Spoken Korean Research Articles

웹드라마를 활용한 한국어 준말형 조사 교육 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to consider the theory of abbreviated form of particles, to analyze the frequency of use and to identify limitations or problems in the current state of education to propose an effective educational plan for abbreviated form of particles, which are difficult and colloquial grammar for foreign learners. Methods First, information about Korean abbreviated form of particles was organized based on previous research and the contents of Korean orthography. And based on it the subject of this study was selected. Subsequently, the forms and frequency of abbreviated forms of particles used by native Korean speakers in their daily lives were examined through web drama script analysis. In addition, in order to propose efficient education content for foreign learners, the actual state of abbreviated forms of particles in the dialogues in Korean language textbooks was analyzed. And it was also confirmed whether the explanation of the ‘abbreviated forms of particles’ was presented in the ‘grammar’ section. Subsequently, after comparing abbreviated forms of particles that appeared high in web drama and Korean textbooks, teaching and learning procedures were systematically proposed. Results The results are as follows: firstly, it was confirmed that native language speakers frequently use abbreviated form of particles through analysis of web dramas. Especially the abbreviated form of the particle ‘eun’ is used most frequently. On the other hand, the frequency of use of the particle ‘i’ was the lowest. Subsequently, in Korean textbook dialogues, abbreviated form of particles appeared with a similar frequency of use. However the forms of combinations such as ‘statement + particle’, ‘verb + particle + particle’ or ‘verb + ending + particle’ in web-dramas were more diverse. Unfortunately, in Korean textbooks these various forms of abbreviated form of particles was not appear frequently, and there was almost no explanatory section or materials showing how to use them. Conclusions Currently, there is a lack of presentation or explanation of various types of abbreviated form of particles in Korean language textbooks. Accordingly, in this paper, we recognized the need for education on abbreviated form of particles that are actually frequently used by native Korean speakers. In order to teach abbreviated forms of particles frequently used in spoken Korean, a framework for educational content was proposed by analyzing web drama lines, which are actual data.

학술 텍스트에서 ‘-는가/(으)ㄴ가’, ‘-나’, ‘-(으)ㄹ까’의 의미와 의문문의 담화 기능

The goal of this research was to show meaning of Korean interrogative sentence final endings ‘-nunka/(u)nka’, ‘-na’, and ‘-(u)lkka’ and discourse function of interrogative sentences with these endings in academic texts. In order to accomplish this goal, this paper analyzed their usage in academic texts which were extracted from Modern Korean Written Corpus of the 21st Century Sejong Project Corpus. These academic texts are composed of about 1 million words. The findings of data analysis showed that ‘-nunka/(u)nka’ and ‘-na’ were used for unmarked question while ‘-(u)lkka’ was used for asking hearer’s presumption in academic texts. A few of ‘-nunka/(u)nka’, ‘-na’, and ‘-(u)lkka’ in academic texts were used for self-question as in spoken Korean. In the aspect of discourse function, interrogative sentences with ‘-nunka/(u)nka’, ‘-na’, or ‘-(u)lkka’ were used for attracting readers’ attention and improving their text acceptability in common. In detail, they were used for suggesting topics in forms of raising questions, inducing active involvement of readers, and suggesting objectified questions in academic texts.

Pragmatic understanding of subject expression in spoken Korean

Whereas there are a number of studies that address subject omission in Korean as a pro-drop language, expressed subjects have been less explored. I argue that the reasons for expressed subjects to remain un-omitted are found in their pragmatic effects rather than elsewhere. This study particularly investigates the pragmatic effects of the alternation among reference forms for the expressed subject in spoken Korean and uses three different spoken corpora to identify specific examples of the relevant effects. I believe that this study makes a significant contribution to the literature because it shows that shifts among different reference forms play a crucial role in conveying specific pragmatic effects. In particular, I have categorised the pragmatic effects of expressed subjects into two categories, (im)politeness and authority, and intimacy and estrangement, by the characteristics of interpersonal behaviours.

보조사 ‘-(이)라고’에 대한 고찰

This paper aims to demonstrate the new semantical functions of auxiliary particle ‘-irago(-(이)라고)’. It turns out that auxiliary particle ‘-irago(-(이)라고)’ is probably the product of the fusion of ‘-rago(-라고)’ used in traditional indirect speech and ‘ida(이다)’ used in reference sentence. And auxiliary particle ‘-irago(-(이)라고)’ has been grammaticalized in spoken Korean. To classify the auxiliary particle ‘-irago(-(이)라고)’ from other usages, we came up with an approach to distinguishing the difference between ‘-irago(-(이)라고)’ with ‘cause presentation’ function. We found out that the latter one should be considered as a connective ending. Meanwhile, By means of Sejong Spoken Corpus, we analysed grammatical charateristics of auxiliary particle ‘-irago(-(이)라고)’ and its semantical charateristics as well. Results showed that it is highly possible that the auxiliary particle ‘-irago(-(이)라고)’ is connected with subject, object, adnominal phrase and subject term. Moreover, the auxiliary particle ‘-irago(-(이)라고)’ is constantly used in a neutrality context, performing a role as intensifier.

A Study of Politeness in Spoken Korean by Chinese Students

A Study of Politeness in Spoken Korean by Chinese Students

A Diachronic Change of Negation Variation in Spoken Korean: from the 17<SUP>th</SUP> century to the 2010s

This study aims to explore how negation variation between short-negation (S-Neg) and long-negation (L-Neg) has changed in spoken Korean. Concerning the topic, two research questions were addressed: 1) how negation variation has changed in spoken Korean from the 17^th century to the 2010s? 2) how can the change be explained linguistically? To answer these questions, 1,894 negative sentences were collected from oral literature and drama scripts between the 17^th century and the 2010s and the proportion of L-Neg in the data was calculated along the time. The results revealed that 1) L-Neg has never spread widely in the Kyeongsang/Cheolla dialects while it had prevailed in the Seoul dialect and has declined until the 2010s; 2) A morpho-syntactic constraint of S-Neg, which was claimed to result in the spread of L-Neg in Middle Korean (Park, 2005, 2011) was lost in contemporary Korean. Based on the findings, I suggest that the decline of L-Neg in spoken Korean is ascribed to the loss of the S-Neg constraint and propose a morpho-syntactic change of the negative word an(i) in S-Neg.

Is Hanja represented in the Korean mental lexicon?: Encoding cross-script semantic cohorts in the representation of Sino-Korean

Korean can be transcribed in two different scripts, one alphabetic (Hangul) and one logographic (Hanja). How does the mental lexicon represent the contributions of multiple scripts? Hangul's highly transparent one-to-one relationship between spellings and sounds creates homophones in spoken Korean that are also homographs in Hangul, which can only be disambiguated through Hanja. We thus tested whether native speakers encoded the semantic contributions of the different Hanja characters sharing the same homographic form in Hangul in their mental representation of Sino-Korean. Is processing modulated by the number of available meanings, that is, the size of the semantic cohort? In two cross-modal lexical decision tasks with semantic priming, participants were presented with auditory primes that were either syllables (Experiment 1) or full Sino-Korean words (Experiment 2), followed by visual Sino-Korean full word targets. In Experiment 1, reaction times were not significantly modulated by the size of the semantic cohort. However, in Experiment 2, we observed significantly faster reaction times for targets preceded by primes with larger semantic cohorts. We discuss these findings in relation to the structure of the mental lexicon for bi-scriptal languages and the representation of semantic cohorts across different scripts.

Usages and Characteristics of ‘ireohan’ and ‘geureohan’ in Spoken Korean

Usages and Characteristics of ‘ireohan’ and ‘geureohan’ in Spoken Korean

<i>Damunwha</i> in South Korea: A Case Study of Divergences in Cognition and Behavior

In South Korea, over 10% of new couples involve a foreign bride. Most come from Southeast Asia (Vietnam, Philippines, Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesia), and others from East Asia (China, Japan). Such couples now produce almost 6% of births. Their children tend to do badly at school and many drop out, the commonly cited reason being the child’s poor acquisition of language skills from a foreign mother. In reality, Damunwha (“multicultural children”) have no trouble with spoken Korean. Their deficiency is in written Korean, particularly in literary and specialized vocabulary that is largely learned at school. They actually do well in subjects that emphasize the spoken language and social interaction, like music, painting, and physical education. They do badly only in those subjects that require abstraction and memorization, like mathematics and social studies. Damunwha children are also more prone to hyperactivity, impulsivity, and non-compliance with rules. These divergences in cognition and behavior seem confined to children of Southeast Asian mothers, since children of Chinese or Japanese mothers perform as well as those of unmixed Korean parentage. It looks as if the country’s social norms, particularly those of Confucianism, favored the spread of certain cognitive and behavioral traits within the Korean population, and more broadly among East Asians. These traits include not only high cognitive ability but also a high capacity to obey rules, to defer gratification, and to control impulsive behavior.

A study of the lateral-Chinese retroflex sound in spoken Korean, among children from multicultural Chinese families

본 연구의 목적은 취학 전후인 7세, 9세 중국계(한국계 중국인 제외) 다문화가정 아동의 설측음 조음 오류 현상을 음향음성학적으로 분석하고 그 원인을 고찰하는 데 있다. 아동은 가정에서부터 언어 습득이 일차적으로 이루어지는데 한국어 숙달도가 낮은 중국인 어머니로부터 양질의 한국어 교육을 받지 못한 다문화가정 아동은 또래의 한국인 아동보다 한국어 조음 오류가 높다. 특히, 중국계 다문화가정 아동은 설측음을 중국어 권설음화로 조음하는 경우가 많은데, 아동의 연령이 어릴수록, 중국인 어머니의 한국어 숙달도가 낮을수록 그 오류는 더 많았다. 다문화가정 아동의 한국어 설측음의 권설음화로 조음하는 현상은 중국인 어머니의 모어인 중국어의 권설음 영향 때문인 것으로 보았다. 얼화운의 음향적 특징은, F3의 주파수가 큰 폭으로 하강하여 F2에 접근하는데, F2에 접근할수록 권설이다. 그 이유는 F2가 혀의 앞뒤 위치인데, 혀가 뒤로 갈수록 F2는 낮아지기 때문이다. 그렇기 때문에 F3의 주파수가 큰 폭으로 하강하여 F2에 접근한다는 것은 권설음에 가깝다는 뜻이다. 다문화가정 아동은 F3이 F2로 하강하는 현상을 볼 수 있다. 이는 일반 가정 아동에게서 나타나는 현상은 아니고, 다문화가정 아동에게서 나타나는 현상인데, 다문화가정 중국인 어머니도 실험 결과 다문화가정 아동과 동일한 현상을 보였다. 이를 통해 중국계 다문화가정 아동의 한국어 설측음은 중국인 어머니의 모어인 중국어 권설음 영향을 받는 것을 알 수 있다. 본 연구는 그동안 미진하였던 중국계 다문화가정 아동의 설측음 조음 오류를 실험 연구를 통해 오류 양상을 분석하고, 그 원인을 중국인 어머니의 모어인 중국어 권설음과 한국어 설측음의 음운 체계 대조로 보고 이를 음향음성학적으로 밝혔다는 점에서 의의를 가진다.

한국어 학습자의 구어 발화에 나타난 어휘 발달 양상 분석 - 중국인 학습자를 중심으로 -

한국어 학습자의 구어 발화에 나타난 어휘 발달 양상 분석 - 중국인 학습자를 중심으로 -

Non-canonical syntax in an Expanding Circle variety

Abstract This paper analyzes fronting constructions in spoken Korean(ized) English. Non-canonical syntax is an important means of structuring discourse, but its use by speakers of Expanding Circle Englishes has so far received only insufficient attention in studies of World Englishes. Taking a corpus-linguistic approach, this study determines to which extent topicalization and left-dislocation are used by South Korean speakers of English in informal conversations. In our explanation of the results, which show that fronting constructions are clearly part of the Korean English repertoire albeit used with varying frequencies, we mainly draw on notions of language contact (i.e. Korean as the substrate being a topic-prominent language) and language acquisition processes.

한국어 학습자 문법 습득 연구를 위한 구어 말뭉치 구축과 활용

한국어 학습자 문법 습득 연구를 위한 구어 말뭉치 구축과 활용

종결형 ‘-다고’류와 전달 증거성

This paper aims to identify reported evidentials among various types of "-tako"s that occur in sentence final position in spoken Korean. "-Tako"s have been treated as sentence final endings and can be classified into five types: "emphasis", "negative assertion", "verification of wrong prediction", "confirmative question", and "repeated answer". Careful examination reveals that only those of "emphasis" and "confirmative question" are sentence final endings of which grammaticalization has completed. In the aspect of reported evidentiality, "-tako"s that function as "emphasis" are not reported evidentials because they do not convey the meaning of speech report. "-Tako"s of "confirmative question" can be divided into two types according to source of information: one from the hearer"s speech and the other from the third person"s speech. Of these two types, "-tako"s that are used to verify information from the third person are identified as sentence final endings that convey the meaning of speech report. In conclusion, "-tako"s that are qualified as reported evidentials are of "confirmative question" whose source comes from the third person.

한국어 구어 비격식체 3인칭 대명사 ‘얘 / 걔 / 쟤’

한국어 구어 비격식체 3인칭 대명사 ‘얘 / 걔 / 쟤’

구어에 나타난 종결어미 ‘-다’의 의미 기능에 대한 기술 문제

이 연구는 한국어 구어에 나타난 종결어미 ‘-다’의 의미 기능에 관한 기술 문제를 다루는 것이다. 구체적으로는 ‘-다’를 논의한 기존의 연구를 검토함으로써 ‘-다’의 기술에 나타난 문제점을 지적하고 한국어 구어 말뭉치에 나타난 ‘-다’의 용례를 바탕으로 ‘-다’의 의미 기능에 대한 효과적인 기술 방안을 모색하고자 한다. 종결어미 ‘-다’는 흔히 가장 무표적인 평서형 어미로 주로 문어에 두루 쓰이는 기본적 형태로 인식되어 왔다. 실제로 구어에 나타난 ‘-다’는 ‘-어’, ‘-지’와 같은 범용어미 못지않게 사용 빈도가 높은 만큼 다양한 의미 기능을 수행하고 있다는 사실이 구어 말뭉치 분석을 통해 확인되었다. 다양한 의미 기능을 가진 ‘-다’는 그 동안 하나의 ‘-다’로 귀속시킬지, 별개의 ‘-다’로 분리할지에 대한 고려없이 동일한 ‘-다’로 다루어져 왔다. 뿐만 아니라 동일한 ‘-다’라는 입장을 취한다고 하더라도 이들 의미 기능 사이에 어떠한 유기적인 연계가 있는지에 대해서는 연구가 이루어지지 않았다. 본고는 이러한 문제 의식에서 출발하여 ‘-다’를 크게 ‘-다1’과 ‘-다2’로 분리해 보고 ‘-다’에 나타난 여러 의미 기능의 상관성을 모색하고자 이 연구를 진행하였다.

중국 대학 한국어 말하기 교육의 설계 연구 : 한국 유학 대비를 위한 학습자를 대상으로

중한 양국은 1992년 수교 이래에 활발한 경제교류가 이루어지면서 다양한 지식교류를 동반하게 되었다. 특히 그 중에서 대학 교류가 활발하게 이루어져 주목받고 있다. 본 연구는 중국 대학의 한국어 말하기 교육에 초점을 맞추어 한국 대학에 진학할 학습자를 대상으로 한국 유학 대비를위한 한국어 말하기 교육과정을 설계하고 수업 모형을 제안하였다.BR 이를 위해서 먼저 한국 대학 수학에 필요한 말하기의 특징을 분석하고 현행 유학생을 위한 말하기 교육의 한계점을 밝혔다. 그리고 중국내의 한국어 교육과정은 중국인 학습자의 학업 성취에 대한 중요성을 강조하면서 중국 대학의 한국어 말하기 교육 실태를 고찰하고 그의 문제점을 분석하였다. 마지막으로 이상의 논의를 바탕으로 맞춤형 말하기 교육과정을 설계하고 그에 따른 수업 모형을 개발하였다.

구어에서 운율 표지와 형태 표지의 분포와 기능

This paper aims at investigating the prosodic markers and morphological markers in spoken Korean. Prosody, especially intonation, has linguistic and paralinguistic meanings in spoken Korean. As is well-known, prosody plays important role in spoken language: it is hard to determine whether a word(or a eojeol) is realized at the sentence final or non-final position without consulting the prosody. Only an exception is that a word(or eojeol) ends with a typical sentence final ending such as ‘–다, -냐, -라, -자’. Therefore, we can categorize two types of endings in Korean: clause terminal endings and sentence terminal endings. A eojeol with a clause terminal ending, which is categorized as a connective ending in the previous studies, terminates a sentence only with a terminal boundary tone. It does not terminates a sentence with a non-terminal boundary tone. On the other hand, a eojeol with a sentence terminal ending, which is categorized as a terminal ending in the previous studies, always terminates a sentence with a unmarked terminal boundary tone. The unmarked terminal boundary tone depends on the ending types: H% for the interrogative ending (e.g. {-냐), L% for the rests. Marked terminal boundary tone with sentence terminal ending only changes paralinguistic modal meaning of the sentence. It does not change the linguistic category of the sentence type, which is realized with the morphological marker(i.e. sentence terminal ending type). Only paralinguistic modal meaning changes in this case. On the other hand, when a eojeol does not end with a sentence terminal ending, a sentence can close off with terminal boundary tone and cannot close off with non-terminal boundary tone. In this case, terminal boundary tone can have linguistic meaning as well as paralinguistic modal meaning.

Exclamatory Sentential Expression in Spoken Korean

In sentential types in Korean, the ‘exclamatory sentence’ is under some controversy among scholars with respect to whether it can be classified as an independent sentential type. However, since the exclamatory sentence has its own characteristics distinguished from the declarative sentence, it can be established as a sentential type in Korean. Although the criteria for categorial division and classification of type for the exclamative sentence are not clearly defined, these facts cannot be the reasons to claim that the exclamative sentence is not an independent sentential type. In fact, Korean exclamatory sentence has not been highlighted much in previous researches. The exclamatory sentence in spoken Korean is rarely constructed with the sentential endings classified to this date as exclamatory endings. Following the author’s analysis of exclamatory sentences used in the dialogue of television dramas, it is revealed that the exclamatory sentence often ends with various final endings and connective endings as well as other parts of speech. For this matter, the main factor governing the hearers’ recognition of the exclamatory sentence mainly depends on intonation. The exclamatory sentence in spoken Korean does not only have the tone of /231/ and /241/ unlike what is claimed in other previous grammar books. In fact, the final intonation of actual utterance is realized with all of three types such as ‘flat tone’, ‘rising tone’, and ‘falling tone’. Compared to the declarative sentence, the exclamatory sentence is more dynamic in articulation since it has a greater fluctuation of intonation in utterance. Furthermore, the exclamatory sentence has a higher sound pitch in the final syllable of an utterance and whole utterance compared to the declarative sentence, and also the final syllable of an utterance has a longer sound length in the exclamatory sentence.

English

It has been found that one poem consists of 16 letters in Tcheonzamun (the book of ‘The Thousand Character Essay’). The poem consists of 16 letters from 673rd to 688th characters from the Tcheonzamun. The poem was translated both through Chinese character and Korean pronunciation. The author of Tcheonzamun wrote the poem to remain to their descendants as record for their difficulties. The meaning of the 4 characters and the whole 16 letters are possibly usable as a spoken Korean language. Tcheonzamun was written by the people of Maeg country, the ancestor of Koreans. This result is contrary to the general opinion of Korean and Chinese peoples. In other words, this precious book, Tcheonzamun was written not by Chinese but by Korean, and the book was delivered to Chinese by Koreans. The time Tcheonzamun spread into China might be before the era of Confucius (500 BC). Key words: Tcheonzamun (the book of ‘The Thousand Character Essay’), 673rd to 688th characters from the Tcheonzamun, poem, Korean pronunciation, the people of Maeg country.