Social Division Of Labor Research Articles

GROUP DECISION-MAKING MODELS FOR VENTURE CAPITALISTS: THE PROMETHEE WITH HESITANT FUZZY LINGUISTIC INFORMATION

Venture capitalists (VCs) have long been preoccupied by the issue of selecting a promising start-up firm, whereas, ranking the available start-up firms is an effective way to solve this issue. In this paper, the PROMETHEE is chosen to be the fundamental ranking method. Also, the hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set is a suitable tool to simulate VCs’ evaluation information. Additionally, as the deepening of social division of labor and specialization of individuals, group decision making is famous for improving decision-making quality. Moreover, in the decision-making process, VCs exhibit behavioral characteristics which is depicted well by prospect theory that VCs are risk averse for gains and risk seeking for losses and rely on the transformed probability to make their decisions rather than unidimensional probability. Thus, a group prospect PROMETHEE with hesitant fuzzy linguistic information is constructed for VCs to make a better decision. Then, the proposed method is applied to rank start-up firms and the comparative analyses are made as well. It confirms that the group prospect PROMETHEE is better in describing the common behavioral characteristics of VCs and in enhancing the quality of evaluation.

Current intelligent segmentation and cooking technology in the central kitchen food processing

AbstractThe social division of labor more and more detailed, part of the agricultural products can be processed by a third‐party to solve the needs of standardization and intensification, and the central kitchen is the current trend of the high‐intensity, intensive, and repetitive catering industry. In the process of processing large quantities of food materials, standardization of catering industry's finished or semifinished products decline due to the low‐automatic degree equipment and high‐intensity labor demand, therefore high automation and intelligent processing equipment market prospects will be more broad. As a processing place for finished and semifinished dishes, central kitchen has realized partial automation in the pretreatment process of food materials. To achieve the best state of food processing, intelligent processing equipment considered as the best choice for enterprises. In this article, the segmentation and cooking process of ingredients in the central kitchen, such as water jet technology, 3D segmentation techniques, high spectral combination neural network intelligent segmentation technology, and intelligent cooking and recognition technology were reviewed, which can provide theoretical basis for cooking and catering industry to realize intelligent food processing.Practical applicationsIntelligent identification and classification of food materials is the key to improve the intelligent pretreatment of food materials in the central kitchen. Intelligent processing of fruits, vegetables, meat, and fish not only reduces the volume of equipment and makes it possible for the same equipment to cut multiple food materials, but also the processing cost is lower than that of automatic processing equipment. In addition, the combination of hyperspectral neural network control technology will also improve the intelligence of the central kitchen. Hyperspectral technology captures images of food materials through multiple sensors, and the collaborative neural network control module adaptively separates and cooks food materials, providing a basis for further improvement of industrial robots.

Under the Empire of Spontaneous Solidarity: State and Political Action in the Theoretical Durkheimian Project (1892-1893)

This paper aims at identifying and examining all the principles arisen from the issues of the state and politics in Durkheim’s production during the period 1892-1893, signaled by the publication of his famous thesis on the cohesive role of the division of social labor. According to the in-depth analysis carried out in this article, the most important points of Durheim’s politics are four. Firstly, the conception of the state as an organ that translates an automatic social solidarity because it is an entire entity preexisting any political relationships. Secondly, the distinction of despotism as a regime that implies the complete absorption of individuals by the political apparatus. Thirdly, the problem of the growing enlargement of the state interventions in the individuals’ private life sphere. Finally, the incapacity of any political action to transform the society’s morphology

The Recognition of the Other as a Real Freedom in Fichtean Political Thought

This paper aims to show that the Fichtean theory of recognition of the other carries important consequences that are relevant to the theory of property. Fichte intimately links the ideas of freedom and property as the basic means for subsistence. In order to show this link, the deduction of property is reconstructed from the principle of law. Furthermore, he develops an idea of a social division of labor centrally planned by the state. Finally, the paper includes the relationships established between the Fichtean idea of a right to subsistence, and the debate about formal freedom and real freedom.

Cidade, história e segregação socioespacial no romance O moleque Ricardo, de José Lins do Rego

O artigo detém-se no exame do quarto romance de autoria do escritor José Lins do Rego, procurando mostrar de que maneira, nele, o narrador se desvencilha da paisagem canavieira do interior do Nordeste, e apresenta como locus central de sua ficção o cenário de uma grande cidade nordestina, mais precisamente, a Recife do início dos anos 1920. Procura-se evidenciar a maneira pela qual o escritor deslinda a ambiência turbulenta e excludente de uma cidade grande, com seus tipos urbanos subalternos, com a exploração social do trabalho e com seus conflitos políticos.

Función económica de las ocupaciones feminizadas no remuneradas: una crítica desde la economía feminista

El artículo examina el sistema de producción capitalista desde la perspectiva de la economía feminista, evidenciando que este modo de producción se ha sustentado en el trabajo no remunerado y no visibilizado de las mujeres. Así pues, además de una división social del trabajo, existe una división sexual del trabajo que opera como estructuración basal de la sociedad, lo que produce y reproduce ocupaciones generizadas, entre ellas, las consideradas femeninas –como el trabajo doméstico o el de cuidados-. Estas han constituido el sostén del capitalismo, al garantizar las condiciones básicas para la subsistencia. Se reflexiona así sobre el lugar que las ocupaciones tienen en la reproducción de relaciones de género que permiten que sostengamos una economía falo/capitalo-céntrica. De esta forma, se busca abordar un problema económico y político mediante el examen crítico de aquellas ocupaciones feminizadas e invisibles, mostrando el lugar fundamental que ocupan en la reproducción de las condiciones de vida, haciéndolas posibles.

Co wiedzieć powinien ten, który powinien wiedzieć? O warunkach możliwości niekonwencjonalnej praktyki naukowej w nowoczesności

Celem artykułu jest zbadanie, jaką strukturalną rolę w konstrukcji nowoczesnego społeczeństwa odgrywa produkcja intelektualna i intelektualiści. Wstępne rozpoznanie prowadzi do wniosku, że nowoczesne społeczeństwo rozumiane tu za Heglem jest spełnieniem idei uznania, w którym jednostka i jej atrybuty istnieją o tyle, o ile są uznawane przez inne jednostki. To samo stosuje się do wszelkich innych zjawisk społecznych – ich obiektywność pochodzi z uznania. Prowadzi to do przekonania, że wiedza jest fundamentem tego społeczeństwa, że przedmiotowość społeczna musi być przedmiotowością „wiedzianą”. A jednak mimo tego istnieją procesy i prawa społeczne, które choć zachowują przedmiotową ważność, nie są „wiedziane” przez wszystkich, albowiem nowoczesne społeczeństwo opiera się na swego rodzaju podziale wiedzy, która pokrywa się do pewnego stopnia ze społecznym podziałem pracy. Intelektualiści w tym układzie pełnią funkcję lacanowskiego założonego podmiotu wiedzy. Tylko pozornie uzależnia ich to od zobowiązań więzi społecznych, z tytułu których są oni klasą materialnie uprzywilejowaną. W rzeczywistości zobowiązanie może być tylko o tyle wypełnione, o ile zostanie zdradzone przez niekonwencjonalne praktyki naukowe.

Art and the Politics of Eliminating Handicraft

Abstract This essay charts the outlines of the historical transition from the artisanal workshop to the artist’s studio and the transition from the artisan to the artist, not through the transition from patronage to the art market but through an analysis of the transformation of labour’s social division of labour. The essay reassesses the discourses on the artist as genius and the artist as worker through a reinterpretation of the elevation of the Fine Arts above handicraft. This sheds new light, also, on the discourse of deskilling in art. This essay argues that the transition from the artisan to the artist is an effect of the social division of labour in which the knowledge, skills and privileges of the master artisan are distributed among a set of specialists.

The political dimension of consumption work, or political consumption as work: how French households do gatekeeping on the food market

ABSTRACTFood policies increasingly expect consumers to regulate markets through their purchases. In this article a parallel is drawn with the sociology of art markets, where gatekeepers are intermediaries who select products in a context of excess supply and complex evaluation criteria. The authors see gatekeeping as part of consumption work, extending Glucksmann’s “total social division of labor” to the labor of regulating markets. At the same time, gatekeeping is part of food work, so it requires interacting with both market products and household members. Using a multi-site qualitative study of working-class families in France, it was found that all respondents engaged in gatekeeping when shopping in supermarkets. This had consequences for both the organization of consumption work and interactions with household members. Some households also sourced food outside of the supermarket (from the garden or local producers); this implied interacting and sharing work with the extended family network, but involved no gatekeeping. The interactional work involved in gatekeeping (before, during, and after purchases) or in other forms of provisioning contributed to reinforcing mothers’ gendered identities both within their families (as providers of care and facilitators of family relations) and in the labor market, and related to households’ positions in the property market.

Transgressing between consumption and production: Materialistic outlook on the digital labour of prosumers

This article explores the subject of unpaid digital labour on the Internet. Often presented as co-creation or prod-using the work of that kind is the matter of much controversy. The article tries to critically refer to the most popular concepts, reaches out to the authors using the Marxian dictionary, detail their arguments, and finally propose their own typology. The text treats the hypothesis about the vanishing boundaries between production and consumption as unprofitable. The distinction between personal and private property and the use and exchange value are highlighted to precisely define the place of quasiwork in the social division of labour.

STRANGE SAMENESS

Dialectics is the logic of estrangement. Self-relating negativity, which is at once every difference and its overcoming, is the pulse of dialectics. But what is this self-estranging sameness? For Hegel, the idealist, it is “the absolute concept.” It is more difficult to say what it is for Marx, who is supposed to be a materialist. If Marx were merely relocating self-estranging sameness from the concept to human “genus-being” (Gattungswesen), understood as a historically variable “ensemble of social relations,” this ensemble would harbour a potentiality to become that is at once enabled and disabled by the social divisions of labour and class that they have generated. This interpretation is vitiated by an ambiguity in its invocation of potentiality. If we flatten human genus-being onto historically variable social relations, there is no latency left in it which could be said to be unactualized by existing social practices. But if some aspect of genus-being is held in reserve as an unactualized potential, we risk re-substantializing it as an a-historical essence. It is this ambiguity that leads Marx’s critics to accuse him of invoking a transcendent conception of human essence despite his insistence that this essence is a function of historically variable social relations. I want to parry this criticism by suggesting that Marx’s materialism requires Hegel’s self-estranging sameness in order to dissolve the apparent dichotomy between immanence and transcendence in the potency ascribed to practice. Estrangement and de-estrangement, compulsion and freedom, are not separable moments but twin facets of the same movement. The prospect of de-estrangement emerges only by retrospecting an enabling estrangement.

Robinson Crusoe Model as the Starting Point for Pure Economic Theory

In the standard Positive economic science the Robinson Crusoe model is quite widely used as a kind of layout, allowing to illustrate various phenomena and processes typical for a developed market economy — the behavior of isolated producers and consumers, common patterns of economic dynamics, general equilibrium, problems of public finance etc. Pure economic theory is not limited to the task of constructing a set of models, each of which reflects different sides of reality. It is designed to substantiate logically both functional and genetic relationships between the elements of the economic system. The choice of research starting point is of particular importance for this approach as the initial model should, like an embryo, contain the basic characteristics of a developed economic organism in the “minimized form”. The article attempts to show that such opportunities are provided by the Robinson Crusoe Model: its analysis allows to introduce in the simplest form many important notions of economic theory, to determine the nature of maximizing behavior of economic agents, to designate the role of space and time in the economy, as well as to lay the groundwork for the next step of economic analysis — identifying the factors contributing to the formation of exchange relations and the social division of labor.

Research on Teachers’ Professionalization and the Development of Normal Education in China

In a broad sense, the professional development of teachers’ profession means that teachers’ profession has its own unique professional requirements and characteristics and has a special training system and management system. In a narrow sense, professional development of teachers’ profession refers to the process of professional development of teachers in the whole career, which means that teachers acquire educational expertise and skills by virtue of professional organizations, implement professional autonomy, show professional ethics, and gradually improve their teaching quality as a professional educator after lifelong professional training. In other words, it means the process of professional development from “ordinary people” to “educators”. Essentially, the development of teachers’ professionalization is the process of teachers’ individual professional development, the process of teachers’ continuous acceptance of new knowledge and the process of increasing their professional ability. The professionalization of teachers in China has mainly gone through three stages: the cultivation stage of seniority and clergy, the normal education stage of teachers’ professionalization and teachers’ professional qualification certificate stage. Historically, the professional development of teachers’ profession is closely related to the birth and development of normal education, which is accompanied by the emergence of social division of labor and the development of social productivity. The professional development of teachers’ profession in China must be based on the improvement of teachers’ professional status, the improvement of teachers’ academic qualifications, the improvement of teacher training system and the optimization of curriculum structure. Educational and academic nature, closed orientation and open non-orientation are important characteristics of teachers’ professional development in different periods. Teachers’ professional development must combine the professionalization of normal education with the systematization of pedagogical subjects. At the same time, it promotes the renewal of teachers’ educational and teaching concepts, and further promotes the effective solution of the contradictions between educational and academic nature, closed orientation and open non-orientation.

The Inspiration of the Eighteenth Camel: A Case Study on the Participation of Third-Party Organizations in Community Governance

Under the background of the continued refinement and efficiency of social division of labor, the governance body of social is becoming more and more diversified. In China’s grass root government, the importance of third-party organizations is clear, and how to play its role well is an urgent problem. This paper proposed “facilitation”, a new concept of mediation, as an attempt to optimize the participation of third-party organizations in governance. A case study with contradiction of neighborhoods was solved in which a team of facilitators participated in. this paper also uses empowerment theory, procedural justice theory and other related theories to analyze the event and to summarize this innovative concept’s advantages and shortcomings. At last, the author attempts to put forward some suggestions for the application of the concept of facilitation and gives some recommendations to further research.

Tourism and hospitality industry in the context of global economic development

Introduction. The most important tendency of modern development is the process of post-industrial transformation of the economy, which influences the tourist and hotel and restaurant industry is intended to compensate partly the relative monotony of labour activity, which is connected with its limited specialization and subordination to the social division of labour. But at the same time, the historical character of the social division of labour, which appears on the current level of the process of the society post-industrial transformation, is not fully taken into account.
 Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is to analyze the features of the tourist and hotel and restaurant industry in the extensive historical context of the post-industrial transformation of modern society.
 Results. The methodology of such analysis proceeds from the fact that this transformation process is accompanied by the transformation of the content of economic activity in the direction of reducing the heavy routine labour and expanding the scope of free interpersonal communication. In such conditions, there is a necessity for a more consistent marketing distinction between the hotel and restaurant facilities depending on the specific needs of different groups of potential clients. It should be fully taken into account that the traditional style, corresponding to the mass perception of both domestic holidaymakers and tourists, and domestic business class, may be less creative from the point of view of holidaymakers from developed countries, whose tastes and benefits have emerged in a post-industrial society. The main principles of the influence of the level of economic development on the style and design of hotels and restaurants have been revealed and that is characterized by tendencies of negation of artificial values in favour of the values of "naturalness", which symbolize the free interpersonal subject-subjective communication, which is considered to be immanent not to labour, but to creativity which is free from economic necessity.
 Conclusions. Thus, the general conclusion is that these differences in styles reflect not only socio-cultural traditions, but also different levels of historical development of developed countries and post-Soviet society, which largely determines the significant cost of hotel and restaurant services in the postmodern era. Therefore, investments in the development of tourist and hotel and restaurant industry in Ukraine should take into account the requirements which are connected with the peculiarities of postmodernism in so far as they are oriented towards the world market of services. Developed countries entered the postmodern period on the way of postmodern and post-industrial transformation, but Ukraine has only come to the solution of the problem of real modernization, which is rather characterized by a state of premodern than postmodern, and such objective differences of the levels of historical development should be taken into account, including the organization of tourist and hotel and restaurant industry, which are focused on the international level, as they may appear in different styles, which are in preference for local and Western clients.

Wandering Casters on the Territory of Ukraine

One of the factors determining the development of ancient society was the bronze casting craft. The features of the socio-economic state depended on the direction of its development; therefore, it is important to trace its character at various stages of the social division of labor. At the same time, the key question is who the craftsmen were, who provided the population with metal products, and in this case it turns out that in most cases those were wandering casters. The relevance of the study is determined by this issue. The aim of the study is to analyze the nature of the bronze casting craft at various stages and to determine the role of wandering craftsmen in providing the population with metal products. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the activity of vagrant masters in Ukraine has been analyzed and their influence on the development of tribal relations has been determined. The research methods are based on the general scientific principle of objectivity, as well as structural, functional and analytical methods. Findings. The level of development and the role of casting craft at various stages of society development have been determined. The activities of wandering casters have been singled out separately and the factors that testify to their activitiarose with the advent of metallurgy and metalworking and existed during the Eneolithic, Bronze and Early Iron Age eras.es have been characterized. The tradition of wandering crafts

POLÍTICA HABITACIONAL RURAL E MORADIA CAMPONESA NO MARANHÃO

Este texto analisa as limitacoes e consequencias de politicas publicas locais quando se utilizam de programas nacionais pensados a partir de outras realidades socioespaciais. Tal analise parte de pesquisa da recente politica habitacional rural do Governo do Maranhao, que, inspirada no Plano Nacional de Habitacao Rural (PNHR), integra o plano estadual de desenvolvimento de municipios com baixo indice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH), buscando enfrentar o grave quadro das moradias precarias do Estado. Sob a otica da divisao social do trabalho e da lei do desenvolvimento desigual e combinado, a primeira secao analisa os dispares resultados regionais do PNHR para, em seguida, contextualizar a realidade do campones maranhense, que, vivendo a margem do sistema economico, pratica o extrativismo e tem a moradia como forma de sobrevivencia. Com base nas especificidades do deficit habitacional rural do estado e fundamentada em pesquisa nos povoados selecionados pelo programa, a terceira secao avalia os processos de producao e apropriacao da moradia pelas familias contempladas, constatando o nao atendimento das metas fisicas e sociais da proposta. Conclui que incompativel com os modos de vida e praticas tradicionais de autoconstrucao, o programa contraria metas de desenvolvimento local e nao contribui para a afirmacao cultural de grupos sociais marginalizados, grande presenca populacional no Estado. Palavras Chave: Politica habitacional rural; moradia camponesa; Maranhao/Brasil

The Problem of Preparing Future Designers

The article is devoted to the study of professional training of future designers. The concepts of "competence", "professional competence" in the research of specialists are revealed. According to the authors, higher education is not a privilege, not the lot of the elected, but not a set of basic knowledge and skills. The diploma of higher education does not certify the identity or citizenship and not the rights and freedoms of the individual, but only the level of qualification in the specialty that requires fundamental scientific training. The system of higher education, unlike educational organizations, provides citizens with the special knowledge, skills and abilities required to replace well-defined places in the system of social division of labor. There are many professions in demand in the labor market and vital to society, the mastery of which requires training at the University and allows the individual to fully realize their abilities. The creation of a comfortable environment in higher education, helping young people to understand that in the pursuit of self-realization and achievement of success in life should be guided not by the prevailing stereotypes, and their own desires and inclinations, is a necessary condition for the successful professional development of the individual graduate.

Behavioral Specialization During the Neolithic—An Evolutionary Model

The emergence of agriculture and complex societies during the Near-Eastern Neolithic opened a new era in human evolution. Food production seriously affected the ecological environment, and societies answered this with large-scale division of labour and specialisation. In this paper we study this transition with an individual based model framework. Our model captures the connections between the appearance of agriculture, social division of labour, and behavioural diversity. Our two main settings represent different habitats: In the pre-Neolithic habitat resources fluctuate in time and there is no large-scale food storage. In the Neolithic habitat active food production results in economic surplus. We consider a sexually reproducing social group, where individuals solve different tasks for survival. We assume that the task solving effectiveness has a genetic basis, but also improves with experience and learning. Since tasks can require more or less different skills, there is a trade-off between the genetic affinities for different tasks. Individuals are born with inherited task choice strategies that they can improve by imitating more successful peers. We have shown that for the Neolithic case both phenotypic (task choice strategy) and genetic specialisation is possible, if scarcer goods are more valuable. As the number of tasks increase, specialisation evolves only in a much larger group. Although phenotypic specialisation is often present, genetic specialisation requires strong assortativity both during imitation and mate choice. Our model shows that if economic surplus becomes available, behavioural specialisation and large-scale division of labour is likely to appear.

A Methodology for Developing Transprofessionalism in Engineers in the Conditions of Post-Industrial Society

The relevance of the problem under consideration is conditioned by the changes in socio-economic conditions and the socio-technological development of the Russian economy, which has significantly altered the world of professions in the post-industrial society: some professions are disappearing, some are transforming, and others are appearing. Along with the traditional concepts of ”profession” and ”specialism”, a new term has been recently established in the field of professional studies: ”transfession”, referring to a kind of labour activity realised based on synthesis and convergence of professional competences belonging to different specialist fields. The main professional characteristic of transfessions is transprofessionalism - the ability toperform a wide range of specialised activities. The identification of socio-humanitarian technologies for the development of this integral capacity of professionals in the system of continuous education determines the relevance of this study. The purpose of the article is to analyse and generalise the grounds and prerequisitesfor transprofessionalism as an integral quality of the subject of technical professions in a dynamically changing social and professional environment. The main methods in the study of this problem are theoretical and methodological analysis of the research subject and the research problem based on studying and logically generalising scientific research literature, as well as hypothetical-inductive and project methods. The description of the phenomenon of transprofessionalism was made relying on multidimensional, transdisciplinary, network and project approaches. The article presents the scientific definition of transprofessionalism, its meaningful content, as well as criteria of transprofessionalism manifestation in a dynamically changing social and professional environment. The relevance of the phenomenon of transprofessionalism is substantiated understood as requirements to the subject and its integral quality, which implies qualitatively new content and technological training for professionals in technical fields. In particular,it is stated that in the course of post-industrial society development the concept of “profession” loses its original meaning as a field of social division of labour, and transprofessionals capable of performing a wide range of professional activities become competitive and popular on the employment market. The article may be of interest to methodologists, researchers, teachers and those involved in continuing professional education.
 Keywords: methodology, transprofessionalism, subject of technical professions, logical and semantic model and platform for the development of transprofessionalism, high humanitarian technologies.