Socio-economic Sphere Research Articles

Pharmacoeconomic aspects of hospital treatment of facial fractures - cost of illness study based on data from Balkan country with recent history of social and economic transition

Background/purpose: The incidence of facial fractures has a tendency to rise, which positively correlates with increasing total costs of treating this medical condition. The aim of this study was to identify the total costs of the hospital treatment of facial fractures and to analyze its main determinants. Materials and methods: This retrospective "cost-of-illness" study "from bottom to the top" approach was performed from the perspective of the Republic Health Insurance Fund. This study included 46 patients who were treated due to facial fractures at the Clinic for Maxillofacial Surgery at the Clinical Center Kragujevac in the period from the beginning of December 2017. to January 31, 2019. Results: The total costs of hospital treatment of all types of treated fractures amounted to 20,214.30€, and the average total cost per patient was estimated at 439.44±299.53€. The costs related to the length of hospitalization represented the largest part of the total direct costs, with a contribution of 31% and with a value of 6,329.30±80.18 €. Conclusions: Results of this pilot study pointed out that the total costs of treating facial fractures in the socio-economic sphere of Balkan countries are lower than in other health care systems, mostly due to differences in valuing medical services compared to countries within the European Union. Due to the rising incidence of injuries and obligatory hospital treatment of these conditions, this kind of pharmacoeconomic evaluation could contribute to the introduction of new therapeutic strategies for adequate allocation of resources within health systems.

System of Admission of Students to Institutions of Secondary Education in Orenburg in Second Half of 19th — Early 20th Centuries

The authors make an attempt to trace the requirements for the level of training of children entering secondary educational institutions in the city of Orenburg in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries. As educational institutions, institutions subordinate to various departments were chosen — the Ministry of Public Education, the Department of Institutions of Empress Maria, and the military department. The purpose of the undertaken study is to analyze the degree of intellectual and general development of children of the privileged and urban classes who are preparing to study in secondary school. Based on numerous published and unpublished sources (regulatory legal acts, narratives, statistical materials, archival office documents, etc.), the authors study the skills and abilities necessary for first graders. As a result, the researchers come to the conclusion that the requirements for applicants are quite high. Compared to modern first-graders, children entering secondary education institutions had to not only be able to read, write and count, but also demonstrate broad awareness of the world order around them, know at least one foreign language. In addition, an important role was assigned to the knowledge of the Law of God, which was an indispensable component of school education. Significantly increased, in comparison with the pre-reform era, the requirements for applicants were the result of global transformations that took place in the socio-economic sphere of the Russian state under the influence of the Great Reforms of Alexander II.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE ACTIVITY OF A HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION IN THE CONDITIONS OF CRISIS PHENOMENA: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECT

The article highlights the interrelationship of financing the activities of a higher educational institution during political, military, economic or socio-cultural crises and the possible ways of optimizing the socio-economic sphere of management, which will allow, despite various crises, to continue working and have stable financial and economic indicators. Within the framework of the study, the interpretation of the definitions "socio-economic development", "educational management", "crisis phenomenon", "digital educational environment" was analysed, and it was established that the managerial activity of a head of a higher educational institution can be divided into five elements. The author determined that for socio-economic development in the conditions of crisis phenomena of the institution of higher education, it is necessary to intensify the provision of additional paid services in order to obtain additional profit, to introduce secondary processing of raw materials, administrative processes of economic management in the digital educational environment of the educational institution, to improve the organizational management of individual areas of activity, attract investments for development of the university space, make changes to the accounting policy, rationally use resources and bring objects into compliance with European infrastructure security conditions.

Под сенью королей

The article is devoted to the problem of the relationship between monarchy and democracy, the question of whether the monarchical form of government is able to adapt to modern realities and how compatible it is with democracy. This problem is not well understood, and no new political theory has been developed on it since Walter Bagehot published his classic work “The English Constitution” about the British system of government in 1867. The phenomenon of the “northern kingdoms” is investigated, which lies in the fact that the kingdoms of Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden have earned advanced positions in socio-economic development and evolution of democratic institutions and are at the top of the modern states’ development ratings. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that the leading positions of the northern monarchies in the evolvement of the political, and as a result, the socio-economic sphere are largely due to the high level of unity of the nation, in which the form of government of these states, the democratic constitutional monarchy, plays a decisive role. To confirm this research hypothesis, the work of Phillip Manow “In the Kings’ Shadow” is used. This work suggests a possible explanation of this phenomenon providing historical and political analysis of the transition of the nation’s political representation from the King to the parliament when moving from absolute monarchy to democracy. In constitutional monarchies, the monarch preserves in symbolical and representational form the concept of national cohesion and the nation’s common will removing it from the competitive field of politics, therefore, monoethnic northern kingdoms have a high level of solidarity and national unity “in the shadow of the king”. This significantly affects coherence and efficiency of the system of public authority and public institutions. Moreover, in constitutional monarchies, the Crown symbolizes and represents historical continuity, cultural and ethnic traditions and norms of behavior; representatives of monarchial dynasties can serve as more adequate role models than elected politicians.

Theoretical foundations of students’ preparation for professional activity in higher educational institutions

The purpose of the article is to improve the quality and efficiency of education in the world, to pay special attention to the widespread use of pedagogical approaches in the processes of supporting students’ education, rapid changes in the socio-economic sphere, to eliminate the problems of improving the education system, and at the same time to identify the possibilities of using innovative technologies in education. The issues of forming the necessary professional competencies on the basis of building an innovative model of technological processes for training future personnel and improving the content as a result of applying didactic, experimental, model, didactic, methodological, and socio-psychological approaches were discussed.

ЗООНОЗНЫЕ БОЛЕЗНИ В ВОПРОСЕ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ, ИХ МОНИТОРИНГ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА

The article deals with the current problem of a number of zoonotic diseases, such as vector-borne diseases and hemorrhagic fevers, bird flu, plague and a number of others. The data on the most urgent and widespread diseases to date are presented. Shown are their importance in the socio-economic sphere, the main approaches to the prevention and elimination of a number of diseases both among animals and among the population.

Socio-economic digitalisation development in the Volga federal district regions of Russia

Competent and effective management of the processes of digitalisation of socio-economic development of regions requires the development of system-integrated monitoring methods designed to track key spheres of social life. The assessment of the level of digital transformation of territories is the main means of this monitoring. This article proposes the author's methodology for calculating the integral index of the level of digitalisation of socio-economic development of the subjects of the Russian Federation. The object of the study is the process of digitalisation of the Volga Federal District of the Russian Federation. The proposed methodology can be applied to annual monitoring of digitalisation of Russian regions in three key areas. The findings allow us to assess the degree of progress and changes in the digitalisation of the regions over certain periods of time. This methodology can serve as an important tool for identifying achievements and shortcomings in the development of digital technologies in the socio-economic sphere.

Спекуляция аннулированными белогвардейскими деньгами: омский казус 1920 г.

This article analyzes an incident of speculation on withdrawn White Guard banknotes that took place in Omsk in the first months of the Soviet power restoration. It is of interest both from the standpoint of the history of finance and currency and from that of the history of law and urban everyday life. Illegal actions suppressed in 1920 by the Soviet police are spiced up by the fact that the main defendants were representatives of Eastern European peoples who, for various reasons, found themselves in Omsk: the Ukrainian, the Hungarian, the German, and the Chinese. Moreover, the “Chinese track,” notorious in the Siberian economy of the era, had actually created conditions for this rare type of speculation. The study draws on unpublished documents identified by the author in an archival criminal case considered in 1920 by the People's Court of the 1st section of the Omsk uezd of the Omsk uezd bureau of justice. They are stored in the Historical Archive of the Omsk Region in the fond of above mentioned judicial body. The methodological basis of the study is anthropological and systematic approaches, as well as problem-chronological method. This theoretical corpus enables to follow the logic of developments in the region’s socio-economic sphere as fully as possible and to explain the causes of the crime, bringing them into correlation with certain people who acted in specific historical situation of the military revolutionary period. The considered episode is unique and revealing in a number of ways. It characterizes the life of the West Siberian townspeople at the final stage of the Civil War in Russia and demonstrates what sophisticated measures the population (including former prisoners of the First World War, refugees, numerous representatives of underclass) was forced to take in order to survive. The case allows us to assess the peculiarities of the work of law enforcement and justice during Soviet power restoration in Western Siberia. This publication may be of interest to a wide range of readers: specialists in Russian finance and currency, Soviet law enforcement system, population’s adaptation to social cataclysms, and Siberian everyday life during the Civil War in Russia.

Преступность несовершеннолетних: криминологическая характеристика и меры профилактики

The statement of the problem in the sphere of juvenile delinquency is conditioned by the events that have taken place over the last three years. The epidemiological situation in the country and in the world, the special military operation in Ukraine and the changes in the socio-economic sphere that followed in connection with it not only in the Tambov region but also in Russia influenced crime statistics as well as the measures of their prevention. The purpose is to research the trend of crimes committed by minors, their number and category, as well as to create a model for their prevention. The methodological basis is formed by such modern general scientific methods and techniques of cognition as system method, method of analysis, statistical, formal-legal and comparative-legal methods, etc. The research is based on the main normative-legal methods. The main normative legal acts regulating the activities of law enforcement agencies, as well as crime prevention measures are considered. The analysis of crime statistics for the last three years (2020–2022) is carried out, the increase in the commission of crimes of medium gravity, as well as the interest of minors in engaging in extremist activities is highlighted. It is established that the complexity of measures, the exclusion of formalism in the carried out work, as well as an individual approach contribute to a fruitful prevention of crimes among juvenile, reduce involvement in extremist activities.

Demographic Aspects of Syria's Socio-economic Recovery

The demographic aspects of countries and regions today is an important factor in their not only social, but also economic development and position in the world. Demographic trends are especially important for a state in whose territory, as in the Syrian People's Republic (SAR), a military conflict continues, largely related to external intervention. Until 2011, i.e. before the outbreak of the military conflict, Syria remained one of the most economically developed countries in the West Asia region. But the result of the military conflict was numerous and serious demographic and socio-economic losses. Therefore, the author substantiates the point of view that among the most important tasks of the state remains the speedy restoration of not only the socio-economic sphere, but also positive demographic processes. The purpose of the article is to analyze the demographic situation in Syria in the XXI century, to identify the factors that influenced its formation and new trends and processes, their interrelation and interdependence. The research was carried out on the basis of statistical data provided by international organizations, primarily UNCTAD, for the period from 2000 to 2021, as well as on the basis of the analysis of available domestic and foreign scientific literature on the subject under consideration. The study showed that along with the growth of the share of the population of the SAR in regional indicators, the country retains significant specifics. The author notes, first of all, the preservation of relatively high birth rates of the population, a relatively low level of urbanization.

ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИЯ ЭКОНОМИКИ КАК ФАКТОР ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ

The trends in the development of digitalization processes in the field of economics and their impact on public administration are considered. The digitalization of the economy is seen as a promising niche for the development of modern Russia in order to solve the problems of increasing its competitiveness and increasing efficiency in the socio-economic sphere.

Белорусско-китайские отношения на современном этапе

The paper characterizes the main stages of diplomatic relations between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Belarus in the 1990s and in the 21st century. Special attention is paid to the interaction between the leaders, the governments and legislative bodies of the two states in the political and socio-economic spheres. A detailed characterization of bilateral humanitarian cooperation is given. The main directions of interaction between the two countries within the framework of the implementation of the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative are shown. The specifics of the development of the Chinese-Belarusian relations within the Great Stone Industrial Park, which has become a kind of symbol of cooperation between the two countries, are determined. Attention is also paid to such an important Chinese-Belarusian project as the Belji automobile plant.

МОЛОДЁЖЬ КАК ПОТЕНЦИАЛ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ И РАЗВИТИЯ СРЕДНЕГО КЛАССА В СОВРЕМЕННОМ РОССИЙСКОМ ОБЩЕСТВЕ

The article provides methodological grounds for identifying the middle class in general and the representatives of the youth middle class in particular. It is especially noted that representatives of the middle class serve as the state support in the socio-political sphere, as they have a high level of legal consciousness, civil and political culture, are the main driving force of reforms and innovations in the socio-economic sphere, bearers and disseminators of highly cultural and moral values in the spiritual -cultural sphere of modern Russian society and actively relay all of the above to other segments of the population. Accordingly, expanding the boundaries of the middle class is one of the primary tasks for Russian society, and young people are the immediate potential for its development. All of the above determined the purpose of the work - on the basis of the developed methodology, to identify the characteristics of youth as the potential for the formation of the middle class in modern Russian society, to draw up a portrait of young representatives of the middle class. The article presents a comprehensive methodology for identifying the middle class in general and its young representatives in particular, as well as its theoretical model, including the core, semi-core, near and far periphery. This model involves the use of such criteria as socio-professional, self-identification, leisure and recreational and the criterion of personal responsibility. The aprobation of the presented methodology was carried out in the sociological laboratory of the Department of Sociology and Social Technologies as part of the study “Youth as the potential for the development of the middle class.” An analysis of the youth middle class according to all the stated criteria allowed us to assert that it is this social group that has the immediate potential for the development and expansion of the Russian middle class.

ՀՀ երիտասարդների սոցիալական ադապտացիան հետպատերազմյան իրականությունում. սոցիոլոգիական վերլուծություն / Social adaptation of Armenian youth in the post-war reality. Sociological analysis

The problem and features of adaptation of Armenian youth in crisis situations is represented in the article. In the frames of the article the main theoretical concepts on social adaptation are discussed (Piaget, Spencer, Parsons, Merton, Toffler). In the meantime, necessary parallels are drawn between psychological and sociological approaches of social adaptation. The article presents the meaning the definitions of social adaptation. The aim of the article is to point out the level of adaptation of young people in the socio-economic sphere in the post-war reality and to highlight the influence of factors related to post-war conditions on the social adaptation of young people. The sociological understanding of social adaptation makes it possible to discover what adaptation models young people have used in the post-war reality. Deprivation and imitative type adaptations are among the dominant models: deprivation and imitative type adaptations are mostly common among unemployed, war-participating youth. And among students, employed young people, a compensatory type of adaptation is noticeable. The topic can be considered as a base for clarifying and solving a number of current issues on youth in Armenia. It is also helpful for political decision-making process.

МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИХ ИЗМЕРЕНИЙ НЕЧИСЛОВЫХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК СЛОЖНЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ

The article is devoted to topical issues of the use of non– numeric, unstructured information in measuring the characteristics and determining the states of complex systems in conditions of significant information uncertainty. In such a situation, methods and systems focused on the specified specifics of such information should be used to implement measurement and computing processes. Such information is called linguistic. Therefore, the measurements implemented on its basis can be called linguistic. The article considers methodological aspects of linguistic measurements based on the methodology of Bayesian intelligent technologies. Examples of the use of methods and means of linguistic measurements in the socioeconomic sphere of the regional economy are given.

ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ КОММУНИКАТИВНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯХ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ

In modern conditions, the role of infocommunications has significantly increased, and their widespread use in the socio-economic sphere began to manifest itself most clearly during the coronavirus pandemic, when most companies switched to a remote work format. The purpose of the study is to systematize the distinctive features of modern communications that ensure the effective interaction of institutions and actors in the business environment and to present an assessment of the current state of communication technologies that affect digitalization processes. The article presents the role of communication technologies in providing competitive advantages for enterprises and organizations. The basis of the methodology for writing this article was theoretical and empirical research methods. In the study of the essence of the category "communication", synthesis and analysis of the accumulated scientific results was used, the logical method was applied in the study of trends in the development of communication technologies, and the method of analyzing the results obtained was used in drawing conclusions. As a result, the main factors and barriers that impede the effective implementation of the communication process in organizations in the context of digitalization are identified, and the distinctive features of modern communications due to the development of digital and information technologies are identified. The main stages of the evolutionary development of digital communications associated with the emergence of new and unique technologies for their time are identified. The influence of the technological factor on the emergence of various types of infocommunication technologies are established, the competitive advantages that organizations using infocommunications receive are determined.

Молдавия: антироссийский тупик

The leadership of Moldova is taking the country out of the traditional sphere of Russian influence. Following the course of “European integration”, Chisinau consistently denounces the agreements concluded within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States. At the same time, a course has been taken to develop cooperation with NATO. This political course has already led to the collapse of the socio-economic sphere of the republic, to large-scale protest actions of the population, as well as to the growing internal political crisis.

ПРОГРАМНО-ЦІЛЬОВИЙ МЕТОД УПРАВЛІННЯ РОЗВИТКОМ ТУРИЗМУ

Program and target planning of tourism in rural areas can be defined as management on a systematic basis, focused on achieving a specific end result in solving the problem of development of business entities, as well as the entire tourism sector, territory in a pre-established time frame with the use of measures, methods, techniques and tools of political, regulatory, financial, economic, social, environmental, production, research, information and other nature, formed in a certain sequence and agreed on resources and performers. The use of the program-target method in the management of tourism activities in rural areas and ensuring the development of problem areas is due to the following circumstances: 1) the need to reduce structural imbalances in the economy and unfavorable trends in the development of the socio-economic sphere; 2) a set of socio-economic, natural, environmental and scientific and technical problems that require interregional and intersectoral coordination of program activities; 3) the inability to achieve the necessary Development Goals on the basis of established relationships between management levels, business entities, etc.; 4) the need for coordinated use of material and financial resources of various territorial, sectoral departmental and other affiliations. The use of the program-target method for the sustainable socio-economic development of rural green tourism is an important organizational and economic mechanism for managing territories, which is aimed at solving priority system-forming and capital-intensive problems of both the industry and the region, requiring significant amounts of material, information and other resources, labor costs carried out with the participation of many enterprises and organizations. The programs are convenient for recording and monitoring the progress of work and the use of resources and allow you to organize a clear interaction between participants in their development and implementation. At the same time, program-target management is one of the most complex management methods. This is due to the fact that managed objects, as a rule, belong to different branches of the national economy, are not subordinate to each other, have different own goals of functioning and development, differ in the level of economic development, technical equipment and provision of material and financial resources. Accordingly, the success of the rural tourism development program depends on intermediate results. Therefore, the use of programs in the management of economic and social processes requires organizational work during their entire life cycle and strengthening control over both the industry, the business entity, and the processes accompanying their development. Thus, the use of the program-target method in managing the economy of tourism activities is the management of social development of the region, which becomes a decisive organizational factor.

МОНИТОРИНГ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ДОНЕЦКОЙ И ЛУГАНСКОЙ НАРОДНЫХ РЕСПУБЛИК

The article monitors the socio-economic development of the Donetsk and Lugansk People’s Republics. Analysis of data from individual industries and sectors of the economy demonstrated their gradual growth and recovery. Attention is focused on the fact that this analysis is necessary to determine the reliability of regional systems and develop informed management decisions to solve existing economic problems. It has been established that one of the key elements in the formation of regional socio-economic policy, which largely determines the effectiveness of its implementation, and, consequently, the entire process of territorial development, is the reasonable identification of its priorities. In this regard, key priorities for the development of the socio-economic sphere of the Donetsk and Lugansk People’s Republics were formed that contribute to the maximum extent to the achievement of strategic goals under existing restrictions, namely: industry, agro-industrial complex, infrastructure, financial sector, social sector, regional management, digitalization and research activities.

СУЩНОСТЬ, РОЛЬ И ОСНОВНЫЕ ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ РОССИИ

The article examines the essence of the socio-economic development of Russia, identifies its role and its main prospects in modern conditions. Without the presence of a steadily developing socio-economic sphere, no state can effectively exist and prosper. Therefore, the main goal of any country is to ensure high performance in this area.