Communication Stereotypes Research Articles

Sociocultural Stereotypes in Media and Intercultural Communication (Africa in the Polish Media)

Mass media enormously influence social life and people's perception of reality. They also form opinions and patterns of behavior, as well as language, and national culture. The aim of the following article is to provide an analysis of this process based on a particular example: the image of Africa in the Polish media. This analysis indicates the manner in which Africa is portrayed in media and how they influence stereotypes concerning the continent and its inhabitants. The media image of Africa is the basis of a negative evaluation of Africans living in Poland, which greatly hinders intercultural communication.

Gender in Educational Communication

The article deals with gender-stereotyped patterns of behaviour in educational communication at lower secondary schools in the Czech Republic. Theoretical background of the issue of pedagogical communication and gender stereotypes was followed by the presentation of findings of quantitative research based on audio record analysis. Research focuses on observations and evaluation of communication in a class and its aim is to find out whether there exists a relation between the pupil’s gender and his communication in the lesson. Results of the pedagogical survey are further compared to the results of previously realised Czech and foreign surveys.

Japan's demographic revolution? A study of advertising practitioners' views on stereotypes

This article presents results from a survey of advertising practitioners in Japan focusing on their opinions about the communication objectives and stereotypes, specifically the effectiveness of older spokespersons, their general views on older models in advertising and the effectiveness of older models by product category. We find that these opinions are rather positive. The intention to use a larger number of older models is affected by the perceived effectiveness of older spokespersons and the expected increase in older models and client interest. When targeting an older audience, older spokespersons are seen as particularly effective for the product category of health/medical, but for a general audience it is financial services/insurance. Regardless of product category, they are perceived more effective when targeting an older versus a general audience and when targeting aged 50–64 versus 65 plus.

Silent and Slow Estonians, Emotional and Fast Russians: A Comparative Study of Communication Stereotypes in Two Neighboring Countries

The purpose of this study was to examine the auto- and heterostereotypes of Estonians and Russians as communicators. A Communication Stereotypes Questionnaire was developed for this study. The results showed that the communication stereotypes varied essentially among Estonians and Russians, whereas the stereotypes of Russians living in Estonia and Russians living in Russia did not differ remarkably. The comparison of stereotype profiles demonstrated that the stereotypes of Estonians and both Russian samples were opposite to each other. The ideal communicator was characterized rather similarly by all groups, mostly featuring qualities typical of the Russian communication stereotype.

1232 – Psychoeducation for patients with bipolar affective disorder

Structured psychological interventions should be considered for patients with bipolar disorder once they are past the acute phase or a relapse, with the aim of reducing the likelihood of future relapses. Method The PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched for articles containing the following keywords: “bipolar disorder” and “psychoeducation”. The resources were confronted with our own experiences with psychoeducation in bipolar patients and only most relevant information was included in the text. Results The most important target of the psychoeducation is to prevent a relapse by increasing compliance with medication usage, increasing social rhythms, reducing emotional expressivity in the family and increasing coping skills against stress. Studies on psychoeducation in bipolar disorder demonstrate significant effects on rehospitalization rates, compliance and knowledge. Compared with mood stabilizer treatment alone, combination treatment of CBT and mood stabilizers has been shown to reduce the number of bipolar episodes, reduce the duration of episodes that do occur, and reduce the number of hospital admissions due to episodes. The aim of the group psychoeducational program of the Psychiatric clinic in Olomouc is to familiarize patients with the essence of bipolar disorder, the part and principles of pharmacotherapy, the recognition of the warning signs of relapse, to advice about improper and stressful stereotypes in communication within families, and finally the training of social skills. Patients consider this program as a meaningful and helping them to better understanding what happened in their life. Supported by grant IGA MZ CR NT 11047-4/2010.

Communication Stereotypes and Perceptions of Managers

Previous research has documented that gender and racial stereotypes affect beliefs about communication style. This study sought to investigate whether these stereotypes would be replicated in a sample of White working adults and whether participants thought that a social skills training program that is usually targeted at women would have an impact on managerial targets’ speech. Results indicated that racial stereotypes were more salient than gender stereotypes, with participants viewing White managers’ speech as more socially appropriate and less emotional, but also as more dominant and articulate than Black managers’ speech. Participants also perceived female managers’ speech as more emotional than male managers’. After training, participants thought that men’s and White managers’ speech would become more emotional, despite the fact that this training has been targeted specifically at female managers. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of examining race and gender in evaluating managerial communication.

Maintaining stereotypes in communication: Investigating memory biases and coherence‐seeking in storytelling

When communicating, a general tendency exists for people to transmit more stereotype consistent (SC) than inconsistent (SI) information. Although some communicative factors have been shown to play a role, it is still not yet known the extent to which general memory biases (i.e. independent of communicative context) contribute to this phenomenon. To examine this issue, and to explore further mechanisms of the bias, the present paper presents quantitative and qualitative data of an experiment involving the transmission of a stereotype‐relevant story through 20 four‐person chains using the method of serial reproduction. An SC bias emerged when participants had an intention to communicate but not when they reproduced the story from memory with no such intention. Results also suggest that trying to tell a coherent story may be one further factor that contributes to the bias. These and other findings were discussed in terms of the role of communicative processes in maintaining stereotypes.

Gender, Race, and Speech Style Stereotypes

Considerable research has shown that people have stereotypical beliefs about the speech and communication style of women and men. There is less research about stereotypes of Black people's speech, and none that jointly or comparably investigates communication stereotypes as a function of both gender and race. In this study, White college students (n = 111) rated a fictional character's speech on 36 pairs of words characteristic of communication style (e.g., emotional–unemotional) and also generated dialogue for the character. Targets' race and sex were varied. Results showed that beliefs about speech style were stronger for race than gender. Black speakers, both women and men, were rated as more direct and emotional, and less socially appropriate and playful, than White speakers. The dialogue generated by participants for Black speakers was less grammatical and more profane than for White speakers. Gender effects were consistent with earlier research but suggest a weakening of stereotypes; women's speech was seen as somewhat less direct and more emotional than men's speech. Beliefs about speech and communication style are important because they may function not only to describe “what is” but to prescribe “what should be” in social interaction.

Translation and Stereotypes as Cultural Facts

The paper joins forces with the increasing literature on translation and cultural studies and places translation in the context of cross-cultural communication. It is my intention to analyse the factors that affect translation and the influence of stereotypical attitudes on the production of texts for a target culture (TC). Assuming that translations are facts of target cultures as Toury points out (1995), I will concentrate on a very specific topic: stereotypical attitudes towards Latino sexuality and its influence on the production of target texts (TTs). For this purpose, I will first introduce the topic of translation and culture; secondly, I will write about the use and functions of stereotypes in cross-cultural communication with specific reference to attitudes towards Latinos in the USA; and thirdly, I will make a case study of stereotypes on the translation and production of materials related to AIDS. In doing so, I will talk about the position and function of the translations as entities in the target culture (TC), the translating activity related to an ethnic minority within the American culture, and the form the translations have (the product). The article presents the analysis of informative brochures on AIDS originally produced in English and translated into Spanish for the Latino community in the USA.

Communication Stereotypes

If Blacks and Whites are ever to engage in genuine communication, many barriers or obstacles must be removed. One of the more pervasive hindrances to authentic interracial relations is stereotyping. Blacks and Whites hold a variety of stereotypes of each other, often negative, and these racial stereotypes have generally remained unchanged over the years. Katz and Braly (1933) tackled the question of racial stereotypes early. They asked 100 White college students to choose from a prepared list of traits those that characterized certain racial groups. These-Princeton University students characterized Negroes as superstitious, lazy, happy-go-lucky, ignorant, musical, ostentatious, very religious, stupid, physically dirty, naive, slovenly, and unreliable. Eight years after the Katz and Braly study, Bayton (1946) suggested that, although several studies had been conducted in which White students were asked to assign traits to Blacks and other racial groups, few studies investigated how Blacks and other racial minorities viewed Whites. His study, conducted at Virginia State College, a Black school, questioned 100 students using the Katz and Braly list of traits. Bayton found that Black students characterized Whites as intelligent, industrious, scientifically minded, progressive, ambitious, peace loving, sportsmanlike, sophisticated, conceited, and neat. He also found that Black students shared many of the White stereotypes of Negroes. The Black students attributed traits to themselves such as musical, superstitious, very religious, happy-go-lucky, loud, lazy, progressive, imitative, intelligent, and

Communication Stereotypes in Interpersonal Communication

The paper takes the form of a general description of basic personality models with their components. Within the context of specific basic personality systems the author analyzes abd describes characteristic traits and attributions particular to communication stereotypes in interpersonal communication -authoritarian, democratic, and communication sterotypes in interaction with written text. The resarch into interpersonal communication -authoritarian, democratic and communication sterotypes of particular individuals with a predetermined of personnality systems, and its attitude, demonstrates the strong determining impact of the homeostatic of this system on the intensity, characteristic traits of perception, evaluation, content-values in the concrete communication situation

Topics in Social Psychology: Further Classroom Demonstrations

social psychology that involve having students complete questionnaires. The interest value of these exercises can be increased by developing several features of the classroom demonstration-for example, interactions among the students, student presentations in front of the class, feedback about the students and their interpersonal relationships, and coverage of topics that are related to student experiences. Four classroom demonstrations which incorporate these features for stimulating student interest are presented in detail with supporting data from one or more classes in social psychology. The topics of these demonstrations include individual versus group decisions, nonverbal communication, romantic love, and ethnic stereotypes. Discussion ideas are suggestedfor each demonstration.

Small-Group Communication Stereotypes of Black Americans

Past focuses on stereotypes of black Americans have been conducted primarily within the framework of social psychology. Such studies have been concerned with stereotypes in a very broad sense; that is, how blacks are generally perceived to behave in any given situation. In 1933, for example, Braly and Katz reported, on the basis of the judgments of one hundred Caucasian students at Princeton University, that blacks were stereotyped as being superstitious, lazy, happy-go-lucky, ignorant, musical, and ostentatious (Braly and Katz, 1933). Since Braly and Katz's research, other social scientists such as Schoenfeld (1942), Gilbert (1951), Allport (1958), and Simpson and Yinger (1965) have introduced additional data regarding the kinds of general perceptions Caucasians assigned to blacks. The present study was concerned with a specific behavior in a specific situation. This study was concerned with black communication in a small discussion group situation. The research question was: What are the small-group communication stereotypes of black Americans as maintained by

The Role of Stereotypes in Communication Between Ethnic Groups in the Philippines

Two experiments were conducted to study the efficiency of communication between ethnic groups and the role of ethnic stereotypes in communication. The paradigm involved having listeners select a stimulus being described by either a Tagalog or Chinese speaker who was presented via television. Following the communication tasks subjects judged the personality of the speaker. In addition, subjects rated their own performance and that of their speaking partner. The results suggested that communicational efficiency is not influenced by the ethnic combination of the speaker and the listener. However, subjects perceived that communication with an out-group member would be inferior to that with a member from the same group. Furthermore, statements about ethnic groups which were inconsistent with subjects' beliefs served to facilitate communication. A n important consequence of bilingualism is that it makes communication I among different ethno-linguistic groups possible. The use of a non-native language and the existence of ethnic attitudes, however, may adversely affect the efficiency of intergroup communication. In a recent study of interethnic group communication (Taylor and Gardner, 1970), French Canadian and English Canadian subjects participated in a communication task using English as the common language. The results indicated that communicational efficiency was not affected by the ethnic combination of the speaker and the listener. In contrast, both French and English subjects perceived that performance was poorer when the speaker was a French Canadian. The differential perceptions were interpreted as possibly due to subjects realizing that the French Canadian speaker was communicating in his second language, how* This research was supported by a grant from the Ford Foundation to the Language Study Center, Philippine Normal College, Manila. The authors are grateful to Miss Zenaida Masangkay for assistance in the execution of the experiment. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.183 on Thu, 29 Sep 2016 05:49:24 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

The Role of Stereotypes in Communication between Ethnic Groups in the Philippines

The Role of Stereotypes in Communication between Ethnic Groups in the Philippines