Socio-economic Crisis Research Articles

A data-driven approach to analyse the co-evolution of urban systems through a resilience lens: A Helsinki case study

Urban areas are dynamic systems, in which different infrastructural, social and economic subsystems continuously co-evolve. As such, disruptions in one system can propagate to another. However, open challenges remain in (i) assessing the long-term implications of change for resilience and (ii) understanding how resilience propagates throughout urban systems over time. Despite the increasing reliance on data in smart cities, few studies empirically investigate long-term urban co-evolution using data-driven methods, leading to a gap in urban resilience assessments. This paper presents an approach that combines Getis-ord Gi* statistical and correlation analyses to investigate how cities recover from crises and adapt by analysing how the spatial patterns of urban characteristics and their relationships changed over time. We illustrate our approach through a study on Helsinki’s road infrastructure, socioeconomic system and built-up area from 1991 to 2016, a period marked by a major socioeconomic crisis. By analysing this case study, we provide insights into the co-evolution over more than two decades, thereby addressing the lack of longitudinal studies on urban resilience.

Whether or Not to Open the Pandora’s Box: An Analysis of Latent Conflict in Vulnerable Neighbourhoods with High Socio-Cultural Diversity in Spain

ABSTRACT Worldwide, vulnerable neighbourhoods of large cities are often the scene of collective violent conflicts linked with migration and ethnic minorities’ struggles for social justice. However, urban conflicts of this kind have not taken place in Spanish cities with high immigration rates, even though the country has been deeply affected by two recent socioeconomic crises (2009 and 2020). This article reports findings of a study aimed at understanding what lies behind this apparent social peace. The research methodology was based on an analysis of secondary socio-economic and socio-relational data from the Spanish Institute of Statistics and from key national surveys and reports. Results confirmed that immigrant population living in the country are strongly segregated in the lower strata of the labour and socioeconomic structure and have been disproportionately affected by the crises. However, research findings also pointed to the existence of strong closed support networks where social capital has been effective at palliating members’ disadvantage and unrest. Drawing on the Theory of Rupture Frames, we argue that this is a fragile and unsustainable social peace, rooted in social injustice, and anticipate that unless actively prevented, uncontrolled conflict will eventually emerge in main cities’ neighbourhoods in Spain.

Dental health status of the medieval silver-mining community from Kutná Hora (Czech Republic, 13th–16th c.): Impact of socioeconomic changes and mortality crises

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to evaluate the pathological conditions in teeth from skeletal remains found in the medieval burial ground at Kutná Hora (13th–16th centuries, Czech Republic). We focused on the effect on dental health of socioeconomic changes associated with the boom in silver mining at the site. DesignIn this study, dental caries and antemortem tooth loss were recorded for 469 sexed adults (10,558 permanent teeth). Pathologies were analysed and presented by teeth and alveoli, and the differences between their frequencies were tested in sex-, age-, and burial context-separated groups (mass vs. individual graves). ResultsThe oral conditions were characterised by a low frequency of caries and moderate frequency of antemortem tooth loss (AMTL). For caries, males and females showed the same frequencies while AMTL comparisons indicated a higher rate in females. Most differences emerged between age-separated and burial context-separated groups. The age progression of the pathologies was confirmed for both caries and AMTL. Skeletons from mass burials had higher caries and AMTL frequencies than those buried in individual graves. ConclusionsThe dataset exhibited low caries and below average AMTL rates compared to other medieval European skeletal series. We think that life in this mining centre had a positive effect on the dental health of its inhabitants. The relatively poorer dental health of those buried in mass graves reflected either the specific composition of the population in the first half of the 14th century or the lower resilience of these individuals when facing mortality crises.

REENGINEERING BUSINESS PROCESSES IN THE CONTEXT OF ENSURING INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTERPRISES

The deep and prolonged socio-economic crisis observed in Ukraine in recent years has caused a number of problems in the development of domestic enterprises. Financial instability, inflationary processes, devaluation of the national currency, and now the challenges of a full-scale war and the consequences of active hostilities on the territory of Ukraine have led to an imbalance in the system of inter-sectoral relations. Constant missile attacks and extensive damage caused by the aggressor country's terrorist actions have significantly destabilised the operations of Ukrainian enterprises, critically limiting their resource capabilities (human, material, financial) and, consequently, their competitive potential. Significant uncertainty and turbulence in the external environment as a result of a combination of internal and external destabilising factors in the context of wartime challenges have made strategic planning impossible for producers. Therefore, the issues of finding approaches for effective management of enterprises, their restructuring and rehabilitation by identifying development priorities and formulating policies for their implementation are of particular relevance. The purpose of the study is to analyse theoretical and methodological approaches to the implementation of anti-crisis management models, to rethink the concept of enterprise development in terms of the need for strategic changes in the new economic realities, and to make a critical assessment of the system of management technologies, one of which is business process reengineering. To achieve this goal, general scientific methods of cognition were used: deduction and induction, analysis and synthesis, and generalisation. An important result of the work is the identification of a relevant link between the achievement of sustainable development goals, ensuring inclusiveness of activities and the content of business process reengineering as an anti-crisis paradigm in the current economic environment of Ukrainian enterprises. The results obtained are of practical value for economic systems focused on radical redesign and fundamental rethinking of business processes in order to achieve a significant improvement in the quality of human capital use.

Factor model of the health of the Russian population in the border areas

The subject of the study included significant conditions and factors for maintaining health in the context of ensuring the demographic security of Russian society. The object of the study was the national health of Russians and its regional specifics. Methodological approaches included a civilizational approach to the analysis of global and regional social, economic, behavioral determinants of health and population motivation for health-saving technologies. A secondary analysis of the phenomenon of national health in the context of modern humanitarian research is presented. The novelty of the study is based on the analysis of regional practices of the population in relation to their health, the structure of morbidity, factors and reasons motivating the population to take care of their health and lead a healthy lifestyle. Behavioral models of the population's attitude towards health and a healthy lifestyle are described; the structure of diseases in the population of border areas was analyzed. The specifics of motivation to preserve health through employer investments are described. It was concluded that there are regional specificities that determine the quality of public health and, in some cases, provoke specific “medical” interregional and external migration (for example, the opportunity to change place of residence to improve medical care). The health of employees of an enterprise of any form of ownership is a decisive reproductive component of human capital. In the conditions of the modern world, the permanent experience of the socio-economic and financial crisis, the transformation of values, the population is expected to significantly adapt to the changed conditions of society. All of this requires optimal levels of health and vitality. In this context, health is essential for the full and effective implementation of educational or professional activities.

COVID-19 Immunity in the Cohort of IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital Employees after BNT162b2 Vaccination: A Retrospective Observational Study.

The COVID-19 pandemic represents the most severe health and socioeconomic crisis of our century. It began with the first reports in China, in the Wuhan region in December 2019, and quickly spread worldwide, causing a new Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Among the population most at risk of infection and developing severe forms of the disease are the elderly and healthcare workers, who are more exposed to infected individuals. On December 11, 2020, the Food and Drug Administration approved the emergency use of the BNT162b2 vaccine, the first mRNA vaccine in history. Since then, the total number of vaccine doses administered has exceeded 12 billion. Italy was the first European country to be affected by the pandemic, recording the highest number of total COVID-19 cases (25,695,311) and, after the first 70 days, had the highest crude mortality rate (141.0 per 100,000). In this study, we analyze the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers at the San Raffaele Scientific Institute in Milan before and after receiving the BNT162b2 vaccine. Retrospective observational cohort study. The study analyzed the immunization status of 858 employees of the San Raffaele Scientific Institute in Milan, including doctors, healthcare workers, and administrative staff. The analysis is based on previous studies on the same cohort and is integrated with extrapolation and additional analysis of data from the Preventive Medicine Service's Biobank dataset of the same hospital to estimate the infection rate, duration of the disease, and antibody levels recorded in the personnel before and after receiving the double BNT162b2 vaccination. The analysis confirms the positive impact achieved by the introduction of mRNA vaccination in reducing the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate and increasing antibody levels in healthcare workers. Although the BNT162b2 vaccination may not provide complete protection against SARS-CoV-2, it appears to be able to reduce the number of infections, particularly the more severe and symptomatic forms often detected in individuals with various risk factors and comorbidities, making them more vulnerable. Healthcare workers, who have extensive contact with patients and record the greatest decrease in the infection rates, represent the population that receives the most benefit from vaccination. The evidence suggests that vaccinations are essential in protecting high-risk groups, such as healthcare workers, from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Providing adequate vaccination coverage to healthcare workers limits the spread of infections and decreases the severity of disease manifestations, while also reducing their duration.

Subjective Well-Being of NEET Based on Gender and Generation Survey in Moldova

NEET is an umbrella term for those who struggle with their school-to-work transition. It is a consensus today that NEET is an acutely heterogeneous group, and there are varying ways to classify its members. Some of them deliberately reject or postpone the school-to-work transition, for example, because they choose to fulfill their traditional gender role. In these cases, NEET is a conscious choice. In this article, the NEET classification was based on the individuals' well-being. Moldova gives a good opportunity to study NEET as this Eastern European country suffers from simultaneous socio-economic crises, including high emigration and poverty rates. The data were taken from the Gender and Generation Survey (GGS) conducted in 2020. Based on the previous research, the 15 - 29 age group was chosen (326 observations comply with the NEET conditions and are complete). The author chose the questions related to the following aspects of well-being: happiness, life satisfaction, and depression sentiments. The variables are categorical, and they were analyzed with a Latent Class Model. There are substantial correspondences between the NEET well-being classes and the causes of NEET. The results supplement the current knowledge on NEET heterogeneity from the side of self-assigned well-being rather than socio-economic inequalities.

'Only My Truth Can Save Us All': The Impact of Socioeconomic Threat and its Emotional Appraisals on the Monopoly on Truth and Political Extremism.

Political extremism is one of the main threats to democratic societies and it has been related to socioeconomic threats like COVID-19. We argue that socioeconomic threat perceptions increase Monopoly on Truth (MoT), a tendency to conceive personal values as undeniable truths that are worthy of being imposed. MoT will then prompt a rise in extremist intentions. These hypotheses were tested in two experimental designs ( N = 274 & 484). Study 1 manipulated socioeconomic threat, while Study 2 added a manipulation of the emotional appraisal of that threat. In Study 1, MoT scores were significantly different and higher in the high-threat condition. In Study 2, threat levels did not cause statistically significant differences when emotional appraisal of the threat was manipulated, with anger causing MoT to increase. Study 2 also showed that MoT works as a precursor of extremist intentions. Socioeconomic threats and their emotional appraisals raise MoT and, indirectly, extremism. Beyond deepening our understanding of the causes of MoT, the current findings highlight the implications of different narratives framing socioeconomic crises that may become a facilitating factor of extremism.

Social inclusion of street vendors in Harare: Challenges and opportunities

Zimbabwe’s unending socioeconomic crisis has led to the flooding of informal street vendors in its urban areas, a development that has led to incessant clashes between the street vendors and the local authorities. Literature has shown that street vending is a global phenomenon and its problems could be addressed through best practices of inclusivity. This study examined the situation of informal street vendors in Harare in the light of social inclusion. It also made use of insights from Pope Francis regarding World Popular Movements. Data were collected through focus group discussions comprising six informal street vendors operating in Harare as its participants. Findings revealed that informal street vendors in Harare faced many structural challenges, one of which included operating in contested spaces characterised by violent evictions from vending sites, bribery and power struggles. Results also showed that street vendors lacked access to bank loans, information, and even the power to influence policies which directly affected them. Based on these findings, it was argued that the informal street vendors were socially excluded and needed to be integrated into the economic fabric of the urban society. This social inclusion process was considered as only possible if local authorities adopted an inclusive approach to policymaking. This would entail involving the street vendors when crafting policies that directly affect them. It was recommended that Harare City Council regularises street vending, aligns its by-laws to the National Constitution, and that it also formulates inclusive policies.Contribution: The article makes a contribution towards the promotion of an inclusive society whereby everyone has equal access to social and economic opportunities.

Deconstructing the nexus between the influx of Rohingya refugees and the economy (Labor) in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

Over the past decade, refugee crises have dominated the headlines of social media on a daily basis. Millions of individuals have left their homes in pursuit of safety and a promising future. Examples like the Syrian civil conflict and the Rohingya exodus to Bangladesh stand out, and the number of such instances is exponentially increasing around the world. The latest addition to this crisis is the Ukraine-Russia war (February 2022), which has already displaced 14 million Ukrainian people. Different countries have hosted a large number of refugees, but this often brings about a very negative impact on the host communities. Various socio-economic and political crises arise due to the influx of refugees. This study focuses on the Rohingya refugees who have fled from Myanmar to Bangladesh. Given their influx to Bangladesh, a developing and overcrowded country, the host community faces innumerable problems. In addition, this study explores other aspects especially, the labor market. Rohingya refugees receive support from donor organizations. Therefore, there is a question to ask. How do the refugees influence the economy of the host country? This study aims to find answers to this unexplored question. After the arrival of the Rohingya, this labor market has shrunk for local Bangladeshi women in the study area. The majority of impoverished women work roughly 3/4 of an hour in a particular household. Their daily earnings are less than $1 while they work on domestic chores. Thousands of national and foreign staff live in those areas that have brought a dramatic change in housing patterns. The influx of refugees also led to a decrease in wages and employment prospects for another segment of the Bangladeshi population, identified as the economically disadvantaged group.

Ways to improve administrative and legal ensuring the activities of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine

It is emphasized that domestic law enforcement agencies occupy a central place in the implementation of law enforcement activities. With the aim of researching the legal perspective ways of improving the administrative and legal support of the activities of law enforcement agencies, the author carried out an analysis of law enforcement activities, including the violation by law enforcement agencies and their officials of the rights and freedoms of people and citizens, the norms of current domestic and international legislation, as well as various circles scientists who in their writings explored the prospects for improving the activities of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine. It is emphasized that as a result of the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, the introduction of the martial law regime and the associated socio-economic crisis, the unequal approach to the regulatory and legal regulation of the status and the organizational and legal support of the activities of law enforcement agencies, along with other factors, have a negative impact on protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens, the fight against crime and the security of the state, which in turn puts forward demands for ways to improve the activity of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine under the introduction of the martial law regime. Attention is drawn to the fact that many domestic jurists have researched the problematic issues of law enforcement agencies. The works of individual legal scientists who studied the activities of domestic and foreign law enforcement agencies and who proposed various ways to improve the activities of domestic law enforcement agencies are briefly presented. Based on the analysis of scientific works, it was established that the majority of scientists are concerned about the current state of law enforcement agencies and point to the need to build a model of a law enforcement agency system that would be able to ensure the rights and freedoms of people and citizens guaranteed by the Constitution and laws of Ukraine. It was concluded that the considered issues lead to the formation of an effective legal mechanism for improving the administrative and legal support of the activities of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine, and specific proposals for improving their activities are offered.

Prevalence of alcohol problems in Russia in periods of socio-economic crises

The article investigates changes in the alcoholic behavior of the Russian population for more than 40 years. The study focuses on the relationship between socio-economic crises and the prevalence of alcohol problems. It is shown that in periods of social and economic crises two behavioral patterns can manifest themselves: increased alcohol consumption due to increased psychological distress and decreased consumption due to budgetary constraints. Analysis of statistical data and survey materials allows us to conclude that Russia is characterized by large and repeated fluctuations in the prevalence of alcohol consumption. On the basis of quantitative data we trace the dynamics of citizens’ well-being and alcohol consumption from 1994 to 2022. We consider such parameters as the level of life satisfaction, the level of anxiety about the impossibility to provide oneself with the most necessary things in the next 12 months, as well as self-assessment of the economic situation and the feeling of one’s own powerlessness. It has been revealed that it is not so much the difficult economic situation that contributes to the tense alcohol situation in Russia as the process of abrupt transformations: changes in the socio-economic situation, both for the better and for the worse, can increase the level of alcoholization.

Vascular surgery experience for major vascular injuries in the Beirut Blast: Lessons learned

BackgroundThe Beirut Port Blast on August 4, 2020, was the largest non-nuclear blast in history. It heavily affected the fragile population already facing an ongoing political and socioeconomic crisis, and the coronavirus diease 2019 pandemic. This article is a review of major vascular injury patterns and mechanism, strategies of treatment, and physician experience. MethodsThis retrospective review was performed on all patients who presented to the Lebanese American University Medical Center—Rizk Hospital after the Beirut Blast owing to vascular injuries. All patients presenting with major vascular injuries requiring admission, operations, or who were deceased owing to vascular injuries were included. Basic identification and medical history data were extracted. The surgical procedures and postoperative care and outcomes were also recorded. ResultsEigtheen patients who presented to our institution during the day of the blast were included. Two patients passed away in the emergency room. The remaining 16 patients required surgeries. Most vascular injuries were caused by debris and shattered standard glass. The location of the vascular injuries were diverse; six patients (33.3%) had neck injuries, nine patients (50%) had upper extremity injuries, and three patients (16.6%) had lower extremity injuries. Furthermore, all patients had venous injuries (100%), and nine patients (50%) had arterial injuries. ConclusionsAfter the Beirut Blast, the major vascular injury seen was in the upper extremity, followed by the neck and lower extremity, mostly owing to shattered nonlaminated glass. Laminated or tempered glass should be considered superior to standard nonlaminated glass during Beirut renovation and areas at high risk for bombing, wars, and natural disasters like earthquakes. Awareness and knowledge of bleeding control is a must for people living in such risky environments. Venous injuries were more common and managed safely by ligation. Arterial injuries required a more extensive approach based on the location and extent of injury, but damage control surgery remains the mainstay strategy in disastrous situations.

ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ ТУРИСТИЧНОГО ГОСПОДАРСТВА УКРАЇНИ У 2020–2023 РОКАХ

The study is devoted to the analysis of the problems and peculiarities of the development of the tourism industry in Ukraine, in the context of the state of war and the unstable political situation, and to the outline of prospects for overcoming them and the sustainable development of the tourism market in the post-war period. The tourism industry is one of the most promising and economically balanced branches of the economy. It has been established that international tourism is a socio-economic, environmental protection tool of global influence, aimed at integrating the state's cultural and historical heritage, intellectual potential and recreational opportunities for health and recovery into the global space, while preserving national authenticity.Its dynamic development is the basis of the steady evolution of the national economy of states and the popularization of globalization processes on the international financial market. A feature of this industry is the use of all resources available to the state, including unprofitable or unprofitable objects.The paper analyzed the theoretical prerequisites for the formation and development of the market of international tourist services, taking into account the socio-economic crisis. An analysis of the current state of the tourist services market of Ukraine and Israel in 2020–2023 was also carried out. As a result of the analysis of the tourist services market of Ukraine, it was determined that tourism, after emerging from the global epidemiological crisis, began to actively recover and showed active annual growth in 2022 in Zakarpattia Oblast by 16%, Lviv Oblast by 46%, and Chernivtsi Oblast by 98%, that is, in the territories of relative safety and peace. It was determined that the tourist market of Ukraine, like other sectors of the economy, is in a state of stagnation in the dominant position of domestic territories, because the annexation of 25% of Ukrainian lands is a global problem for that part of the state, which, in the face of military aggression, is able to build up its own economic potential. Since the expenditure items of the budget during the war only grow, and the opportunity to increase the production and realization of tourist services only decreases. It has been established that the study of the principles, features and regularities of the functioning of international tourism during the socio-economic and military-demographic crisis is extremely numerous.

«ЧЕРНЫЕ ЛЕБЕДИ» Н. ТАЛЕБА. УГРОЗЫ И ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ДЛЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ

The article discusses the concept of «black swans», global socio-economic crises, distinguished by a number of characteristic features. The causes and consequences of the «black swans» of our time are formulated based on the study of static data. An analysis of the state and dynamics of key socio-economic indicators in Russia for 2008–2023 was carried out, negative dynamics of indicators during periods of «black swans» were identified, and features of the impact of various crises were identified. It is shown that «black swans», with a low probability of occurrence, have a high impact on the economies of countries, and this impact in most cases has a delayed effect. At the same time, the positive consequences of «black swans» for the Russian economy are formulated.

Artificial Intelligence Opportunities for Resilient Supply Chains

The need for supply chains to be resilient is increasingly being recognised, following recent disruptions caused by global socioeconomic crises. Supply chain resilience allows for sustainable growth and development through adaptive capabilities, principally including the ability to effectively respond to disruptions to maintain consistent operations. This paper explores the opportunities presented by Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing supply chain resilience. We first conceptualise resilience through a 4-C model: context, capabilities, choices, and contingencies. We then explore a range of AI approaches and develop a research roadmap that attempts to map particular technologies holding potential to the 4-C model.

Factors of negative psychic state, anxiety, and depression of waterlogged farmers in Bangladesh: A farming disaster

Farmers undergo severe mental pressure due to socioeconomic crises during waterlogging. This study explores the factors of mental agonies of waterlogged farmers. It was a quantitative study, and a survey research design was employed. Data were collected from 480 waterlogged farmers from March to May 2023 based on simple random sampling. A five-point Likert scale for negative psychic states and a four-point Likert scale for anxiety and depression were used to understand the measurement of the mental health state of the farmers. Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics such as the Mann-Whitney U and the Kruskal-Wallis H tests to indicate the differences in negative psychic state, anxiety, and depression of the waterlogged farmers. The study revealed that 99% of the farmers were worried, nearly 72% were anxious about heavy rainfall, and more than 81% fell asleep while working during waterlogging. The negative psychic state of the farmers was moderate (19-29), anxiety was high (12≥), and depression was mild (≤7). Aged farmers were more nervous (z = -5.93) and tired (z = -5.08). Farmers living in Kaccha houses were found to be more restless (H = 15.89). Anxiety with heavy rainfall (z = -9.23) was more prevalent among those farmers who suffered from waterlogging for 6 months a year. Farmers who suffered ≤6 months of waterlogging (z = -5.41) were more depressed with poor appetite. Different types of psychosocial health problems (i.e., anxiety and depression) were prevalent among the waterlogged farmers, and heavy rainfall, living houses, and duration of waterlogging assisted these. The opportunities for employment and arrangements for medical treatment during waterlogging should be available for them. GO-NGO intervention can alleviate the waterlogged farmers' vulnerable situations.

Reimagining the Social During the Covid-19 Pandemic: Scientific Denialism, Brazilian Diplomacy and the ‘Virus of Communism'

Examining the circulation of scientific statements during the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil from an STSperspective, the article argues that the denialism espoused by the far-right diplomatic circles oftheJair Bolsonaro administration must be understood in light of the disputes, which the virus revived, over different forms of imagining the social. Iexamine how the very reality of Covid-19 and the socioeconomic crisis to which it gave rise, urging governments to adopt social protection measures and strong forms of international cooperation, became the object of intense disputes between representatives of the so-called ‘anti-globalism’in Brazil’sdiplomatic institutions

КОРПОРАТИВНА КУЛЬТУРА АВІАКОМПАНІЙ В СУЧАСНИХ УМОВАХ

Airlines are required to not only adapt to shifting market conditions and technological improvements, but also to rethink and construct their own corporate culture in order to stay up with the current stage of growth in the aviation industry, which is facing significant upheavals. This is vital in order for airlines to be able to keep up with the current stage of development. In addition to the pandemics-specific challenges that were brought on by COVID-19, and the war in Ukraine, the concurrent socioeconomic crisis brought about an additional focus that was of utmost significance. In order to determine the influence that the pandemic of the coronavirus disease and the war have had on the management of the corporate culture of airlines, the goal of this essay is to investigate the impact. The aim of this paper is to analyze the ways in which corporate culture influences many aspects of airline operations. These aspects include the internal interaction and motivation of employees, as well as the outward image and communications with consumers. Tools for managing airline corporate culture during a crisis include communication platforms, psychological support programs, skills training, leadership development initiatives, and airline employee opinion and feedback tools. These tools help airlines adapt to change during a crisis, maintain a healthy corporate culture, and support their employees. Setting clear goals and regular monitoring of performance indicators are important for timely adaptation of corporate culture management strategies. It is appropriate to use the KPI system of airlines for the development of corporate culture in the conditions of modern challenges. The KPI system is offered as follows: KPI 1: Level of employee engagement; KPI 2: Reducing the level of stress among employees; KPI 3: Level of training and development of employees; KPI 4: Improvement of leadership skills in management; KPI 5: Improvement of corporate culture based on feedback. There is a possibility that the study will be useful to academic scholars, analysts, and businesses. Potential route for further exploration, regarding the development of corporate culture in the face of both exogenous and endogenous unpredictability, is the digitization of the key performance indicator system that is adopted by airlines.

Measles Outbreak in Lebanon: July 2023.

After the beginning of the Syrian crisis, increased rates of infectious diseases were reported. Lebanon, a neighboring country with a major socioeconomic crisis, witnessed a measles outbreak since July 2023, with 519 reported suspected cases. Half of the cases were under 5 y of age, most of them were unvaccinated. The mass displacement of refugees from conflict areas in Syria to Lebanon and the low vaccination coverage have made the situation more challenging. Further efforts are required in Lebanon to address identified gaps to prevent or at least better control future outbreaks.