation of specific norms of language communication in a virtual communication environment.

Speech stereotypes in dialogic communication

Speech stereotypes in dialogic communication

East-West

Expansion of contemporary trade and information exchange relations does not seem to alter significantly the multi-layered requirements of inter-cultural communication. In a very important sense of this term, many of individual decisions related to communication in a multi-cultural environment are inevitably narrowed to single-context world. Only to some extent, this unavoidable limitation of communication on the verge of heterogeneous cultures may be overridden by omnipresent stereotypes and ad hoc generalizations. On a more advanced level of communication, it is the stereotypes that may foster the instances of miscommunication and lead to serious misunderstandings. In the paper, a short account on stereotypes in inter-cultural communication is going to be presented, with some examples of actual instances of miscommunication in Japanese-Polish corporate environment. A proposition of a systematized approach towards the issues and intricacies of Japanese-Polish communication will follow.

The Audience-Tuning Effect of Negative Stereotypes in Communication

Shared reality theory states that people allow others to influence their own judgments and behaviors when a shared reality is achieved (Hardin and Higgins, 1996; Echterhoff et al., 2009a). Based on this theory, this research has explored how audience attitude affects the communicator’s memory of negative stereotype-related information in interpersonal communication. Two experiments have been conducted, using the negative stereotypes of Chinese “rich second-generation” as the research materials. The results show that the audience-tuning effect of negative stereotypes does in fact occur in interpersonal communication. The participants have tuned their descriptions of both stereotype-related and neutral information to suit their audience’s attitude toward the target. The audience-tuning affects the participants’ recall valence of stereotype-related information while not affecting the recall valence of neutral information. The relational motivation moderates the effect of audience-tuning on the communicator’s memory of stereotype-related information. Only participants who communicated with a desired audience displayed an audience-congruent memory bias of stereotype-related information. The results of this research reveal the bidirectional nature of stereotype-sharedness in interpersonal communication. In actual interpersonal communication, the audience could express a positive attitude toward the target who suffers from negative stereotypes, and the communicator would then convey and recall the stereotype-related information in a more positive manner based on the audience-tunning effect, which could ultimately help to decrease negative stereotypes in communication.

Perspectives on the Professional Communication Profile and Needs of Emerging Occupational Therapists of the Millennial Generation: A Comparison Study

Background: Millennials, born between 1982­ and 2000, became the largest share of the American workforce in 2015. As of 2014, 23.9% of American occupational therapists were under the age of 30. Positive traits ascribed to millennials include: highly educated, ambitious, confident, and optimistic. However, indicators of challenges for managing millennials emerge from media and anecdotal evidence, including stereotypes of disloyalty, entitlement, dependency, and casualness. Relevant for supporting professional development is a call to understand and enhance professional communication. Method: This study analyzed how emerging millennial occupational therapists self-describe their professional communication profile and needs, compared to the perspective of managers, while aiming to describe the accuracy of communication stereotypes. Occupational therapy managers and emerging occupational therapists of the millennial generation completed an online researcher-created survey. Results: Comparison of means revealed statistically significant differences, with the most significance noted on items reflecting professional communication skills of millennial occupational therapists. Conclusion: Analysis of results suggested support for some stereotypes and inaccuracy of others, painting a unique picture of the professional communication profile of millennial occupational therapists. Results from this small-population survey study may inform professional development opportunities for academic and fieldwork educators and occupational therapy managers related to the communication profile and needs of emerging occupational therapists through the lens of generational theory.

Sociocultural stereotypes in cross-cultural communication

The relationship between language and culture has long been the subject of fierce debates among philosophers, linguists and social scientists. In spite of Chomsky’s theory about an innate biological basis for language and Steven Pinker’s concept of language instinct, language use, however, is social, so the idea of a biological language instinct seems to be controversial from the perspective of sociolinguistics. The concept of “linguistic worldview” refers to the cognitive function of language. Human beings have the ability to communicate with one another by means of a system of conventional signs, which refers to classes of phenomena in an extra-linguistic reality. Thus, a certain cognitive view of the world, its categorisation and conceptualisation of the identified phenomena are encoded in the human mind. People who identify themselves as members of a social group acquire common ways of viewing the world through their interactions with other members of that same group. Common attitudes, beliefs and values are reflected in the way all members of the group use language, i.e. what they choose to say or not to say and how they say it. The view of the world, established in a language, is not identical to any encyclopaedic knowledge of the world. The present paper is a general overview of stereotypes as part and parcel of the linguistic worldview that influence on cross-cultural communication. Most definitions characterize a stereotype as a schematic, standardized, constant, conventional, nationally dependant phenomenon and the last feature is especially important for cross-cultural communication. Some claim that stereotypes can cause problems in cross-cultural communication as they concentrate on generalized simplified perceptions about a certain nation. Others consider that stereotypes can play a positive role in cross-cultural communication since they help people to acquire basic knowledge about another nation. The ongoing cultural globalization, however, determines certain changes in the principles of interaction of different types of intertextual encyclopediae and reveals the necessity to reconsider the kind of cultural and sociological competence required nowadays. The author hypothesized that stereotypes of consciousness, being psychological phenomena, correlate with sociolinguistic phenomena — language cliches, linguistic specific words and expressions that manifest themselves in communication through different associations. The experiment conducted in Russia and in Italy among bilinguals clearly showed the dominance in the communicative behavior of native encyclopedic code that may be the main cause of misunderstanding in cross-icultural communication.

Third Space of Legal Translation: Between Protean Meanings, Legal Cultures and Communication Stratification

Legal translation is a complex transfer of the text formulated in a source language into a target language which needs to take into account a wide array of factors to ensure the equality of parties to the process of interlingual communication. It is an autonomous realm of cross-cultural events within which the system-bound of legal concepts/notions deeply rooted in language, history and societal evolution of one country are transformed and integrated into the language of another, and as a result, stratified over the course of time (Mattila in Comparative legal linguistics, Routledge, Aldershot, 2006). That aspect of legal translation is called the Third Space (Bhabha in: Ashcroft B, Griffiths G, Tiffin H (eds) The post-colonial studies readers. Routledge New York, pp 206–209, 1995). The authors investigate some aspects of the Third Space including (1) Protean meanings and diverging legal cultures which are constantly remodeled, (2) cultural codes, and communication stereotypes as well as (3) communication problems stemming from stratification of communication in legal settings. The research methods applied include the semiotic analysis of legal translation strategies and potential loss of meaning.

Дискурс батько-дитина в анімаційному серіалі «Family Guy»: корпусний аналіз

The article aims at analysis of gender and family stereotypes in father-child communication in an animated series Family Guy, featuring a typical American family. The study focuses on Peter Griffin's discourse, the father of the family, containing his communication with two of his teenage children, a son and a daughter, unveiling gender peculiarities in father-son and father-daughter discourses. The attempt is made to disclose how gender and family roles are verbalized in communication between family members. The conversation, discourse and corpus-based analyses have been used to analyze the main character's discourse in order to single out the father's specific vocabulary — through word lists, keyword lists, clusters and collocations — he uses while communicating with his son and daughter. The findings show that Peter Griffin chooses different language means while talking to his son and daughter. Thus, his discourse addressing his adolescent son Chris is rich in direct addresses, mainly commands when the father tries to discipline his son. Offering his son emotional support or encouragement the father stays forthright with him creating an image of “real men” stereotypical conversations. On the contrary, while communicating with his daughter Peter modifies her name Meg addressing her as honey, sweetheart, one-of-a-kind in father-daughter discourse. However, using diminutives he humiliates his daughter and makes her feel an abandoned child. In this way, he makes her feel special but in a negative way. Family communication created in the animated series reflects gender stereotypes in father's attitude to his children belonging to two different sexes. Nevertheless, this verbal tendency does not affect relationships within the family. For the future, it is worthwhile to compile a larger corpus including mother-child, child-father, and child-mother discourses to get more representative results

Ethnic Stereotypes in Intercultural Communication: Psychological and Semantic Aspects

Currently, ethnic stereotypes are considered as phenomena that mediate the processes of intercultural perception, dialogue and interaction. This fact determines the relevance of it comprehensive interdisciplinary study by different sciences (sociology, political science, psychology, linguistics, etc.). In this article, ethnic stereotypes are analyzed, firstly, at the psychological level (types, functions, structure), and secondly, at the psycholinguistic and psychosemantic levels (from the point of view of the rationale for it diagnosis with using the semantic differential). The possibilities of the semantic differential for studying the content, consistency, direction and intensity of social stereotypes in general, as well as the method modifications for diagnosis ethnic stereotypes, are examined. The heuristic potential of semantic differential for diagnosing ethnic stereotypes as phenomena, on the one hand, reflecting various aspects of intercultural perception and dialogue, and, on the other hand, directly affecting the intercultural interaction, is shown on the example of empirical studies on ethnic stereotypes in the intercultural communication context. The results of ethnic stereotypes studies are of high practical importance for the development of programs for increase intercultural competence, which are in demand in various areas of modern society in the face of e globalization and the growth of intercultural contacts (education, business, tourism, etc.).

Ethnic Stereotypes in Traditional Communication as a Framework of Ukrainian World View

Two-dimensionality of the Ukrainian mentality as a combination of two types of mentality – agricultural (peasant) and Cossack – has established the fundamental principles of organization of the Ukrainian society as based on internal mechanisms of self-organization. The events of the late eighteenth century, such as destruction of the Zaporizhian Sich, liquidation of remnants of the autonomous system of Ukraine and the Cossacks as the lead social group, introduction of serfdom, implementation of Russian laws in the territory of "Russian" Ukraine, etc., had a negative impact on the balanced two-dimensional ethnic mentality, rendering it features of introversiveness. This manifested itself in the intensification of internal life due to external activity, dominance of the humanistic component – morality, goodwill, aestheticism.

Cross-cultural Differences and Cultural Stereotypes in Tourism - ChineseTourists in Thailand

Stereotypes exit everywhere, and there is no exception in tourism. Thailand has been one of the most popular places for Chinese tourists, and thanks to Chinese visitors, tourism in Thailand has become the single biggest source of growth in the Thai economy. The tourism industry in Thailand is also faced with an increasing number of travelers from all over the world, with different cultural backgrounds as well. As a result, greater cross-cultural awareness, understanding and acceptance of cultural differences is needed in tourism industry. This paper mainly explores the cultural differences between Thai people and Chinese tourists in a tourism context, and examines some stereotypes of Chinese tourists held by Thai people. As stereotypes range from highly favorable to highly unfavorable, this paper focuses on some negative perceptions Thai people hold toward Chinese tourists and discusses the negative effects of stereotyping in cultural understanding and some suggestions to reduce stereotypes in cross-cultural communication.

Running as a Woman (or Man): A Review of Research on Political Communicators and Gender Stereotypes

Women gained the right to vote nearly 100 years ago, but it was not until 1980 that political scholars and practitioners began paying much attention to the role of women in elections and it was the so-called “Year of the Woman” in 1992 that sparked increased scholarly attention on women as political communicators. A record number of women, 117, ran for the U.S. Congress in 1992, but the number of women running and serving has been slow to increases since that time. One reason may be the unique challenges gender poses for female political communicators. Over three decades of research has proven gender stereotypes and expectations play a key role in how women (and men) communicate with voters. This review of research summarizes major findings and changes in gender and political communication research over the past three decades. Our focus is on communication by candidates and how gender shapes that communication. In all, 119 scholarly sources were reviewed; these sources included scholarly journals from related disciplines as well as books. Gender stereotypes in political communication have also been studied using a variety of methodologies, and to reflect that the research reviewed in this essay include both quantitative and qualitative methods. This summary of existing research includes a discussion of the gender stereotypes faced by candidates and how candidates present themselves to the public in light of these stereotypes.

Reflection of prejudices and stereotypes in cross-cultural communication

Reflection of prejudices and stereotypes in cross-cultural communication

Polenblut. Images of Poland and the Poles in German operetta

Among the wealth of German operettas, an important place is occupied by works referring to Polish subjects in their plots, or featuring Polish characters. The moral judgments passed on the persons of the drama frequently reveal generalisations concerning large communities or even entire nations. At the present stage of research, I can confirm the existence of about a dozen German operettas containing Polish motives. For my analysis, I have selected three operettas: Polnische Wirtschaft, Polenblut and Die blaue Mazur, composed in more or less the same period – the 1910s. An analysis of characters and topics recurring in these operettas proves that certain prejudices and stereotypes play a major role in the construction of events and the characterisation of dramatis personae. An important role in the creation of national stereotypes is also played by musical categories associated with Polish culture, mainly national dances – the krakowiak and the mazur. The three stage works discussed in this paper, created in a period of historical transformation associated with Poland’s rebirth as an independent country, appear to offer excellent arguments in the ongoing debate on the role of national stereotypes in communication between neighbouring nations.

Kreovanie, šírenie a recepcia komunikačných stereotypov v on-line médiách

V tomto příspěvku jsou analyzovány hlavní trendy ve vytváření a recepci specifických útvarů komunikační provozu v on-line médiích - komunikačních stereotypů jako ustálených znakových struktur. Interpretačním východiskem je teze, že fungování komunikačních stereotypů v on-line médiích je kulturně, sociálně a mentálně podmíněné a výsledkem tohoto fungování je konstruování sociokulturních izoglos ve společnosti, tedy rozšíření použití jistých komunikačních významů, jistého způsobu "čtení textu". Zvláštní pozornost je v textu věnována fungování mediálních presetů, komplexně zpracovávaných a šířených šablon a důsledkům, které použití presetů v on-line médiích vyvolává (i vzhledem k jejich využití v marketingovaej komunikaci): extenzifikaci on-line provozu a oslabování interpretačního vztahu uživatele k textu.