Stable Imaging Research Articles

A single-pixel imaging method via low-resolution illumination patterns

Focusing on the field of single-pixel imaging for reconstructing high-resolution images, most existing methods end-to-end employ illumination patterns and reconstructed images of the same resolution, resulting in a singular imaging resolution. Crucially, in actual test environments, enhancing the resolution of illuminating patterns and increasing sampling times tends to introduce more disturbance information, consequently affecting the clarity of the reconstructed images. Therefore, this study proposes a single-pixel imaging method via low-resolution illuminating patterns. The method employs a small number of low-resolution illuminating patterns for compressed sampling of the targe, acquiring rough light signals with less disturbance interference, and directly generating a high-resolution image, termed Coarse Sampling Single-Pixel Imaging (CSSPI). The results show that the CSSPI method proposed in this paper demonstrates a 40.00% reduction in the amount of sampling information when compared to OMP, TVAL3, DLBOGI, and DSPINet. In simulation experiments with a salt-and-pepper noise ratio of 0.00–15.00%, or actual tests with smoke concentration ranging from 0 to 32 g/cm3, the CSSPI employing the low-resolution illumination pattern scheme for 4-times resolution reconstruction, consistently demonstrates relatively better imaging stability and clarity. The introduction of this method could potentially provide a modest contribution to the study of stable imaging for single-pixel technology in practical applications.

Dynamic detection of saturated distribution of activated carbon adsorbed volatile organic compounds based on electrical impedance tomography

The electrical impedance tomography (EIT) has been achieved for the dynamic detection of the adsorption saturation distribution in activated carbon. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by industries pose a serious threat to human health and environmental quality. Therefore, adsorption method is widely used to treat such organic compounds. Activated carbon, as a commonly used adsorbent material, plays a crucial role in the efficient utilization and management of the adsorption process. Traditional adsorption detection methods suffer from information loss and discontinuity. We can obtain the conductivity distribution information during the current passing through the material by measuring the potential changes on the boundary of interest field, and analyze the saturation distribution information of VOCs adsorbed on activated carbon based on the conductivity distribution image. The feasibility of the technology in monitoring the saturation distribution of the adsorption process in activated carbon was verified by principle and simulation. For experimental verification, fixed bed and fluidized bed experiments were carried out, taking into account the special case of impedance change factors of activated carbon particles in the static and flow states. The experimental results confirm that in fixed-bed adsorption, the adsorption impedance change response can be effectively obtained at an excitation frequency of 1.0 MHz, while in a fluidized bed, a good adsorption impedance change response can be achieved at an excitation frequency of 4 kHz. By selecting the appropriate excitation frequency according to the change in the adsorbent’s state, stable imaging of the saturation distribution can be achieved. This study introduces a new method for visualizing the monitoring process of activated carbon adsorption.

Monolithic integration of perovskite heterojunction on TFT backplanes through vapor deposition for sensitive and stable x-ray imaging.

Metal halide perovskites exhibit substantial potential for advancing next-generation x-ray detection. However, fabricating high-performance pixelated imaging arrays remains challenging due to the substantial dark current density and stability issues associated with common organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites. Here, we develop a vapor deposition method to create the first all-inorganic perovskite heterojunction film. The heterojunction introduction effectively reduces the dark current density of detectors to about 0.8 nA·cm-2, satisfying thin-film transistor (TFT) integration standards, while also increases sensitivity to above 2.6 × 104 μC·Gyair-1·cm-2, thus giving rise to a record low detection limit of <1 nGyair·s-1 among all polycrystalline perovskite-based x-ray detectors. The devices also demonstrate remarkable stability across multifarious demanding working conditions. Last, through monolithic integration of the heterojunction film with a 64 × 64 pixelated TFT array, we have achieved high-resolution real-time x-ray imaging, which paves the way for the application of all-inorganic perovskite in low-dose flat-panel x-ray detection.

An Attitude Adaptive Integral Sliding Mode Control Algorithm with Disturbance Observer for Microsatellites to Track High-Speed Moving Targets

Gaze tracking of high-speed moving targets is a novel application mode for low Earth orbit microsatellites. In this mode, small satellites are equipped with high-resolution, narrow-field-of-view video cameras for stable gaze-tracking imaging of high-speed moving targets. This paper proposes a high-precision attitude adaptive integral sliding mode control method with a feedforward compensation disturbance observer to enhance the capability of a microsatellite attitude control system for gaze tracking of high-speed moving targets. Specifically, first, we present the attitude control system model for microsatellites and the calculation method for the desired attitude of target tracking based on image feedback. Then, an adaptive integral sliding mode attitude control algorithm with a feedforward compensation disturbance observer, which meets the requirements of high-precision tracking control, is designed. The developed algorithm utilizes the disturbance observer to observe the friction torque of the flywheel and compensates for it through feedforward control. It also employs the adaptive integral sliding mode control algorithm to reduce the impact of uncertain disturbances, decrease the steady-state error of the system, and enhance attitude control precision. Simulation experiments demonstrated that the designed disturbance observer can successfully observe the frictional disturbance torque of the flywheel. The attitude Euler angle control precision for high-speed moving target tracking reached 0.03°, and the angular velocity control precision reached 0.005°/s, validating the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Stable Super-Resolution Imaging of Cell Membrane Nanoscale Subcompartment Dynamics with a Buffering Cyanine Dye.

Super-resolution fluorescence imaging is a crucial method for visualizing the dynamics of the cell membrane involved in various physiological and pathological processes. This requires bright fluorescent dyes with excellent photostability and labeling stability to enable long-term imaging. In this context, we introduce a buffering-strategy-based cyanine dye, SA-Cy5, designed to identify and label carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) located in the cell membrane. The unique feature of SA-Cy5 lies in its ability to overcome photobleaching. When the dye on the cell membrane undergoes photobleaching, it is rapidly replaced by an intact probe from the buffer pool outside the cell membrane. This dynamic replacement ensures that the fluorescence intensity on the cell membrane remains stable over time. Under the super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SIM), the cell membrane can be continuously imaged for 60 min with a time resolution of 20 s. This extended imaging period allows for the observation of substructural dynamics of the cell membrane, including the growth and fusion of filamentous pseudopodia and the fusion of vesicles. Additionally, this buffering strategy introduces a novel approach to address the issue of poor photostability associated with the cyanine dyes.

Impact of early follow-up CT in the conservative management of traumatic brain injury on surgical decision making: A retrospective, single-center analysis with special respect to coagulopathy.

Initial management of traumatic brain injury (TBI) without immediate need for surgical therapy varies across centers. The additional value of routine repeat cranial computerized tomography (CT) to neurological monitoring is controversial. This retrospective study investigates the impact of routine follow-up CT after 6h (CT6h) in initially conservatively managed TBI on surgical decision making. Furthermore, the impact of coagulopathy on lesion size and progression was examined. We reviewed charts of patients admitted to our clinic in the time between 1st January 2020 and 30th June 2022 for the ICD10 diagnosis S06.3 (traumatic brain contusion), S06.4 (epidural hematoma), S06.5 (subdural hematoma), and S06.6 (traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage). Baseline characteristics as well as timing, reason, and consequences of first and second cranial CT, clinical course, lesion size at first and second CT as well as presence and type of coagulopathy (standard laboratory testing and prior medical history) were noted among others. Significance testing was carried out using Student's t-test. The significance level was set to p < 0.005. A total of 213 patients were included, 78 were operated after first CT, 123 underwent clinical and imaging surveillance, and 12 patients were not treated. CT6h did not anticipate imminent neurological deterioration. Early secondary deteriorating patients (9/123, 7.3%) did so before 6h after admission clustering between 3 and 4h (6/9, 66.7%). CT6h changed surgical decision making in one case (1/114, < 1%). Nine out of 106 (8.5%) patients managed conservatively after CT6h showed a late secondary clinical deterioration or failure of conservative treatment, eight out of which had stable size of hemorrhage in CT6h. There was no significant difference in lesion size at first CT related to the presence of coagulopathy, antiplatelet agents, or anticoagulant drugs for SDH or contusions. In patients with radiological progression of SDH in combined brain injury (CBI), coagulopathy was associated with a higher increase of lesion size (diameter increase > 6mm: 11.1% with vs. 2.8% without coagulopathy). This effect was not observed for contusions in CBI (volume increase > 6ml: 17.4% with vs. 22.7% without coagulopathy). Early routine follow-up CT does neither anticipate imminent neurological deterioration nor impact surgical decision making. A substantial number of patients with initially stable follow-up imaging need delayed surgery due to conservative treatment failure. If patients can be monitored clinically, surgical decision making depends on clinical status. Patients with coagulopathy do not present with larger lesions, but show a higher ratio of drastic increase in SDH in contrast to contusions.

Isolated scan unit and scanning tunneling microscope for stable imaging in ultra-high magnetic fields

The high resolution of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) relies on the stability of its scan unit. In this study, we present an isolated scan unit featuring non-magnetic design and ultra-high stability, as well as bidirectional movement capability. Different types of piezoelectric motors can be incorporated into the scan unit to create a highly stable STM. The standalone structure of scan unit ensures a stable atomic imaging process by decreasing noise generated by motor. The non-magnetic design makes the scan unit work stable in high magnetic field conditions. Moreover, we have successfully constructed a novel STM based on the isolated scan unit, in which two inertial piezoelectric motors act as the coarse approach actuators. The exceptional performance of homebuilt STM is proved by the high-resolution atomic images and dI/dV spectrums on NbSe2 surface at varying temperatures, as well as the raw-data images of graphite obtained at ultra-high magnetic fields of 23 T. According to the literature research, no STM has previously reported the atomic image at extreme conditions of 2 K low temperature and 23 T ultra-high magnetic field. Additionally, we present the ultra-low drift rates between the tip and sample at varying temperatures, as well as when raising the magnetic fields from 0 T to 23 T, indicating the ultra-high stability of the STM in high magnetic field conditions. The outstanding performance of our stable STM hold great potential for investigating the materials in ultra-high magnetic fields.

Novel PET Imaging Probe for Quantitative Detection of Senescence In Vivo.

Real-time detection of cellular senescence remains a clinical challenge. Here, we aimed to develop a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging probe targeting senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal), the most widely used biomarker of cellular senescence, and investigate its performance for real-time in vivo quantitative detection of cellular senescence. A stable PET imaging agent [68Ga]Ga-BGal was obtained with a high labeling yield (90.0 ± 4.3%) and a radiochemical purity (>95%). [68Ga]Ga-BGal displayed high sensitivity and specificity for β-Gal both in vitro and in vivo. The reaction and uptake of the probe correlated with the β-Gal concentration and reaction time. In PET imaging, high β-Gal-expressing CT26.CL25 tumors and doxorubicin-treated HeLa tumors showed high signals from [68Ga]Ga-BGal, while a low signal was observed in CT26.WT and untreated HeLa tumors. In summary, we showcased successful PET imaging of senescence in preclinical models using probe [68Ga]Ga-BGal. This finding holds the potential for translating senescence imaging into clinical applications.

One-Dimensional orthorhombic CsPbI3 polycrystalline thick film for efficient and highly stable direct X-ray detection and imaging

An ideal direct X-ray detector should convert a low dose of X-ray photons into large quantity of electrical signals, coupled with sustained long-term stability. Nevertheless, a notable conflict arises between X-ray absorption efficiency and carrier transport in thick polycrystalline perovskite films. Moreover, conventional perovskite materials exhibit inherent challenges regarding the stability of their crystal phase and the consistency of the photocurrent. To circumvent these limitations, a polycrystalline perovskite thick film is proposed using orthorhombic CsPbI3 (δ-CsPbI3) as a highly stable active material. Combined with the liquid epitaxy process, δ-CsPbI3 prefers one-dimensional growth along the carrier transportation direction, which suppresses the formation of grain boundaries, enabling high carrier mobility while maintaining X-ray absorption for a thick polycrystalline film. Consequently, the polycrystalline δ-CsPbI3 based detector exhibits a highest sensitivity of 1768.46 μC Gyair-1 cm−2 at an electric field of 432 V mm−1 which is 88.42-fold higher than α-Se based detectors and 190-fold higher than the single crystalline δ-CsPbI3 based detector, respectively. The sensitivity maintains 91.34 % of its initial state after 7 days exposure in the air. Combing with a thin-film transistor array, the detector achieves 8-bit imaging within a 64 × 64 matrix. This work provides a feasible method for commercialized production of high-performance direct X-ray detectors.

High-Performance and Stable Perovskite X-ray Detection and Imaging Based on a Ti Cathode.

High-energy radiation detectors with a good imaging resolution, fast response, and high sensitivity are desired to operate at a high electric field. However, strong ion migration triggered by electrochemical reactions at the interface between a high-potential electrode and an organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite limits the stability of radiation detectors under a high electric field. Herein, we demonstrate that such ion migration could be effectively suppressed in devices with a Ti cathode, even at a high electric field of 50 V mm-1, through time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy illustrates that Ti-N bonds formed at the interface of MAPbBr3 perovskite single crystals/Ti electrode effectively inhibit the electrochemical reaction in organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite devices and ultimately improve the operating stability under a high electric field. The device with a Ti electrode reaches a high sensitivity of 96 ± 1 mC Gyair-1 cm-2 and a low detection limit of 2.8 ± 0.3 nGy s-1 under hard X-ray energy.

Ghost imaging under direct sunlight conditions using FADOF

Sunlight background noise significantly hinders the operation of ghost imaging systems, posing a considerable challenge for target imaging under daytime sunlight conditions. This paper introduces a method to eliminate sunlight background noise using a Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter (FADOF). A ghost imaging system based on FADOF is constructed, and experiments are conducted under strong background noise conditions. The system operates outdoors in direct sunlight, utilizing sunlight introduction system to introduce light into the detection path, directly reaching the detection end of the system. In this real sunlight noise condition, the ghost imaging system using FADOF filtering achieved nearly continuous and stable imaging throughout three summer days, contrasting with a system using a 10 nm filter that only functions properly after sunset. The research findings indicate that FADOF effectively enhances the ghost imaging system's resistance to background light noise, enabling continuous operation under conditions of strong background noise throughout the day.

Imaging Changes and Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Active Monitoring for Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: Seven-Year Follow-up Study

Rationale and ObjectiveTo determine the imaging changes and their associated positive predictive value (PPV) for invasive breast cancer in women undergoing active monitoring for DCIS. Materials and MethodsIn this seven-year follow-up retrospective IRB-exempted cohort study, we reviewed patients diagnosed with DCIS who elected active monitoring between 2003 to 2022 at a single academic institution. Imaging characteristics, histopathology at initial diagnosis, and subsequent follow-up were recorded. Low-risk DCIS was defined as low or intermediate grade and hormone receptor (HR) positive (estrogen and/or progesterone receptor positive) disease diagnosed in women at least 40 years of age. Progression was defined as subsequent ipsilateral invasive breast cancer diagnosis. ResultsThere were 39 patients with a median age of 58.4 years (IQR: 51.1 – 69.6 years) and a median follow-up of 4.3 years (range: 0.6-16.4 years). Nearly two thirds of patients (64%, 25/39) had stable imaging (range: 0.6-16.4 years) and remained progression-free during active monitoring. Among the remaining 14 patients (36%) there were 24 imaging findings which prompted 22 subsequent core needle biopsies (range: 1-3 biopsies per patient) and two surgical biopsies. The positive predictive value (PPV) of invasive cancer was 29% (7/24) overall and 38% (3/8) for masses, 33% (3/9) for calcifications, 17% (1/6) for non-mass enhancement, and 0% (0/1) for architectural distortion. ConclusionsOf the radiographic changes prompting an additional biopsy, development of a new mass (38%) and new calcifications (33%) had the highest PPV for invasive progression. Close imaging follow-up should be a critical component for patients undergoing monitoring for DCIS.

Rapid and stable photoacoustic imaging system based on fiber ultrasound detector array

Rapid and stable photoacoustic imaging system based on fiber ultrasound detector array

Study on long-term and stable imaging approach of SECCM using microfluid pressure drive

Study on long-term and stable imaging approach of SECCM using microfluid pressure drive

Cluster-based prognostication in glioblastoma: Unveiling heterogeneity based on diffusion and perfusion similarities.

While the association between diffusion and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and survival in glioblastoma is established, prognostic models for patients are lacking. This study employed clustering of functional imaging to identify distinct functional phenotypes in untreated glioblastomas, assessing their prognostic significance for overall survival. A total of 289 patients with glioblastoma who underwent preoperative multimodal MR imaging were included. Mean values of apparent diffusion coefficient normalized relative cerebral blood volume and relative cerebral blood flow were calculated for different tumor compartments and the entire tumor. Distinct imaging patterns were identified using partition around medoids (PAM) clustering on the training dataset, and their ability to predict overall survival was assessed. Additionally, tree-based machine-learning models were trained to ascertain the significance of features pertaining to cluster membership. Using the training dataset (231/289) we identified 2 stable imaging phenotypes through PAM clustering with significantly different overall survival (OS). Validation in an independent test set revealed a high-risk group with a median OS of 10.2 months and a low-risk group with a median OS of 26.6 months (P = 0.012). Patients in the low-risk cluster had high diffusion and low perfusion values throughout, while the high-risk cluster displayed the reverse pattern. Including cluster membership in all multivariate Cox regression analyses improved performance (P ≤ 0.004 each). Our research demonstrates that data-driven clustering can identify clinically relevant, distinct imaging phenotypes, highlighting the potential role of diffusion, and perfusion MRI in predicting survival rates of glioblastoma patients.

Semi-automated, high-content imaging of drug transporter knockout sea urchin (Lytechinus pictus) embryos.

A defining feature of sea urchins is their extreme fecundity. Urchins produce millions of transparent, synchronously developing embryos, ideal for spatial and temporal analysis of development. This biological feature has been effectively utilized for ensemble measurement of biochemical changes. However, it has been underutilized in imaging studies, where single embryo measurements are used. Here we present an example of how stable genetics and high content imaging, along with machine learning-based image analysis, can be used to exploit the fecundity and synchrony of sea urchins in imaging-based drug screens. Building upon our recently created sea urchin ABCB1 knockout line, we developed a high-throughput assay to probe the role of this drug transporter in embryos. We used high content imaging to compare accumulation and toxicity of canonical substrates and inhibitors of the transporter, including fluorescent molecules and antimitotic cancer drugs, in homozygous knockout and wildtype embryos. To measure responses from the resulting image data, we used a nested convolutional neural network, which rapidly classified embryos according to fluorescence or cell division. This approach identified sea urchin embryos with 99.8% accuracy and determined two-cell and aberrant embryos with 96.3% and 89.1% accuracy, respectively. The results revealed that ABCB1 knockout embryos accumulated the transporter substrate calcein 3.09 times faster than wildtypes. Similarly, knockouts were 4.71 and 3.07 times more sensitive to the mitotic poisons vinblastine and taxol. This study paves the way for large scale pharmacological screens in the sea urchin embryo.

Chronic brain functional ultrasound imaging in freely moving rodents performing cognitive tasks

Background:Functional ultrasound imaging (fUS) is an emerging imaging technique that indirectly measures neural activity via changes in blood volume. Chronic fUS imaging during cognitive tasks in freely moving animals faces multiple exceptional challenges: performing large durable craniotomies with chronic implants, designing behavioral experiments matching the hemodynamic timescale, stabilizing the ultrasound probe during freely moving behavior, accurately assessing motion artifacts, and validating that the animal can perform cognitive tasks while tethered. New method:We provide validated solutions for those technical challenges. In addition, we present standardized step-by-step reproducible protocols, procedures, and data processing pipelines. Finally, we present proof-of-concept analysis of brain dynamics during a decision making task. Results:We obtain stable recordings from which we can robustly decode task variables from fUS data over multiple months. Moreover, we find that brain wide imaging through hemodynamic response is nonlinearly related to cognitive variables, such as task difficulty, as compared to sensory responses previously explored. Comparison with existing methods:Computational pipelines in fUS are nascent and we present an initial development of a full processing pathway to correct and segment fUS data. Conclusions:Our methods provide stable imaging and analysis of behavior with fUS that will enable new experimental paradigms in understanding brain-wide dynamics in naturalistic behaviors.

Investigating the spontaneous brain activities of patients with subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment: an amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are neurodegenerative processing stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cognitive decline is thought to manifest in intrinsic brain activity changes, but research results yielded conflicting and few studies have explored the roles of brain regions in cognitive decline, and sensitivity of the cognitive field to changes in the altered intrinsic brain activity. In this cross-sectional study, 158 elderly participants were recruited from the memory clinic of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from July 2019 to May 2021, and grouped into SCD (n=73), MCI (n=46), and normal controls (NC) (n=39). The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) was calculated and evaluated among the groups. Then canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was conducted to investigate the associations between imaging outcomes and cognitive behaviors. Neuropsychological tests in different cognitive dimensions and ALFF values of the prefrontal, parietal, and temporal gyrus, were significantly different (P<0.05) among the three groups, with no appreciable decline in daily activity. The changes in intrinsic activities were closely related to the decline in cognitive function (R=0.73, P=0.002). ALFF values in the left middle occipital gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus, left superior frontal gyrus, left angular gyrus, and superior temporal gyrus played significant roles in the analysis, while the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Auditory-Verbal Learning Test scores were found to be more sensitive to changes in ALFF values. Spontaneous brain activity is a stable imaging biomarker of cognitive impairment. ALFF changes of the prefrontal, occipital, left angular, and temporal gyrus were sensitive to identifying cognitive decline, and the scores of the Auditory-Verbal Learning Test and MoCA could predict the abnormal intrinsic activities.

Wearable optical coherence tomography angiography probe for freely moving mice.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an emerging optical imaging technology that holds great potential in medical and biological applications. Apart from its conventional ophthalmic uses, it has found extensive applications in studying various brain activities and disorders in anesthetized/restricted rodents, with a particular focus on visualizing brain blood vessel morphology and function. However, developing a compact wearable OCT probe for studying the brain activity/disorders in freely moving rodents is challenging due to the requirements for stability and lightweight design. Here, we report a robust wearable OCT probe, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first wearable OCT angiography probe capable of long-term monitoring of mouse brain blood flow. This wearable imaging probe has a maximum scanning speed of 76 kHz, with a 12 µm axial resolution, 5.5 µm lateral resolution, and a large field of view (FOV) of 4 mm × 4 mm. It offers easy assembly and stable imaging, enabling it to capture brain vessels in freely moving rodents. We tested this probe to monitor cerebral hemodynamics for up to 4 hours during the acute ischemic phase after photothrombotic stroke in mice, highlighting the reliability and long-term stability of our probe. This work contributes to the advancement of wearable biomedical imaging.

Droplet-based methodology for investigating bacterial population dynamics in response to phage exposure

An alarming rise in antimicrobial resistance worldwide has spurred efforts into the search for alternatives to antibiotic treatments. The use of bacteriophages, bacterial viruses harmless to humans, represents a promising approach with potential to treat bacterial infections (phage therapy). Recent advances in microscopy-based single-cell techniques have allowed researchers to develop new quantitative methodologies for assessing the interactions between bacteria and phages, especially the ability of phages to eradicate bacterial pathogen populations and to modulate growth of both commensal and pathogen populations. Here we combine droplet microfluidics with fluorescence time-lapse microscopy to characterize the growth and lysis dynamics of the bacterium Escherichia coli confined in droplets when challenged with phage. We investigated phages that promote lysis of infected E. coli cells, specifically, a phage species with DNA genome, T7 (Escherichia virus T7) and two phage species with RNA genomes, MS2 (Emesvirus zinderi) and Qβ (Qubevirus durum). Our microfluidic trapping device generated and immobilized picoliter-sized droplets, enabling stable imaging of bacterial growth and lysis in a temperature-controlled setup. Temporal information on bacterial population size was recorded for up to 25 h, allowing us to determine growth rates of bacterial populations and helping us uncover the extent and speed of phage infection. In the long-term, the development of novel microfluidic single-cell and population-level approaches will expedite research towards fundamental understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of rapid phage-induced lysis and eco-evolutionary aspects of bacteria-phage dynamics, and ultimately help identify key factors influencing the success of phage therapy.