Specific Color Research Articles

Cautionary remarks on the planetary boundary visualisation

Abstract. The planetary boundary (PB) concept has captured attention across academia and the public alike. Its unique visual representation has been key to the development of the concept and its dissemination. In this commentary, we outline three areas of concern to facilitate further enhancement in the PB concept’s visualisation. First, the radial bar plot leads to a quadratic scaling of the effect sizes. Second, the colour gradations denoting the risk of each boundary transgression use complex non-linear patterns, which complicates interpretation. Third, non-linearly distorted colour scales and their fading make the visual perception for people suffering from colour-vision deficiency even more challenging or impossible. The conjunction of quadratic effect scaling and specific colour coding may unintentionally amplify the perception of high-risk areas. We recommend a careful revision of the visual language employed in PB communication. Addressing these concerns will make the PB visualisation a more accurate base for decision-makers.

Influence of tree age on the wood color and compounds involved in the “golden-thread” wood color formation in Phoebe zhennan

Wood color plays a key role in the quality and commercial value of wood products. However, the mechanism underlying wood color formation has yet to be fully elucidated. The principal objective of this study was to determine the effects of tree age on the wood color and identify the key metabolites correlated with the golden-thread wood color formation in Phoebe zhennan. The results indicated that the golden-thread wood color of P. zhennan was significantly affected by tree age. Four polar organic solvents and water were tested for the extraction of the metabolites, and ethyl acetate was determined to be the most suitable solvent for the extraction of the golden-thread wood color-related metabolites. Based on the experimental data from the UVVIS-NIR spectral scanning and comparative metabolomics, 66 differentially accumulated metabolites were significantly enriched in older wood, and among these, 46 metabolites (e.g., prenol lipids, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, steroids and their derivatives, and benzene and its substituted derivatives) were closely related to the golden-thread wood color formation (r = 0.526–0.944, P < 0.05). In addition, compared to younger wood (10 years old), older wood (30 and 80 years old) had greater durability and a stronger fragrance because of the enrichment of sesquiterpenoids in older wood. In this study, the effects of tree age on P. zhennan wood color, fragrance, and durability were determined through the alterations in the composition and contents of the related secondary metabolites. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the special wood color formation and can be used for a wide range of applications in the wood industry, from quality control to marketing and product development.

Growth and Color Brightness of Glofish Fed Natural and Artificial Diets In Cianjur District, West Java Province

It is known that natural feed, in addition to being preferred because it moves, also has dyes that make the color of ornamental fish more contrasting than artificial feed. The purpose of this study is to find out which type of natural feed (Silk Worm (Tubifex sp.), Daphnia sp., Frozen Blood Worm) and artificial feed, which is more effective against the growth and brightness of the color of Glofish Starfire Red, which will be carried out in August 2024-October 2024 in Cianjur Regency, West Java Province. The study was conducted using an experimental method using a Complete Random Design (RAL) with 4 treatments and 3 replicates. The treatment given is as follows: A (Research using natural feed Daphnia sp, B (Research using natural feed Bloodwarm/Chironomidae, C (Research using natural feed Tubifex sp), D (Research using artificial feed). The parameters observed were Absolute Length Growth, Absolute Weight Growth, Specific Growth Rate and Color Brightness, to analyze the color brightness of Starfire Red fish using https://redketchup.io color comparison.

Plasmonic structurally colored surfaces with metal film over microsphere lattices

Structural coloring through plasmonic nanostructures involves the manipulation of light interaction with nanostructured metallic surfaces to selectively reflect specific spectral ranges within the visible spectrum. Unlike conventional pigments that absorb light based on their chemical properties, plasmonic nanostructures achieve color through their physical configuration. This study investigates the potential of generating plasmonic structural colors by utilizing self-assembled colloidal microsphere lattices that are coated with thin metal films. Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) simulations are employed on realistic models to analyze the optical reflectance of dielectric microsphere lattices ranging in sizes from 300 to 700 nm, coated with varying thicknesses (20–200 nm) of different metals (Al, Ag, Au). The reflectance spectra are then translated into specific colors using a software algorithm, with the color representations plotted on CIE1931 diagrams. Furthermore, to validate the theoretical findings, two-dimensional polystyrene microsphere arrays coated with Au and Ag films are prepared, and their reflectance spectra and color images are examined. The resulting plasmonic colors can be adjusted by altering the sphere size, the type of metal used, and the thickness of the coating, demonstrating their potential for diverse color-based applications.

The mechanism of different skin color formation in pufferfish: A case study on white and black individuals (Takifugu fasciatus)

Skin color is a crucial economic trait for commercial fishes. Recently, excluding wild-type grayish black alternations, pufferfish (Takifugu fasciatus) with white and black colors were observed in China. The molecular mechanism underlying these fascinating skin color differences is still unknown. We examined T. fasciatus individuals with three different skin colors, namely, control (C), white (W), and black (B), utilizing histology, proteomics, metabolomics, and Western blotting techniques. Histological observations revealed that melanin content plays a pivotal role in determining skin color. Proteomics analysis comparing control and black individuals revealed significant enrichment of melanin-related proteins, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (Pi3k), solute carrier family 2 (Slc27a), dual specificity phosphatase (Dusp), and Wnt8a. Similarly, compared to controls, white individuals exhibited significant enrichment of Ellis-van-Creveld syndrome protein 1 (Evc), smoothened (Smo). A total of 11 proteins that were linearly correlated with changes in melanin content were identified, and 4 proteins, namely, Wnt8a, Slc27a, Mucin-2 (Muc2), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (Ggt5), were selected for validation via Western blotting. Metabolomic analysis revealed strong correlations between L-tyrosine, 4-N-methyltransferase, indole-3-acetate salt, L-phenylalanine, L-threonine, L-glutamic acid, indole, and skin color formation in T. fasciatus. Notably, joint proteomic and metabolomic analyses revealed significant enrichment of ABC transporters across all three skin colors of T. fasciatus. Additionally, we identified 25 differentially expressed metabolites, suggesting potential feed additives such as adrenosterone and 1-(3-ethyl-2,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxyphenyl) butan-1-one for adjusting skin color. This research enhances our understanding of fish skin color formation mechanisms and provides valuable insights for cultivating fish with specific skin colors.

Grapheme-Color Synesthesia and Its Connection to Memory.

Synesthesia is the involuntary association of different senses, where individuals experience one sensory modality in response to the stimulation of another. For example, a synesthete may perceive colors when reading certain numbers or associate specific tastes with particular words. Synesthesia manifests differently for individuals grouping the condition in subcategories such as grapheme-color, sound-to-color, lexical-gustatory, mirror-touch, and much more. This review covers grapheme-color synesthesia, described as the involuntary perception of specific colors or color associations when seeing or thinking about certain letters, numbers, or symbols. This review explores the performance of declarative memory tasks in individuals with grapheme-color synesthesia. A comprehensive search of controlled trials published between 2014 to 2024 was conducted through PubMed and Google Scholar databases. In Google Scholar, the search terms grapheme-color synesthesia, grapheme-color synaesthesia, and memory were used. In PubMed, additional MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms were used which included grapheme-color synesthesia and memory. Studies that measured declarative memory and grapheme-color synesthesia were included yielding a total of seven controlled trials. Grapheme-color synesthetes demonstrated advanced performance in declarative memory tasks; however, this may not have any clinical significance. Grapheme-color synesthetes demonstrated a better performance in their ability to recall colors, but not as much recalling words. Synesthetes were shown to outperform non-synesthetes in visual memory tasks. Synesthetes showed better recall of paired patterns, shape-color associations, and visual grids compared to control groups, but the influence of synesthesia on word memory remains unclear. Future research should consider adding control for confounding factors, collaborating with other institutions, and increasing sample size.

The color-flavor incongruency effect elicited by flavor stimuli and words

Previous research has shown that consumers associate specific packaging colors with flavors to generate the color-flavor associations for packaging. Previous studies have also demonstrated that people search more slowly for a product when its color is incongruent with its flavor label than when it is congruent with this flavor, indicative of a packaging color-flavor incongruency effect. Here we report a behavioral study designed to investigate whether actual flavor stimuli can also elicit this effect, and if so, how the effect differs when flavor cues are presented as flavor words versus flavor stimuli. Participants were asked to search for a beverage product labeled with a specific flavor after either tasting flavor stimuli or viewing a flavor word. The results showed that the participants responded faster and more accurately when they were cued by flavor words than flavor stimuli. Moreover, we also found that both flavor stimuli and flavor words could elicit the packaging color-flavor incongruency effect, and the effect elicited by flavor stimuli was greater than that elicited by flavor words. The findings of the present study provide empirical evidence of the crossmodal influence of flavor information on visual search, and also have direct implications for using sensory marketing strategies to enhance consumers’ product search efficiency.

Multimodal interactions in Stomoxys navigation reveal synergy between olfaction and vision

Stomoxys flies exhibit an attraction toward objects that offer no rewards, such as traps and targets devoid of blood or nectar incentives. This behavior provides an opportunity to develop effective tools for vector control and monitoring. However, for these systems to be sustainable and eco-friendly, the visual cues used must be specific to target vector(s). In this study, we modified the existing blue Vavoua trap, which was originally designed to attract biting flies, to create a deceptive host attraction system specifically biased toward attracting Stomoxys. Our research revealed that Stomoxys flies are attracted to various colors, with red proving to be the most attractive and selective color for Stomoxys compared to the other colors tested. Interestingly, our investigation of the cattle–Stomoxys interaction demonstrated that Stomoxys flies do not prefer a specific livestock fur color phenotype, despite variation in the spectrum. To create a realistic sensory impression of the trap in the Stomoxys nervous system, we incorporated olfactory cues from livestock host odors that significantly increased trap catches. The optimized novel polymer bead dispenser is capable of effectively releasing the attractive odor carvone + p-cresol, with strong plume strands and longevity. Overall, red trap baited with polymer bead dispenser is environmentally preferred.

Assessing Relations Among Visual Variables in Hotel Lobbies Using Deep Learning

To understand the relationships between cognitive variables like visual complexity, coherence, and colour contrast in interior spaces, direct numerical analysis is crucial. Conventional approaches are limited due to the brain's struggle to process visual information without cognitive manipulation. However, advancements in artificial intelligence enable direct examinations. This study used a convolutional neural network to assess the intensity of colour contrasts in images of 5-star hotel lobby interiors with high levels of coherence and complexity. The results indicated that visually complex lobby interiors have less warm-cool and dark-light contrast but more pronounced complementary contrast than coherent lobby interiors. Additionally, a negative correlation was identified between complementary and warm-cool contrasts across all perspectives. These results underscore the potential influence of specific colour contrast types on the cognitive experience of interiority.

An Edge-Preserving Regularization Model for the Demosaicing of Noisy Color Images

This paper proposes an edge-preserving regularization technique to solve the color image demosaicing problem in the realistic case of noisy data. We enforce intra-channel local smoothness of the intensity (low-frequency components) and inter-channel local similarity of the depth of object borders and textures (high-frequency components). Discontinuities of both the low-frequency and high-frequency components are accounted for implicitly, i.e., through suitable functions of the proper derivatives. For the treatment of even the finest image details, derivatives of first, second, and third orders are considered. The solution to the demosaicing problem is defined as the minimizer of an energy function, accounting for all these constraints plus a data fidelity term. This non-convex energy is minimized via an iterative deterministic algorithm, applied to a family of approximating functions, each implicitly referring to geometrically consistent image edges. Our method is general because it does not refer to any specific color filter array. However, to allow quantitative comparisons with other published results, we tested it in the case of the Bayer CFA and on the Kodak 24-image dataset, the McMaster (IMAX) 18-image dataset, the Microsoft Demosaicing Canon 57-image dataset, and the Microsoft Demosaicing Panasonic 500-image dataset. The comparisons with some of the most recent demosaicing algorithms show the good performance of our method in both the noiseless and noisy cases.

Pigmented Rice: A Source of Health and Longevity

Rice of different varieties forms the staple food of more than half of the population in the world and is the leading cereal crop in many developing countries of the world. About half of the world population consumes rice as their major source of carbohydrate however it is also consumed as a source of protein in many countries. Rice comes in many shapes, sizes and color and thus its nutritional quality, cooking and uses vary accordingly. It is not only the white rice which contributes to these production figures, but it are available in many colors and pigments including black, purple, brown and red. The yellow, green, brown, red, purple and black colors of the rice have neutraceutical properties and hold the potential to promote health and improve metabolism. Black rice, also called "emperor's rice," has a thin layer of black bran, due to the presence of the purple/ black pigment biochemically termed as 'anthocyanin'. It is a rich source of antioxidants along with other nutrients including B vitamins (thiamine, niacin), vitamin E, magnesium, phosphorous, iron and dietary fibers. Similar to normal white rice, pigmented/ black rice is also glutinous and is relished for its nutritional significance of being low in fat, sugar and salt it is also free from gluten and cholesterol. Not only the historical evidence but modern research findings also support the claim of pigmented rice being 'super food' of twenty-first century. It has wide health benefits including lowering risk of obesity, anti-ageing, anti-cancerous, anti-diabetes and many more. Its consumption even in limited amounts acts as a savior from many serious diseases and illnesses. Due to its nutritional composition and various health benefits, it is considered as a functional food. The presence of anthocyanin, the pigment that imparts it a specific colour and holds antioxidant properties supports health and longevity. The present review reflects the nutritional profile and significant benefits of pigmented rice including its food uses so that the commodity can be popularized and utilized by the population for gaining various health benefits.

Utilizing color analysis and image processing for the assessment of the color of block para rubber

This research explores the use of image processing and color analysis as a reliable approach for evaluating para rubber color quality. An automated color comparator prototype, based on the CIELAB color method and employing various image processing algorithms, is introduced. The research aims to enhance the precision of color analysis for block para rubbers (BPRs), a critical raw material in the rubber industry, impacted by environmental conditions during the sun-drying process. The study follows international standards for BPR specimen preparation and employs an image acquisition system, threshold techniques, and algorithms for color analysis. The proposed method aligns with Rubber Research Institute standards. The outcomes demonstrate the effectiveness of the automated system in accurately assessing the color values of BPRs, providing valuable insights for the rubber industry. This image processing technique offers advantages in natural rubber production for products requiring specific color characteristics.

Effect of Osmotic Dehydration in Tomato Juice on Microstructure of Garlic and on Drying Using Different Methods

This study investigates the effects of osmotic dehydration on garlic clove halves using a low-pH osmotic solution with ascorbic acid, concentrated tomato juice, and basil extract (45° Brix). Samples, both dehydrated and fresh, were subjected to various drying methods. Physical properties, such as CT scan analysis, texture profile analysis (TPA), porosity, and density, were examined. Additional parameters like energy consumption, specific energy consumption, moisture content, water activity, and color change were evaluated. Osmotic dehydration reduced moisture content by over 7.5%. The specific energy consumption for microwave vacuum drying (MVD) was 95 kJ/g for osmotically dehydrated samples compared to 118 kJ/g for non-dehydrated samples. Drying times decreased by 24 min for MVD and 15% for microwave convective drying (MCD). The Weibull model best fit the drying kinetics, with R2 values above 0.99 and RMSE below 0.03 for all methods. TPA tests showed no significant impact of osmotic dehydration on hardness, though drying methods significantly affected hardness, ranging from 49 N to 707 N. Color change was higher for osmotically dehydrated samples, reaching 37.09 for OD-CD compared to 29.78 for CD.

EFFECTS OF WARM, COOL, AND NEUTRAL COLORS ON SHORT TERM MEMORY IN YOUNG CHILDREN

This study investigates the impact of different color stimuli (neutral, warm, and cool) on short-term memory retention in children aged 9-10. A sample of 50 children was tested under varying color conditions, where participants viewed slides with different colored backgrounds (black for neutral, red for warm, and purple for cool) and recalled the words presented. The purpose of the research was to determine how these color conditions affect memory retention. Findings revealed that cool colors, particularly purple, significantly enhance memory retention more effectively than warm (red) and neutral (black) colors. These results suggest that incorporating cool colors into educational materials and environments can optimize learning by improving short-term memory retention. This study highlights the importance of considering environmental factors, such as color, in designing educational strategies and classroom settings to support cognitive development. The principal results indicate that specific color stimuli can positively influence cognitive functions in children, providing empirical insights for educators and curriculum developers. Major conclusions from this research include the potential benefits of using cool colors like purple in educational contexts to enhance memory performance and learning outcomes. Future research should explore the impact of various sensory stimuli on cognitive processes across different developmental stages to further refine educational practices. By understanding the relationship between color and memory, this study contributes to the development of targeted interventions aimed at improving cognitive performance and educational experiences for children.

Adaptive infrared radiation modulator using reversible metal electrodeposition with silicon carbide-based fabry-perot cavity

Conventional materials that statically modulate radiation in the infrared (IR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum underpin the performance of many entrenched technologies. The development of their adaptive variants, whereby the IR radiation properties dynamically change as a response to external stimuli, has emerged as an important unfulfilled scientific challenge. Here, by combining the silicon carbide (SiC)-based Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity effect with the traditional reversible metal electrodeposition device (RMED), where the FP cavity is used as a color filter to emit a particular wavelength and the RMED is used to reversibly modulate IR radiation, we develop an adaptive IR radiation modulator with large and uniform IR emissivity tunability (Δε ≥ 0.579) in the 3–14 µm region. A specific structural color which is a function of the SiC thickness can be simultaneously displayed when the modulator is in the low-emissivity mode. By varying the SiC thickness from 100 to 180 nm, a full gamut of colors spanning the entire visible spectrum can be achieved. Additionally, the modulator can exhibit fantastic patterns consisting of different structural colors with simple designs achieved. We believe that our findings may open opportunities for camouflage in multispectral detection and many technologies related to IR radiation management.

Synthesis, structure and luminescence properties of PbLaTb(WO4)4 phosphor ceramics for LEDs applications: Role of Tb rare earth

The development and applications of phosphor ceramics have been driven by their ability to convert various forms of energy into visible light with high efficiency, durability, and specific color outputs. This study reports on synthesis of a novel series of solid solutions, PbLa2-2xTb2x(WO4)4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5), using the solid-phase reaction method. The crystal structure, photoluminescence, excitation spectrum, decay kinetics, diffused reflectance spectra, and morphology of the compounds are characterized. The results reveal that the energy band gap has become even lower due to an increase in the concentration of the activator, and an absorption band of the Tb3+ ion is also observed at 380, 370, 354 and 342 nm, respectively; they correspond to the following quantum transitions 7F6 → 5D3, 7F6 → 5G6, 7F6 → 5L10 and 7F6 → 5L9, respectively. Our prepared PbLaTb(WO4) phosphor ceramics have a wide range of applications, from everyday lighting to advanced display technologies and medical devices, highlights their importance in modern technology.

Integrating OpenCV and Pandas for Enhanced Image Filtering and Color Detection

Image filtering and color detection in OpenCV is performed using functions like cv2.filter2D() for filtering, and cv2.cvtColor() for color space conversion and detection. These functions can be combined with other image processing techniques such as thresholding, erosion and dilation, and edge detection to perform more advanced tasks. The process typically starts with loading an image into Python using OpenCV's imread() function. From there, the image may be converted to a different color space using cvtColor() to make it easier to detect certain colors or features. Various image filters can then be applied to enhance the image and reduce noise or other unwanted features. This can include techniques such as blurring, sharpening, or edge detection, depending on the desired outcome. Once the image has been filtered, color detection can be performed using thresholding, which involves setting a threshold value and creating a binary image based on whether each pixel falls above or below the threshold. This can help to identify specific colors or features in the picture. Pandas are particularly useful for working with image data as it provides a flexible and efficient data structure called a DataFrame. This makes it easy to perform data manipulation tasks such as selecting, filtering, and grouping data, which can be useful for image processing tasks. Meanwhile, OpenCV provides a comprehensive set of tools for image filtering and color detection. These tools include a variety of filters, such as Gaussian, Median, and Bilateral filters, as well as thresholding techniques, such as binary and adaptive thresholding, which can be used to detect specific colors or features in an image. Keywords:- Image Processing, OpenCV, Color Detection, Image Filtering, cv2.filter2D, cv2.cvtColor, Thresholding, Erosion and Dilation, Edge Detection, Pandas DataFrame, Gaussian Filter, Median Filter, Bilateral Filter, Adaptive Thresholding, Feature Detection..

Evaluation of Electronic Dental Medical Records at Sultan Agung Islamic Dental Hospital: Compliance with Indonesian Laws and Regulations

Background: Dental electronic medical records have already been used in many dental care services in Indonesia. Yet, the actual definitions and constitution that regulate this dental electronic medical record are still in debate. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the use of dental electronic medical records in Sultan Agung Dental Hospital Semarang based on the constitution in Indonesia. Method: Our study used a cross-sectional analysis with an observational description of the component and security of the dental electronic medical record in Sultan Agung Islamic Dental Hospital Semarang. Results: Dental electronic medical record in Sultan Agung Islamic Dental Hospital didn’t complete the odontogram teeth component. The software used in the dental electronic medical record didn’t have a tool to write specific symbols and color signs on the odontogram teeth component. Conclusion: The complete format and the security of dental electronic medical records in Sultan Agung Islamic Dental Hospital Semarang have not aligned with the Indonesian constitution and regulations.

Identifying Morphs of the Yellow-Legged Hornet (Vespa velutina) and Other Pests of Quarantine Importance with Geometric Morphometrics

We assess the accuracy of geometric morphometrics (GMM) for determining the origin of insects of quarantine importance using the Asian hornet (Vespa velutina Lep.1836) as a case study. This species is highly variable, has an extensive natural distribution, and has been transported to many regions of the world. Forewing landmarks were applied to a large sample of regionally specific color morphs (previously considered “subspecies”) from across the species’ native Asian range. We reconfirm that GMM can statistically distinguish geographic variants independent of the color patterns that have heretofore been used for provenance, but which have been suspected of being unreliable. Almost all morphs in our analyses were statistically different except the centrally located V. v. variana, whose range lies between the continental V. v. auraria Smith, 1852, and V. v. nigrithorax du Buysson, 1905 morphs, and the Malaysian and Indonesian morphs. Even with moderate-sized training samples, discriminant function analysis (DFA) was able to classify geographic morphos with about 90% accuracy (ranging from 60% to 100%). We apply these results to determine the origin of a dead wasp recently intercepted in a mail parcel in Utah. Both DFA and continuous-trait maximum-likelihood clustering suggest that the Utah specimen belongs to the nigrithorax morph, which is native to southern China but now invasive in Europe, Japan, and Korea. These results are also supported by DNA barcode analysis, which groups the Utah individual with nigrithorax populations in South Korea and Japan. The relationship between variation in wing shape and genetic differentiation deserves further study, but molecular data are consistent with the GMM results suggesting that morphometric comparisons may be able to identify and provenance intercepted specimens quickly and inexpensively when molecular sequences and taxonomic specialists are unavailable.

Application of ecodesign policy and energy labelling to improve energy efficiency and quality of LED light sources

Ecodesign, which provides for measures to reduce negative impacts on the environment and increase the functionality of LED light sources, is one of the priority areas of the energy saving policy. The paper presents the results of a study of commercial samples of non-directional LED lamps of various brands for compliance with the Commission Regulation (EU) 2019/2020 on establishing the requirements for the ecodesign of light sources and the Declared Commission Regulation (EU) 2019/2015 on the energy labelling, which came into force in 2021. It is shown that the light output of the tested batches of lamps with a power of 5–12 W is in the range of 90–120 lm/W, which corresponds to the energy efficiency classes, according to the new rating scale of the Commission Regulation (EU) 2019/2015, F and E. Over the past decades, the light output of the lamps entering Ukraine has increased by more than 30%. Quality indicators of light have also been improved: all tested lamps have a general colour rendering index of Ra &gt; 80; in five of eight batches of lamps, the colour unevenness does not exceed the 3-degree McAdam ellipses; and only in one batch, individual lamps exceed the 6-degree ellipse. All tested lamps meet the requirements for the level of flickering (PstLM &lt; 1) and the level of visibility of the stroboscopic effect (SVM &lt; 0.4). Individual non-compliances of the lamps with the established requirements were also noted, in particular, lamps with a power of 11 and 12 W do not meet the power factor cos φ1 – some manufacturers do not fully declare the characteristics of their products. Most of the lamps have a low special colour rendering index R9. Conclusions about the effectiveness of the ecodesign policy and energy labelling in increasing the energy efficiency, quality and safety of LED lamps have been made.