Soviet Times Research Articles

THE NEWEST HISTORIOGRAPHY OF YEKATERINBURG-SVERDLOVSK: TO THE 300TH ANNIVERSARY OF ITS FOUNDATION

The article summarizes the results of the study in the literature of the XXI century of the history of Yekaterinburg-Sverdlovsk, celebrating its 300th anniversary in 2023. It is concluded that the modern period of studying the history of the city is qualitatively different from the previous historiographical tradition. The main difference is that in Soviet times and in the first post-Soviet decade, history was studied within the framework of a single dominant ideology.As a result of the emergence of new theoretical paradigms in the 21st century, the history of Yekaterinburg-Sverdlovsk is studied from the positions of various theoretical approaches. Following various scientific paradigms affects the problems of scientific research on the history of the city. The modern period of the study of history is distinguished by a variety of genres of research. There are scientific and popular studies designed for various categories of readers. Among the scientific research there are generalizing works on the history of the city; works devoted to various stages of its history; problem studies. The study of the history of the city is conducted in an interdisciplinary manner, historians, political scientists, cultural scientists, philologists, specialists in the field of urban studies make a great contribution to scientific study.

ОБРАЗ ПЕТЕРБУРГА В ПРОЗЕ М.М. ПРИШВИНА И Н.Н. ТОЛСТОЙ

The article discusses epic works of a small genre dedicated to the image of St. Petersburg (in Soviet times Leningrad) and created by M.M. Prishvin and N.N. Tolstaya. The basis of the comparative analysis is the traditions of the depiction of this significant city for the national history by Russian writers and poets.

CURRENT STATUS AND PROPOSALS REGARDING THE PROTECTION OF THE CIVILIAN POPULATION

The Code of Civil Protection of Ukraine is the main legislative document regulating measures for the protection of civilians. A number of normative documents were created to protect the population from the action of conventional means of destruction, air shock wave, in accordance with the requirements of the legislation. The current legislation and building codes on technical measures of civil protection did not provide for the realities of war, did not take into account the needs of people with limited mobility. For the second year, the war continues, people are dying, and the leadership of the State Emergency Service sees no problems in protecting civilians and has no desire to change the existing imperfect civil protection system. The overwhelming number of current shelters and anti-radiation shelters was built in Soviet times and according to Soviet standards. Today, buildings meet the requirements of the mid-20th century for protective properties, but do not at all meet the modern requirements and realities of war. In particular, the estimated capacity of storages and anti-radiation shelters does not correspond to the anthropological parameters of modern man, including the less mobile population groups. An analysis of the regulatory documentation of the countries of the world showed that the capacity indicators specified in the standards are most likely an error that occurred several decades ago and has been repeated during this time. We analyzed the possibility of using shelters facilities in accordance with the planning of benches and beds according to the recommendations of the State Emergency Service. We proposed the necessary parameters or placing for placing rows of benches and beds in shelters and anti-radiation shelters. The given examples show that using existing shelters cannot be acceptable according to the State Emergency Services standards and recommendations.However, after carrying out a set of measures for the reconstruction and refurbishment of these buildings, these premises can be used as temporary structures to protect the population.

Administrative Law: from state administration to human-centeredness

The dynamism of the legislation on which administrative law is based makes it extremely sensitive to all social changes, in particular to changes related to the direct interaction of the state and society, both positive and negative. The author draws attention to the fact that during Soviet time, administrative law became a powerful tool for influencing the consciousness of citizens, and, due to the replacement of the concept of administrative law and its basic categories, the Soviet authorities managed to transform administrative law into the system of imperative prescriptions and prohibitions. In addition, the author emphasizes that precisely because of this, administrative law was left without basic categories as such - without its own subject, purpose, and even principles.The article shows why precisely at this stage of the development of our state, we cannot and should no longer refer to the category “state administration” and use it both in legislation and in everyday life.It was noted that the main part of the legal relations, which today make up the content of administrative law, are not administrative in nature, and therefore administrative law itself can no longer be called “administrative” and “imperative”.The author emphasizes that administrative law today remains an extremely important and fundamental branch of law, which needs to be updated through the transition from the above-mentioned state administration to public administration through the transition from the concept of statecenteredness to human-centeredness.After all, it is the concept of humancenteredness, in contrast to state-centerednessthat recognizes a person, his life and health, honor and dignity as the highest social value, and his rights and freedoms determine the content and direction of the state’s activities, as required by the Basic Law of the State.

НАУКА ТЕОРИИ ГОСУДАРСТВА И ПРАВА В РОССИИ: ИСТОРИЯ И СОВРЕМЕННОСТЬ

The article analyzes the methodological problems of fundamental jurisprudence. The evolution of thebackbone legal science — the theory of state and law is shown. Its prototype was the encyclopedia of legalsciences, representing in a compressed form the entire body of knowledge about law. In Russia, a full legalencyclopedia appears in the 30s of the XIX century. However, domestic science did not follow the path ofencyclopedism — Russian lawyers focused their attention on understanding concepts and creating legalconcepts. The Encyclopedia of Law actually merged with its general theory. In Soviet times, the problemsof the theory of state and law and the philosophy of law were not separated either methodologically or incontent. During this period, the science of the theory of state and law was an inseparable material on issuesof jurisprudence: the theory of state and law, the history of political and legal doctrines, the philosophy oflaw, the sociology of law, and constitutional law (Soviet state law). At the turn of the 20th-21st centuries,significant changes took place in Russian jurisprudence that influenced the methodology of cognition of law.If for the Soviet legal science there was the only true Marxist-Leninist methodology for the study of state andlaw, then in the conditions of the de-ideologization of social sciences, the authors defend the pluralism oflegal understanding. Modern scientific literature states that the methods of cognition used by legal schools can be different and even mutually exclusive. It is recognized that the methodology sets the point of viewfrom which the researcher evaluates the law, and since these methods are poorly compatible, different viewson the essence of law and the state become an objective reality. A consequence of the pluralistic approachto the study of social phenomena was the need to distinguish between related sciences of the historical andtheoretical cycle.

Essence, classification and functions of social services in Ukraine

Formulation of the problem. The extensive social policy of Ukraine, inherited from Soviet times, in particular due to the manifestation of the state’s concern for its citizens by providing a large number of benefits, subsidies and social advantages without taking into account the financial capabilities of the budget, poses a threat to the economic stability of Ukraine. This is especially evident now, when the military aggression of the russian federation against Ukraine caused additional large-scale challenges to the system of social protection and social security of the population. Citizens have found themselves in difficult life circumstances and unable to partially or fully provide for themselves and their family members, which has caused and continues to cause irreparable damage to the social security of Ukraine. All these and other arguments determine the need to review the components of the current social system to ensure opportunities for a person to live a full and independent life. Analysis of recent research and publications. Social services are seen throughout the world as a necessary function of society and a mechanism by which governments can address societal problems. The study of the essence of the term “social service” in the international context shows that its interpretation in a specific country is determined by its history, cultural features, political system and level of economic development. The results of the study of the essence of this concept in the scientific works of Ukrainian scientists testify to the consideration of social services as activities or actions organized by relevant institutions for the benefit of an individual or a family, the ultimate goal of which is the opportunity to lead a full, dignified life. Presenting main material. The article analyses the Law of Ukraine “On Social Services”, defines the essence of the concept of “social service”, and classifies social services in accordance with legislative and regulatory documents. It is proposed to supplement the existing classification with a sign of individual needs of recipients of these services. The functions of social services are defined, which should warn, mitigate or protect a person from the consequences of negative social phenomena. The proposed functions make it possible to: study the reasons preventing the achievement of the desired level of social security or stability of individuals and families; determine the factors that contribute to the successful removal of these individuals or families from crisis situations. The definition of “social service” is formulated based on the results of the research. Conclusions. The purpose of providing social services is to improve the quality of human life, resist demographic changes, increase the level of social protection, help reduce poverty, and overcome discrimination in all its forms. The guarantee and prerequisite for the establishment of an effective institutional system of providing social services is the adequate establishment of their essence, classification and definition of the functions they must perform in the system of social protection and social security of the population.

The contribution of Priest Pavel Florensky to the idea of the renewal of the Church as a historical perspective

At the beginning of the twentieth century in the midst of the Russian Orthodox Church, a movement was most clearly manifested, which set the goal of renewal at all levels of church life. On the one hand, public discussion and the idea of renewal of the Church took shape as a movement towards the return of the canonical church system, which was subsequently embodied in the holding of the Local Council of the Russian Church in 1917–1918, on the other hand, especially among the intelligentsia – “new religious thinking”. According to the conclusions obtained as a result of the analysis of the work of the priest Pavel Florensky, we can assert that by taking the dignity and participating in the philosophical and religious understanding of the church heritage through modern scientific philosophical analysis, through positivism and neo-Kantianism, he paved the way for the return of intellectuals to the “thinking and spiritualized Church”. On the basis of the research material, the author proves that the “thinking” Church has become an authority for many neophytes who came or returned to it in Soviet times.

Stages of formation of legislation on notary activity in Russia

The article examines the process of origin and development of notary activity in the Russian state in pre-revolutionary and Soviet times. The authors analysed the normative legal acts regulating notary activity at different stages of its formation. It is noted that the rise of the notary was due to the development of civil law relations in the Russian state. The analysis of the sources of legal regulation made it possible to carry out the notarial activity legislation formation periodisation. The authors identified ten stages of its formation – from the publication of the first acts reflecting the emergence of certain prerequisites for the emergence of a notary, to the adoption of acts that accompanied its establishment and intensive development. The authors point to the instability of the legal regulation of notary activity in the Soviet era – repeatedly, periods of improvement of the institute of notary were replaced by its regressive transformations. The paper notes that the Soviet government did repeatedly attempt to liquidate the institute of notaries; however, the notarial activity development historical analysis led to the conclusion that the normal functioning of civil law turnover is impossible without notary bodies, thus the need for the development of notaries at the present stage is indicated.

ORGANIZATION OF COLLECTION WORK IN THE VOLYN MUSEUM OF LOCAL LORE (1991 – 2021)

The article is devoted to an overview of the organization of collection work in the Volyn Museum of Local Lore (Lutsk) as one of the main activities of the institution during the historical period of its work from 1991 – 2021. These 30 years saw the formation of Ukrainian statehood and all its spheres, including the museum sector. The article aims to analyze in detail the process of organizing the attribution, acceptance, and storage of museum objects in the Volyn Museum of Local Lore collections to study the accompanying documentation and the peculiarities of its implementation. Based on the study of state-level regulations and internal museum documentation, it was found that, in general, Ukrainian museums have a unified accounting of museum objects. Only some nuances differ due to the museum institution's structure and the museum collection's peculiarities. The article summarizes the information on the process of receiving, describing, attributing, and registering museum objects by the collections department and their classification into storage groups. The peculiarities of accounting for objects in different departments and branches of the Volyn Museum of Local Lore are highlighted. Considerable attention is paid to the museum documentation accompanying the registration of museum objects and the peculiarities of its maintenance and storage of the museum collection. The article analyzes the division of the museum collection into storage groups formed under the peculiarities of the museum collections. The question of the expediency of the existing division into storage groups, which has existed since Soviet times, remains under discussion. Special attention is paid to the group "RA" – religion, atheism, the name and content of which is a Soviet cliche that must be reformed and renamed. It is concluded that, generally, the process of organizing the collection work in the Volyn Museum of Local Lore, although in many respects preserving Soviet traditions, has been somewhat reformed since 1991. The organization of museum accounting is entirely based on the current Ukrainian legislation in the field of culture and internal museum administrative documentation. It is appropriate to analyze the process of organizing collection work in the Volyn region on the example of the Volyn Museum of Local Lore, as it is the leading museum institution in the region that provides methodological support to other museums.

Переклад і переспів як форми міжлітературної взаємодії (на матеріалі українськомовного перевтілення балад Р. Бернза)

The concept of artistic translation, and the criteria for its requirements, are constantly evolving: what used to be considered a translation, now, based on a vastly expanded range of forms of inter-artistic interaction and intertextuality, qualifies translation, as a rehash process, as imitation, motifs’ creation, stylisation, adaptation, transplantation, borrowing, processing, citation, figurative analogy, reminiscence. Mixing them sometimes leads to arbitrary interpretations of the translation freedom degree. Ideally, the translator should know perfectly, in addition to his native language, the language and culture of the people whose literature they are working on to be congenial to the author of the original to create not only in a rational but also in an emotional register, with complete spiritual dedication. Such was the master of Ukrainian translation Mykola Lukash, who could perfectly harmonise antinomies of spirit/letter, content/form, and more. Entirely original are his transformations of Robert Burn’s ballads. The author compares the versions of the interpretation of R. Burn’s ballad “My Heart’s in the Highlands” by P. Grabovsky, V. Mysyk, S. Karavanskyi, V. Chernyshenko, M. Lukash, and concludes that the freest and melodic one is the rehash attempt by M. Lukash. This is probably the most related to folk motifs variation on the famous work of Robert Burns. The ballad “The Lass that Made the Bed for Me” is the most popular in today’s media space. Ever since the Soviet times, the translation of this ballad, made by Samuel Marshak, is still considered a classic one in the trade of translation, where both the substantive and formal parameters of the original are pretty accurately reproduced. While interpreting this ballad, Mykola Lukash also gives another name – “Adventure” – and chooses not to translate but to rehash it, without distorting the spirit of the original and, at the same time, adapting it to the mental spirit of the target audience. A masterpiece by Robert Burns, retaining the plot twists and psychological nuances Lukash re-chanted it not in the original’s lyrical size, but on the motif of the Ukrainian folk song “Oh, a girl went to pick up mushrooms” [Oѳj divchyѳ na poѳ hrybyѳ khodyѳ la]. This is evidenced not only by the rhythmic-melodic coherence but also by the lexical matches.

В.К. Арсеньев о самоуправлении коренных народов российского Дальнего Востока

The article is devoted to the issues of self-government of indigenous peoples, which were dealt with by the famous traveler Vladimir Klavdievich Arseniev (1872, St. Petersburg — 1930, Vladivostok). In part, these ideas first appeared on the pages of his complex expeditions (1906–1910). As a commissioner for foreign affairs of the Provisional Government, he completely immersed himself in this problem (1917). In Soviet times, the scientist continued to deal with these issues. Unfortunately, almost none of Arseniev’s recommendations were implemented. The main reason for this was the tsarist and Soviet bureaucracy. Globalization and the assimilation problems associated with it are complex issues in the Russian Far East. It is especially important to remember this in the year of the 150th anniversary of the birth of V.K. Arseniev. The article based the book and archival collection of the scientist, stored in the Society for the Study of the Amur Territory (OIAK) in Vladivostok.

Novosibirsk Samizdat of the 1980s — early 1990s: Oleg Volov and the "Blumkin Shelter" Partnership

The object of the study is the Novosibirsk samizdat of the 1980s - early 1990s, the subject is the socio–cultural ties underlying its creation and distribution. The aim of the work is to present a picture of the existence of the Novosibirsk samizdat of the late Soviet period on the example of the local art community and its involvement in the cultural context of the region. Special attention is paid to the interrelationships between various artistic, literary and musical circles operating in the general field of unofficial culture of the late Soviet era and the first post-Soviet years. The study is not limited to Novosibirsk, it also analyzes the precedent of a large number of republications between independent publications in Novosibirsk and Kostroma. At the center of the study is the figure of the leader of the cultural community (kulturtrager), around whom creative forces unite. The study used comparative historical, source studies, textual methods, the method of content analysis, as well as general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis. The work introduces for the first time into scientific circulation a wide range of sources related to the history of Novosibirsk samizdat and the field in which it was distributed, describes the mutual influences of various local communities of Novosibirsk, which were based on informal publishing practices. The article considers in detail the samizdat magazine "Zelen'", which appeared at the turn of the 1980s - 1990s and is an example of late Soviet samizdat, the traditions of which were preserved in the regional book culture throughout the 1990s. The data given in the article will further serve to recreate the real cultural landscape of Novosibirsk of late Soviet and post-Soviet times with an emphasis on the informal sector of book culture.

“Communism Happened!”

Abstract Nostalgia for the Soviet figures prominently in public imaginaries. Such nostalgia has been viewed as subverting and critiquing the post-Socialist neoliberal order. Others have suggested that “nostalgia” is a poor vocabulary for talking about post-Soviet affect. Ethnographic attention to nostalgia reveals a multiplicity of nostalgic registers. I argue that Soviet nostalgias can be roughly divided into lyrical, heroic, and practical. Lyrical nostalgia is for the Soviet time but without the corresponding ideological purchase. Heroic nostalgia pines for overcoming the difficulties associated with the Soviet period and its mission of constructing Communism. Practical nostalgia would like to restore the good associated with the Socialist period. Heroic nostalgia does not seem to be easily enlisted for restorative projects, and lyrical nostalgia is largely apolitical. Practical nostalgia, however, is deeply rooted in the conviction that the Soviet order of things was superior to the capitalistic order.

Predstaviteli sovetskoj nauchnoj shkoly ugolovnogo prava o kvalifikacii prestuplenij

The article names the “giants” who contributed to the science of Soviet criminal law on only one problem the problem of qualification of crimes, their brief biographic data, main works are given, and it is concluded that the Soviet school of criminal law, although it was not formalized in Soviet times, as it is done now, but, nevertheless, de facto it was a real scientific school of criminal law and the works written by representatives of this school are still in demand.

Putting Russia's Ban in Historical Perspective: A Curated Interview

Putting Russia's Ban in Historical Perspective: A Curated Interview

Монах-художник иеродиакон Афоний (Вишняков): материалы к жизнеописанию

85 years ago, on March 17, 1938, on the territory of the Butovo special zone of the NKVD, a large group of christians was shot - 11 people from a secret monastic community that existed in the city of Sergiev Posad (since 1930 - Zagorsk) in the 20-30s. XX century. One of them was Hierodeacon Afoniy (in the world - Vishnyakov Alexander Egorovich, 1870-1938), an artist, a master of lacquer painting, who played an important role in the preservation and development of the traditions of folk lacquer painting in Soviet times. He came from a family of peasant painters, the creators of the Zhostovo tray craft. From 1892 he was a monk, later a hierodeacon of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, and for some time a subdeacon of St. Patriarch Tikhon. An active participant in the secret monastic life in the city of Sergiev Posad (since 1930, Zagorsk) in the 20s - mid-30s. XX century. The article makes an attempt on the basis of newly studied documents, primarily the archival and investigative case of a group of believers, in which Fr. Afoniy, and documents of personal origin show the circumstances of the life path, arrest and execution of an outstanding monk-artist. A significant part of the documents is introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

Discussion about the article by Busygin A.E. «Russian state educational policy: in what degree it corresponds to the formation of new social reality?»

The article presents a discussion about the article by Doctor of Economics, professor Andrei Evgenievich Busygin on the problem of the evolution of higher education in Russia since Soviet times, organized by the editorial board of the journal. In connection with the possible turn of the Russian higher education system from the Bologna process to the more familiar Soviet system, it is important to think over and evaluate the possible risks, pros and cons with a historical digression into this problem. Now the topic of the development of the higher education system is relevant and in demand, it is especially acute for the younger generation and representatives of higher education

Financial and Structural Prospects of Local Government Reform in Russia

The reform of local self-government (LSG), which started over 30 years ago, has not been completed at the moment, and the regulatory and legislative activities of Russian deputies to bring legislation into line with the new version of the country's Constitution are in progress. From the point of view of the impact on the state of local self-government, it is important to consider the impact of constitutional amendments regarding the exclusion of the mandatory settlement basis of the organization of local self-government on the prospective structure of the LSG; and also to assess the potential financial implications for municipal budgets and local self-government in general of the idea of embedding local self-government at the third level in the system of public authority. It is shown that the issue of the structure of the LSG and the economic feasibility of the consolidation of municipalities remains poorly developed. The paradox is that the need to assess the progress and results of the merger of municipalities not only with qualitative arguments, but also with quantitative calculations, is generally recognized, but there is currently no quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of the merger of municipalities in Russia, as in most foreign countries. The analysis of the reform transformations of the LSG and the improvement of regulatory and legislative acts regarding the regulation of the LSG of Russia has shown that local self-government, formally remaining an institution of public authority, in practice turns into “public administration within municipal borders”, known since Soviet times. The situation is complicated by the denunciation of the European Charter of Local Self-Government, implemented by the State Duma on the proposal of President Vladimir Putin in February 2023. The scientific novelty of the work consists in substantiating theoretical and practice-oriented proposals for improving the structural and financial components of the reform.

Governor’s Award for the books about Irgiredmet

The Irkutsk Research Institute of Precious and Rare Metals and Diamonds (Irgiredmet) has a 150-year history. The Institute changed its name several times, was under different departments, and was classified as secret. Its main activity is research and development, comprehensive scientific and technical assessment and development of mineral deposits, design, construction and reconstruction of metallurgical enterprises. The building of Irgiredmet is located in the central part of Irkutsk on the Embankment of the Angara River. Initially, the Irkutsk gold-alloy laboratory was located on this site. In Soviet times, a monumental building was built for Irgiredmet. Designed by architect D. M. Goldstein and engineer M. F. Anikin, it is one of the main buildings in the central part of Irkutsk.

I.N. Kuznetsov: "The sphere of management is a noble, lively, human activity..."

The subject of the study is the process of formation of management education in Soviet times. The search for new solutions in production management in the conditions of post-war reconstruction and adaptation of industry to the conditions of NTR. Development of the fundamentals of domestic management science, introduction of automated control systems at industrial enterprises of the Soviet Union. Solving problems related to new industries and training qualified personnel for all sectors of the national economy. The creation of the first textbooks and manuals on management, the organization of research laboratories at enterprises, the creation of a Research Laboratory (NIL MGSNH) and the opening of the first information and computing center in the USSR at the Ordzhonikidze Moscow Institute of Engineering and Economics. The object of the research is the contribution of Igor Nikolaevich Kuznetsov to the development of the foundations of managerial education in the conditions of the socialist economic system and the scientific and technical revolution. His work is in the field of scientific organization of production management, evaluation of efficiency at enterprises of different industrial purposes, improvement of the internal structure of the enterprise, development of theoretical problems of management of socialist industrial production and in the field of research of patterns of economic development of socialist industrial enterprises. The basic principles of the introduction and operation of automated control systems are considered separately, the practice of improving the training of personnel in the field of industrial production management is shown by connecting industry enterprises and universities on a research basis.