Brazilian Portuguese Speakers Research Articles

Native and Non-Native Patterns in Conflict: Lexicon vs. Grammar in Loanword Adaptation in Brazilian Portuguese

English loanwords with /ʌ/ that are part of the Brazilian Portuguese (BP) lexicon are normally produced with [ɐ] (pub: [ˈpɐbɪ]). Although [ɐ] is the closest segment to /ʌ/ in the native inventory, it is highly constrained in BP: it is an allophone of /a/ that can only appear in nasal contexts. This paper investigates whether native speakers of BP generalize to novel loanwords the adaptation pattern of English /ʌ/ that is present in the BP lexicon. Two experiments were conducted, one with real loanwords and one with nonce loanwords. In the Real Loanword Experiment, participants consistently used [ɐ] both in oral (pub) and nasal contexts (funk), as predicted given the patterns in the lexicon. In the Nonce Loanword Experiment, participants used [ɐ] significantly more frequently in nasal contexts – in oral contexts, the most frequent adaptation was [a]. This reveals that speakers employ their native grammar to filter new loanwords: in contexts where [ɐ] is not licensed, they favor the corresponding licensed form. These results suggest that native speakers do not generalize non-native patterns that are present in the lexicon, mirroring what has been observed for the generalization of unnatural patterns in native grammars (e.g., Garcia 2017; Jarosz 2017).

Verbal Fluency Development Across Childhood: Normative Data from Brazilian-Portuguese Speakers and Underlying Cognitive Processes.

Verbal fluency (VF) tasks are widely used to investigate children's lexical knowledge and executive functions skills. Consistency of measurement of the strategic retrieval components is still an issue and performance of Brazilian-Portuguese speaking children are currently not available. A cross-sectional study investigated the effects of age, school type (public × private) and the influence of language, memory and inhibitory control on VF. We assessed 414 Brazilian children, aged 6-12, in the number of words produced and both clustering and switching components, with two measures of VF: letter (LVF) and semantic (SVF). Analysis of the number of words produced showed a significant increase between 6-8-year-olds, 9-10-year-olds and 11-12-year-olds in SVF, while in LVF, the differences were significant only in the later age group. In SVF, the numbers of clusters and switches increased with age, whereas in LVF, the number of switches increased in all age groups, but clusters increased only in the older group. Structural equation model analyses showed that oral and written language, verbal memory and inhibitory control are associated with VF performance and IQ, while age mediated VF performance. The results indicate a different development pattern between LVF and SVF in the number of words produced and in clustering and switching, with the latter predicting VF performance in words produced. VF development is shown to depend on language, memory and inhibitory control. Our results have important implications to clinical neuropsychology.

O processamento de phrasal verbs figurativos

Construções fraseológicas, tais como phrasal verbs, podem ser definidas como uma sequência de palavras pré-fabricadas. Phrasal verbs apresentam verbo e partícula os quais podem ter significados literais e figurativos. No presente estudo investigamos o processamento on-line de phrasal verbs figurativos (ex. figure out) e verbos lexicais (ex. understand) por meio do registro do movimento dos olhos. Movimentos oculares de 12 falantes avançados de inglês como L2 (falantes nativos de português brasileiro) foram comparados aos de 12 falantes nativos de inglês durante a leitura de sentenças contendo phrasal verbs figurativos e verbos lexicais em inglês. Os resultados mostram que nas medidas posteriores (Total Reading Time), os falantes de inglês como L2 dispensaram mais esforço cognitivo na leitura de phrasal verbs figurativos do que verbos lexicais, em comparação com falantes nativos de inglês. Esses resultados foram interpretados como evidência de que os falantes de inglês como L2 tentaram analisar cada componente do phrasal verb figurativo (ex. look for), o que desacelerou o processamento. Os resultados são discutidos à luz das teorias sobre o processamento da linguagem figurativa e literal.

PP Relative clauses and intervention effects: comparing unergative and weather verbs

A assimetria entre relativas de sujeito e de objeto tem sido atestada nos trabalhos sobre processamento com adultos (WANNER; MARATSOS, 1978; WARREN; GIBSON, 2002) e em aquisição da linguagem (UTZERI, 2007; ADANI; SEHM; ZUKOWSKI, 2012). No âmbito da aquisição, Friedmann, Belletti e Rizzi (2009) sugeriram um tratamento formal, em termos de efeitos de intervenção e Costa et al. (2015) expandiram o alcance da proposta para relativas PP, considerando dados do português europeu. Este trabalho amplia essa discussão, a partir de um estudo de eliciação com crianças de 4-5 anos falantes de português brasileiro, contrastando relativas PP, com verbos inergativos, com intervenção, e meteorológicos, sem intervenção. Nossos resultados indicam diferenças entre esses tipos de verbos para crianças mais novas. Sugere-se que o alcance explicativo da hipótese da intervenção pode ser impactado ao se considerarem custos de processamento na produção vinculados à disponibilidade de estruturas alternativas, menos complexas, na língua.

REFRAMING IDENTITIES IN THE MOVE: A TALE OF EMPOWERMENT, AGENCY AND AUTONOMY

ABSTRACT Transnational movements raised by globalization to a status of normality, let alone to absolute necessity, have reshaped the world and social practices (VERTOVEC, 2007; WEI & HUA, 2013). As a social practice, language dimension acquires a renewed importance in the way people use and consume languages functioning as an agent in the exercise of social and political power. Language ideologies, whether individual or socioculturally constructed, may be a source of empowerment or, conversely, disempowerment, forging asymmetries in the way people consume languages. Thus, the pursuit of autonomy in language learning with the combination of its technical, psychological, sociocultural and political dimensions constitutes a space for (inter)personal emancipation and social transformation. Our theoretical framework emphasizes the collective aspects of learner autonomy, based on the sociocultural autonomy concept (OXFORD, 2003). Drawing on Bakhtin's (1929/2006;1981) and Vygotsky's (1991) contributions used as groundwork for research in learner autonomy and in consonance with ideas of fluid and hybrid identities (HALL, 1992; BAUMAN, 2005; MOITA LOPES, 2006), this paper discusses agency, empowerment and identity through sociocultural autonomy development in multicultural environments. This chapter, then, is an attempt to show issues of empowerment, autonomy and agency being processed across real-life social language practices. Its findings and results come from two research projects conducted by the authors in two different contexts but related to the same research interest. Both projects aimed to analyze language learning autonomy, agency and empowerment in the continuous process of learners (re)constructing their identities, while learning a second language. Data generation was based on interviews with two speakers of Brazilian Portuguese and learners of English as an additional language, while taking part in exchange programs for international mobility - one of them in the U.S and another one in Australia. Results show that both participants seem to reframe their multiple identities, so that they can adapt and readapt themselves to the new communities of practice (COP), in which they have emerged. Factors like agency, empowerment and sociocultural autonomy seem to be essential and decisive in this process of reframing identities.

Normative nasalance scores in the production of words and syllables for Brazilian Portuguese speakers

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to determine normative nasalance scores for non-cleft children, adolescents and adults, native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese, during the production of words and syllables, for cross-linguistic comparisons in populations with and without cleft palate. Nasalance was assessed in 62 individuals, aged 6–10 years (n = 20), 11–17 years (n = 20) and 18–35 years (n = 22), using a nasometer II model 6450 (KayPENTAX), during production of one sequence of nine oral words (pipa, bis, burro, tatu, pilha, cuca, gui, fila, luz) and of sequences of isolated syllables (e.g. pa, pa, pa, pa, pa, pa) composed of plosive, fricative, liquid and nasal consonants with high and low vowels. In order to validate the new nasalance stimuli, nasalance scores for traditional oral and nasal stimuli were also obtained. Differences were analyzed at a significance level of 0.01. Mean nasalance scores (±SD) during the production of the sequence of words were 18 ± 5% (children), 18 ± 7% (adolescents) and 21 ± 5% (adults). Differences between age groups were not significant. During the production of syllables, adults had the highest mean nasalance scores (except for syllable /mi/); significant differences between age groups were observed only for /pa/ ,/sa/ and /la/. Nasalance scores were significantly higher in oral and nasal syllables with high vowels than with low vowels, and in nasal syllables than in oral syllables with high and low vowels. The nasalance scores obtained for the sentences were comparable to previously established norms. In conclusion, the nasalance scores defined for Brazilian Portuguese speakers, in different stimuli, may be adopted as normative values for local and cross-language comparisons in the identification of hypernasality related to conditions such as cleft palate, neurogenic disorders and syndromes.

Echoic and non-echoic confirming affirmative responses in spoken Brazilian Portuguese

We describe the system of confirming affirmative responses in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) on the basis of a corpus of natural spoken dialogues between interlocutors that share a high degree of familiarity. While the BP response system has been characterized as an echo system (Sadock and Zwicky 1985), the unmarked option being a verb that echoes the verb in the antecedent utterance, our analysis reveals that this characterization only applies to polar question antecedents. Using inferential statistical modeling, we demonstrate that the echoicity of a verbal response crucially depends on the speech act of the antecedent. The use of echoic responses is more likely for antecedents in which the speaker displays a low degree of commitment to the truth of the utterance than for antecedents with a high degree of commitment. Our analysis also reveals that it is necessary to distinguish two specific verbal response types – é ‘is’ and tá ‘is’ – from other verbal responses. Whereas é has been conventionalized as a multi-purpose affirmation particle, tá is typically used to respond to orders or proposals, which is why é and tá are significantly less probable to be used as echoes than other verbal responses.

Temporal pattern analysis of voicing in children with and without alterations in sonority feature

ABSTRACT Purpose: to compare acoustic characteristics of stop consonants in speakers of Brazilian Portuguese with and without alterations in speech referring to voicing feature. Methods: out of 66 children assessed, 18 were selected for this study, aged from 9 to 12 years, distributed in Control Group, 8 without language alterations, and Deviation Group, 10 children with alterations in speech, regarding sonority features. Participants with hearing loss, with cognitive deficit, left-handed ones or using neurological medication, were excluded. The following tests were performed: tonal audiometry, ABFW speech test, and a PowerPoint interactive production test, which was developed by the author for this study, with the purpose of comparing the minimal pairs in words. At the end, the acoustic analysis was conducted, by using the PRAAT program. The acoustic characteristics of stops related to total and relative duration of voice onset time were compared in the two groups and analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test, with a significance level lower than 0.05. Results: significant differences were observed in the duration of the voice onset time between the two groups, such as the increase in absolute voice onset time in the Deviation Group in voiced stops, and reduction in absolute onset time in voiceless stops. The relative voice onset time presented significant differences between the two groups only in voiceless stops. Conclusion: Brazilian Portuguese speakers with alteration in their sonority feature showed an acoustic pattern different from that of other speakers, regarding the voice onset time.

Bilingualism and speech recognition in silence and noise in adults.

To compare the ability to recognize sentences in silence and in noise in monolingual normal-hearing Brazilian Portuguese speakers, and bilingual speakers of Brazilian Portuguese and German, and bilingual speakers of Brazilian Portuguese and Italian, as well as to analyze the influence of age of second language acquisition on the performance of bilinguals. 87 normal-hearing individuals aged between 18 and 55 years participated of this research. They were categorized into: Control Group, composed by 30 monolingual Brazilian Portuguese speakers; German Research Group, 31 simultaneous bilingual native speakers of Portuguese and speakers of German as a second language and; Italian Research Group, consisting of 26 successive bilinguals, native speakers of Portuguese and speakers of Italian as a second language. The Sentence List Test in Brazilian Portuguese was used to measure their Sentence Recognition Thresholds in Silence and Noise. In silence, there were no statistically significant differences in performance when comparing the bilingual to the monolingual individuals, and when comparing the bilingual speakers among themselves. On the other hand, in noise, there was a significant difference between the bilingual groups and the monolingual one. However, there were no significant differences between the bilingual groups when their performance was compared. Bilingualism positively influenced the development of language and listening skills, which led the bilinguals to outperform in speech recognition in the presence of noise. Also, the period of a second language acquisition did not influence bilingual performance.

Perception of the glottal fricative /h/ in onset position by Brazilian learners of English as a foreign language

In this study, we departed from the assumption that Brazilian Portuguese (BP) speakers of English have the tendency to mispronounce the English retroflex /?/ as the glottal fricative /h/. With the use of a Picture Elicitation L1 Production Task, a Background Questionnaire and an L2 Transcription Perception Task, the following was investigated: (1) Participants’ L1 rhotic production variations in onset position, and possible Cross Linguistic Influence of these productions in their perception of the English glottal fricative /h/; and (2) Participants’ experience with the TL and its correlation with their perception of the English glottal fricative /h/. 13 learners participated in the pilot study and 15 in the experiment. All of them were BP learners of English in different learning levels, with ages ranging from 26 to 42 years old. The data obtained revealed that all of them produced L1 rhotics as glottal fricatives, and more than 70% of them transcribed the words beginning with <h> using <r>. Moreover, results showed that there is a positive correlation between experience with the L2 and correct perception of TL glottal fricative as a rhotic in onset position.

Morphosyntactic, prosodic, functional and distributional description of the information unit of Parenthesis in spoken Brazilian Portuguese

Resumo: Este tem por objetivo apresentar uma descrição preliminar da unidade informacional de Parentético (PAR), baseada no corpus C-ORAL-BRASIL (RASO; MELLO, 2012), representativo da fala informal da variedade mineira do português brasileiro, e embasada na Language into Act Theory (L-AcT; CRESTI, 2000). Foram pesquisadas as principais características prosódicas (duração, frequência fundamental, intensidade) e morfossintáticas (núcleos sintáticos, preenchedores mais frequentes), bem como características funcionais (metanarrativos, metalinguísticos e modais) e distribucionais (posição dentro do enunciado) desta específica unidade informacional. Nossos resultados sugerem que exista uma distinção funcional entre PAR curto vs. longo. Além disso, a unidade informacional de PAR parece, por vezes, carregar força ilocucionária.Palavras-chave: Fala espontânea. Parentético. Português brasileiro. C-ORAL-BRASIL.Abstract: This paper aims at presenting a preliminary description of the informational unit of Parenthesis (PAR), based on the corpus C-ORAL-BRASIL (RASO; MELLO, 2012), representative of the informal speech of the Minas Gerais’s variety of Brazilian Portuguese, and underpinned on the Language into Act Theory (L-AcT; CRESTI, 2000). The main prosodic (length, fundamental frequency and intensity) and morphosyntactic (head types and most frequent fillers) characteristics, as well as functional (metanarrative, metalinguistic, and modal) and distributional (position within the utterance) characteristics were surveyed for this specific information unit. Our results suggest that a distinction between short and long PAR exist. Also, the information unit of PAR seems at times to carry illocutionary force.Keywords: Spontaneous speech. Parenthesis. Brazilian Portuguese. C-ORAL-BRASIL.

Preliminary study about the rejection in the Brazilian and the Spanish cultures: external modifiers employed in email and private messages in Facebook

This study is part of a larger research project, aimed at analyzing and comparing rejections within a corpus of emails and private Facebook messages among three groups of informants: natives speakers of Peninsular Spanish, native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese and Brazilian students of Spanish as a foreign language. The partial results presented here correspond to the piloting data of the study, carried out with the informants of the first two groups. Specifically, we provide a taxonomy of external modifiers present in rejections with different degrees of imposition, relational power, and social distance. Likewise, we analyze the use of these modifiers by Brazilian and Spanish native informants.

COMBINAÇÃO DE MUITO COM SINTAGMAS NUS E DETERMINANTES: UMA CONTRIBUIÇÃO SEMÂNTICA AO PORTUGUÊS BRASILEIRO

Este artigo apresenta os resultados obtidos por meio da aplicação de um teste de julgamento de gramaticalidade realizado para analisar as hipóteses levantadas por Pires de Oliveira e Souza (2018). O teste verificou a combinação de ‘muito’ com nomes masculinos e femininos encabeçados ou não por um artigo definido. Os resultados apontam que sentenças estruturadas pela combinação de ‘muito’ somado a sintagma nu feminino e ‘muito’ somado a sintagma determinante feminino são sentenças igualmente mal avaliadas pelos falantes de português brasileiro. Ao passo que, como previsto pelos autores, a combinação de ‘muito’ com um sintagma determinante masculino ou feminino é avaliada como marcada ou agramatical pelos participantes do teste. Entretanto, ao contrário da expectativa dos autores, a combinação de ‘muito’ com um sintagma nu feminino também teve avaliação negativa. Finalmente, como esperado, a combinação de ‘muito’ com um sintagma nu masculino é avaliada como uma sentença boa pelos falantes. Entendemos que a avaliação negativa de sentenças com determinante se deve a uma má formação semântica, ao passo que com o nu feminino a má formação é sintática.

Comparison of plosive sounds in monolingual and bilingual children, using the voice onset time acoustic parameter: cases report

ABSTRACT The purpose was to compare differences in production of plosive phonemes through the voice onset time (VOT) measurement in the speech of monolingual children, speakers of Brazilian Portuguese and bilingual children, speakers of both Brazilian Portuguese and English. The sample consisted of three monolingual children and three bilingual children; average age was 7 years. A speech emission was recorded for the investigation, which had the following vehicle phrase: “Diga ‘papa’ baixinho” (“Say ‘papa’ quietly”). Papa was then replaced by “baba”, “tata”, “dada”, “caca” and “gaga”. The measurements of the acoustic signals were performed through broadband spectrograms, and VOT was descriptively analyzed for the non-voiced sounds [p, t, k] and voiced [b, d, g] plosive sounds. Monolingual children presented higher average VOT values for [p, t, k] compared to bilingual children. For the [b, d, g] sounds, monolingual children had lower average VOT values, as compared to bilingual children. It was concluded that in the comparison of VOT measures of the speech samples, the monolingual children of Brazilian Portuguese presented higher values for the non voiced ones and lower for the voiced ones in relation to the bilingual children speakers of Brazilian Portuguese and English.

A aceitabilidade do singular nu pré-verbal em Português Brasileiro

Nossa pesquisa investiga o julgamento de falantes nativos de Português Brasileiro (PB) com relação ao singular nu pré-verbal, dada a proposta de que a aceitabilidade de construções com esse nominal pode melhorar diante de fatores pragmáticos tais como o foco contrastivo. Em uma Tarefa de Julgamento de Aceitabilidade, falantes nativos de PB julgaram sentenças: i) genéricas; ii) com predicados-de-espécie; iii) com predicados-de-estágio. Nossos resultados sugerem que a presença do foco contrastivo pode interferir na aceitabilidade de construções com o singular nu pré-verbal, e que construções com predicados-de-espécie são gramaticais na língua. As sentenças com predicados-de-estágio apresentaram taxas baixas de aceitação.

O processo de aquisição da lateral alveolar por gêmeos dizigóticos

Diversos estudos verificaram que a aquisição da linguagem por gêmeos ocorre de forma mais lenta do que por crianças não gêmeas (LURIA; YUDOVITCH, 1985; ZAZZO, 1978; RUTTER et al., 2003; RICE et al., 2014). Considerando-se tal constatação, este estudo descreve e analisa a aquisição da lateral alveolar por gêmeos dizigóticos, falantes monolíngues do português brasileiro (PB), a fim de verificar se ocorre atraso ou desvio nesse processo. Assim sendo, as tentativas de produções de /l/ em onset simples, realizadas pelos irmãos nas idades de 1:4 (um ano e quatro meses) a 4:0 (quatro anos), foram analisadas, atentando para os trajetos percorridos pelos sujeitos, sobretudo no que se refere às estratégias de reparo empregadas e à faixa etária em que adquiriram a lateral alveolar. De posse do percurso dos irmãos rumo à aquisição de /l/, os seus desempenhos foram comparados com os verificados na literatura e observou-se que os infantes apresentaram menos produções adequadas e, portanto, mais estratégias de reparo, principalmente no período entre 1:8 e 2:7. A partir de 2:8, no entanto, os irmãos manifestaram desempenhos semelhantes aos demonstrados na literatura, adquirindo a lateral alveolar dentro do que os estudos previram. Em linhas gerais, este estudo concluiu que os gêmeos não apresentaram atraso na aquisição da lateral alveolar. Observaram-se mais empregos de estratégias de reparo do que a adequada produção de /l/ nas faixas etárias iniciais. Apesar disso, as crianças equipararam-se com os dados da literatura, adquirindo /l/ entre 2:8 e 2:11.

Educação continuada no acervo TERMISUL: um estudo da linguagem científica baseado em corpus e sua aplicação à disciplina de versão para o francês

Neste trabalho, descrevemos um projeto de educação continuada destinado ao acadêmico de Letras, falante de português brasileiro, e sua aplicação à disciplina de versão (tradução inversa) para o francês. Esse projeto prevê uma etapa de pesquisa, em que investigamos a linguagem científica com base no estudo de gêneros discursivos e em procedimentos da Linguística de Corpus, e uma etapa de didatização do material e das atividades investigativas para fins de aplicação. A pesquisa, centrada inicialmente no resumo científico, apoia-se em um estudo comparativo nas línguas que vai da análise textual à análise linguística com ferramenta de análise automática dos corpora. Cada um desses estudos dá lugar a um objeto de aprendizagem, organizado em sequências de atividades disponibilizadas online. Tais atividades proporcionam ao estudante uma experiência de aprendizagem pela pesquisa e contribuem, ao mesmo tempo, para o enriquecimento dos dados da mesma. Quanto aos resultados didáticos, percebe-se, por um lado, um ganho de autonomia do estudante relativo à aprendizagem linguística e, por outro, o desenvolvimento de uma visão crítica sobre a produção de seus próprios textos, duas subcompetências essenciais para a aquisição da competência tradutória.

Effect of proficiency on perception of English nasal stops by native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese

Brazilian Portuguese (BP) does not contrast /m/ and /n/ in coda position, leading to perceptual difficulties with minimal pairs like lime/line in L2 English. This study examined the effect of acoustic-phonetic and semantic enhancements on word recognition in noise for native English (n = 26) and L1 BP/L2 English (n = 21) listeners. They heard 120 high- and low-predictability sentences produced in clear and conversational speaking styles and mixed with speech-shaped noise. They typed the last word ending in either /m/ or /n/. The L2 listeners were separated into high- and low-proficiency (HP and LP) groups based on the perceived accentedness ratings of speech samples they provided. The results showed that native listeners benefited more from semantic than acoustic-phonetic enhancements alone, and the accuracy was highest when both enhancements were combined. The HP L2 listeners recognized more target words overall than the LP group, and their benefit from semantic over acoustic-phonetic enhancements mirrored that of the native listeners. In contrast, LP listeners could not utilize the higher-level semantic information to the same degree in the absence of signal clarity. These findings show that L2 listeners benefited from acoustic-phonetic, semantic, and combined enhancements when recognizing /m/-/n/ coda pairs, but this effect was mediated by proficiency.

Semantic priming effects and lexical access in English as L3

We report an experiment using a picture-naming task within the masked priming paradigm to examine lexical access in English as a third language. Participants were assigned to one of three groups: a control group, consisting of native speakers of English, and two experimental groups, one consisting of speakers of English as L2 and the other consisting of speakers of German as L2 and English as L3. Participants of the two experimental groups were native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese. All participants performed a picture-naming task in English in which pictures were preceded by a masked prime word in the target language (English), in the native language (Brazilian Portuguese) or in the second language (German). The results indicate some interference from the participants’ second language in the production of their third language (English), favoring the view that lexical access of multilinguals is qualitatively different from that of bilinguals and monolinguals.---Article in English. ---DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2018n46a1133

Semantic priming effects and lexical access in English as L3

We report an experiment using a picture-naming task within the masked priming paradigm to examine lexical access in English as a third language. Participants were assigned to one of three groups: a control group, consisting of native speakers of English, and two experimental groups, one consisting of speakers of English as L2 and the other consisting of speakers of German as L2 and English as L3. Participants of the two experimental groups were native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese. All participants performed a picture-naming task in English in which pictures were preceded by a masked prime word in the target language (English), in the native language (Brazilian Portuguese) or in the second language (German). The results indicate some interference from the participants’ second language in the production of their third language (English), favoring the view that lexical access of multilinguals is qualitatively different from that of bilinguals and monolinguals.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Efeitos de priming semântico e acesso lexical em inglês como L3Reporta-se, neste artigo, os resultados de um experimento que investigou o acesso lexical em inglês como terceira língua por meio de uma tarefa de nomeação de figuras no paradigma de priming mascarado. Os participantes foram organizados em três grupos: um grupo controle, formado por falantes nativos de inglês, e dois grupos experimentais, sendo um formado por falantes de inglês como L2 e o outro, por falantes de inglês como L2 e de alemão como L3. Todos os participantes desempenharam uma tarefa de nomeação de figuras em que estas eram precedidas por palavras prime em inglês (a língua alvo), português brasileiro (a língua nativa), ou alemão (a segunda língua). Os resultados indicam alguma interferência da segunda língua desses participantes na produção da terceira língua e favorecem a visão de que o acesso lexical de multilíngues é qualitativamente diferente daquele de bilíngues e monolíngues.---Artigo em inglês.