Social Division Of Labor Research Articles

The dynamics of food security policy in Cameroon (2008-2019)

Purpose: This article intends to examine the improvement in fighting against food insecurity in Cameroon since February 2008, a period marked with so-called hunger riots. In response to this, and in order to reply satisfactorily to this social crisis and the security that predates it, the government set up, at the end of 2008, the national food security programme (NFSP). This programme, which is the site of our empirical investigation, has undergone some vicissitudes and a marked evolution up to now.
 Methodology: Based on Using participant observation, non-reactive data collection techniques and socio-historical analysis, the article highlights the concept of the food security policy process, which does not escape the enlightening analytical framework of the advocacy coalition framework. It proposes, based on the analysis of the interpenetration of the NFSP by state and others institutional actors, to outline the contours of a category of negotiated and incremental food security policy process.
 Findings: Therefore to improve the food security policy process, a social division of labour is needed between the decision-making centre – the Inter-ministerial Committee on Food Security (CISA) and the Steering Committee (COPIL) – and the technical expertise centre – the Technical Group on Food Security (GTSA).
 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The NFSP should play a more synthesizing role between these two centres in terms of the framework for the elaboration of the national food security policy strategy.

What Freirean Critical Pedagogy Says and Overlooks from a Durkheimian Perspective

“Critical pedagogy” has become a prevalent grammar furthering the necessity of a change in pedagogy from a banking‐style to problem‐posing approach, which it argues will facilitate students’ development of independent values and equip them to lead the liberation of society from authoritarianism into democracy. To achieve this, classrooms need to serve as cultural forums, through which either engaged pedagogy or negotiated authority empowers teachers and students to engage in free dialogues that problematize school textbooks as “cultural politics.” This empowerment demands that teachers perform as transformative intellectuals, dedicating themselves to the amelioration of inequity in educational results by reconstructing new texts, making them more accessible to working‐class students. While these theoretical lexicons envision a new perspective for the “educational function,” alleviation of the phenomenon of cultural reproduction can only occur if critical pedagogists pay more attention to academic curricula. Student achievements in such curricula, which respond to the demands of the social division of labor, have a profound influence on their potential social mobility.

About alternative concepts of money in Russia (to the 160th anniversary of the birth of A.A. Manuylov). Materials for lectures and seminars

This article examines the scientific ideas about the substantial value of coins, paper and monetary signs of circulation in the Russian economic theory in the second half of the XIX — early XX centuries. The critical re-evaluation of foreign concepts contributed to a deep study of the concept of value, nature and functional role of banknotes in the national economy. The factors regulating the value of banknotes and the key criteria of the new model of elastic monetary circulation are considered. The concepts of Russian economists (A.N. Miklashevsky, A.A. Manuylov, L.V. Fedorovich, M.I. Tugan-Baranovsky, P.A. Nikolsky, N.I. Sieber, and many others) reveal the laws of pricing that affect the value of money. It is suggested that money is «an integral part of the developed social division of labor». In this context, we study the process of forming a systematic understanding of the relationship between different market segments and the state monetary economy, which revealed the specific role of money as an instrument that unites individual markets.
 
 It is concluded that, first, in the course of a critical analysis of the concepts of money and the development of the principles of reforming the monetary system in the Russian literature, the foundations of a macroeconomic understanding of the market economy were laid. The semantic «content» of the concept of «conjuncture» indicated an increased interest in macroeconomic research. Second, the development of the theory of the value of money and to elucidate their role in economic conditions contributed to the opening of several new, «frontier» of economic topics, including the theory of industrial crises and characteristics of the circulation of banknotes in extreme conditions at the beginning of the XX century.
 
 The fundamental economic concepts of value, price and money are still the «platform» of the most acute theoretical discussions, in which arguments in favor of the interests of traditional market actors, entrepreneurs and the state, are supplemented by the motives of transnational institutions. Knowledge of the theories of the value of money sheds light on the effectiveness of tools for regulating market conditions. The model of monetary circulation as an effective tool for regulating budget deficits and industrial activity during the crisis (with the help of the State Bank`s commercial portfolio) was the experience of the circulation of maternity money in the twentieth century. Familiarity with the positions of leading scientists gives an idea of alternative approaches in the interpretation of value (classical school, Marxism), or value (German historical school, marginalism, nominalism), creates a solid basis for analyzing the features of the domestic monetary system and attempts to reform it at the present time.
 
 A retrospective analysis of the theories of the value of money will help to form a clear understanding of the peculiarities of domestic monetary policy, to find out its role in the development of crises, inflation and «lack of money». The article, addressed to teachers of economic theory and the history of economic studies, graduate students, students, and anyone interested in the theory and practice of monetary circulation, attempts to «reveal» the secrets of the economic analysis of value — one of the key problems of economic science.

المضامين الجندرية في صفحات الفيسبوك ودورها في ترتيب اولويات المرأة

Gender has considered and become a new trend in women's studies, as it reflects the behaviors, roles and attitudes imposed by society on its members in accordance with their biological nature,with focusing on gender rather than on concentration on women, which is closely linked to the vision that concentrates on women's problems which are not primarily according to their biological differences But rather to a greater extent to social, cultural, historical and religious barriers and Obstacles. Therefore, the qualitative division due to the concept of "gender" is not a rigid biological division, but is relied on the broad general context through which the social division of work is done. Thus, content in the pages of Facebook with high-level started to appear and calls for the need to cancel these roles and changing the other prevailing concepts. Thus , Gender disaggregation is therefore not a rigid biological division, but rather is based on the broad general context within which the social division of labor takes place. The contents of the Facebook pages, which are of a high level, call for the abolition of these roles and changing the prevailing concepts. The problem to the current research has summarized and raised by several questions like the main question that is concentrated on the Gender contents in Facebook Pages , as well as the influence of these contents in determining women's priorities ? so , in order to answer on this question , there were several subdivided questions raised on the analytical and field level of research so as to reach the main objective that is represented with (the nature of the relationship between the gender implications on Facebook And women's priorities(. The current researcher is belonged to the descriptive research the researcher has used , specifically the sample of surveying method so as to collect data and information on the relationship of the gender contents in the Facebook pages and in ranking of the priorities of the research sample, to depend on the questionnaire tool and the scale, as well. The researcher has depended and used the method of content analysis to analyze the gender contents of the selected sample Research relied on the analysis of the categories of what was mentioned recently to ?what was said ? How it was said? Through the construction of a special form for analysis. The researcher has reached to a number of results, the most important one , are: 1. Facebook is considered a means of mass communication that depends on the user in the extraction information and news, and it is considered , as well, a way to form direction and changing the behavior. 2. The relationship of gender contents in Facebook to women's priorities is considered a positive one, ie, the more the number of content on a given topic the priority of women has increased.

Implementation of promoting inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment, and decent work for all as the goal in the updated Constitution of the Russian Federation

The article analyzes the content of the new Article 75.1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation through the prism of economic and political doctrines of solidarity based on the social division of labor, codependency, and mutual assistance. The relevance of the problem of social solidarity in the implementation of economic activity by citizens is due to the entry into force of the Law of the Russian Federation on the amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of March 14, 2020 "On improving the regulation of certain issues of the organization and functioning of public authorities." Concluded that Article 75.1, fixing new principles of balancing private and public interests based on mutual trust in society and the state, integrating the Russian economy into the global community based on universal principles of economic development set out in the Concept of Sustainable Development of the United Nations.

No separate spheres: the contingent reproduction of living labor in Southern Africa

Social Reproduction Theory (SRT) rejects the classical political economy distinction between productive and unproductive labor, the latter defined as all labor that does not produce surplus-value. Rather, much non-commodified labor, particularly that done in the domestic sphere, is not unproductive but necessary since it produces labor-power. Hence, SRT has proposed an alternative distinction: productive versus reproductive spheres of labor. This article argues that this opposition too is analytically and politically misleading. Capital is concerned with profit, not with the reproduction of the living labor within which labor-power is always embedded. It is the everyday struggles of living labor that determines its reproduction. These take place not just in the kin-based sphere of the family but in overlapping, shifting places and processes, including struggles for better wages and working conditions in capitalist firms. This paper uses two different contexts in southern Africa to make this argument: an influential debate over how to understand changes in apartheid in South Africa in the 1970s; and a sugar-cane plantation in Mozambique where interdependent contradictions of class, gender and race defined a social division of labor that systematically compromised the reproduction of living labor.

Analisis Peran Gender Suami Dan Istri Dalam Rumah Tangga Penenun Kain Songket (Studi Kasus Di Kelurahan Tuan Kentang Kecamatan Seberang Ulu 1 Kota Palembang)

This study aims to analyze and describe gender equality in the household of female songket weavers in Tuan Kentang Village, Seberang Ulu 1 District, Palembang City. This study uses Harvard Analysis. The method used in this research is qualitative research methods. Data collection methods are observation, in-depth interviews and documentation. There are 7 informants in this study. The activity profile includes a description of the reproductive, productive and social division of labor. The access and control profile includes a description of the level of equity in access to resources, access to benefits, control over resources and control over benefits in the household. The results showed that, the household activities profile of women weaving Songket fabrics in Tuan Kentang Village is dominated by activities that are gender biased or have not provided equality for women (including the division of productive labor and the division of social labor). Meanwhile, the division of reproductive labor has a gender perspective in which control of benefits is carried out jointly between male and female. The access and control profile of resources and benefits in the household is generally responsive or women have a high degree of equality in access to and control of resources and benefits.

THEORETICAL DISCOURSE OF CORPORATE DEVELOPMENT IN THE XXI CENTURY

Background. Development of the theoretical concept of corporate entrepreneurship is determined by the intensification of research in modern conditions. The main subject of scientific research is the analysis of the evolution of corporate relations, their organi­zational forms and interaction ways of the main subjects, i.e. owners, managers and the state, as well as the relationship of corporations structural elements. The lack of a holistic concept of corporations’ role substantiation in modern system of economic relations and the scien­tific significance of this issue have led to the relevance of the article. The analysis of recent research and publications shows that theoretical matrix of corporate entrepreneurship research is at the stage of active transformation of its research field. The aim of the article is to systematize and generalize theoretical approaches to the analysis of corporate development vectors in the XXI century and also to identify the latest institutional determinants of their functioning. Materials and methods. The works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists are the theo­retical and methodological basis of the article. The institutional and evolutionary approach is methodological basis of the paper. General scientific research methods such as abstract­tion, analysis and synthesis, systematization, analytical, logical and historical generaliza­tions were also used. Results. Corporate enterprises in modern conditions of civilizational development are the basis of economic activity, which is based on the use of market relations. It involves the continuous accumulation of extremely large amounts of capital to finance programs and develop technical and technological basis of their operation. Modern corporation is a specific form of organization of economic activity and economic agent, a separate format of social nature of economic relations, which provides deepening social division of labor through horizontal and vertical integration, reproduction of capital, formation of stable integration network relations and institutionalizes socio-economic relations in all dimensions. Conclusion. The main advantages of the corporate form of entrepreneurship are wide opportunities to attract financial resources, implementation of innovative projects, etc. Corporations are hierarchical network meta-organizations, a form of institutional support for systemic competitiveness and innovative development of the socio-economic system with an integrated model of capital reproduction into organizational terms. Corporation is a social institution of collective action into institutional terms. The corporate form of entre­preneurship makes it possible to increase international competitiveness of the national economy and creates a basis for its development on the basis of neo-industrialization in the context of effective public, social and collective institutions.

MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE OF INNOVATIVE PRODUCTION IN THE CONTEXT OF STIMULATION OF PARTNERSHIP RELATIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY FOR THE PURPOSE OF MAINTENANCE OF ECONOMIC SAFETY

Introduction. The labour market is one of the key in the market economy. In turn, the level of adjustment of the use of the factor "labour" determines the effectiveness of the use of factors "capital" and "land". The factor of "labour" is inherently social and economic. On the one hand, social and demographic processes determine the total population, its distribution by sex and age groups and opportunities for participation in production. On the other hand, the economic characteristics of the welfare of the population determine its opportunities for education, training, realization of professional abilities, participation in the processes of social division of labour. In Ukraine, it is important to carry out balanced reforms in the labour market based on identifying general trends, researching existing challenges and justifying areas of advisory support for its market transformation, which determines the relevance of the study in theoretical and practical terms. Therefore, the aim of the article was to identify general trends, existing challenges and areas of advisory support for labour market reform. Methods. The dialectical method of cognition and the system method for studying the issues of labour market reform and advisory support for the implementation of such processes are chosen as the theoretical basis of the article. In writing the article, general scientific methods of cognition were used, namely: methods of analysis, synthesis, analogies, economic and statistical, graphic, expert, generalization method. The method of economic and statistical analysis is used to determine the main trends in the labour market, graphical - to visualize the results, the expert method - to reveal the features of advisory support of market transformation; methods of analysis, synthesis and analogies - to identify approaches to solving existing problems, the method of generalization to form the conclusions of the study. Results. - the main trends in the labour market of Ukraine are identified, some of which are: trends in the decrease of the total population (by 15%), the number of economically active population (by 20%), the level of economic activity of the population (by 2.6%). There was also a decrease in the unemployment rate by 3.2% and the reasons for unemployment of the registered unemployed; - stressed the importance of taking into account the existing challenges in the preparation of documents on labour market reform, one of the most important of which is the spread of globalization and the need to innovate to ensure the proper level of product competitiveness in the market; - proved the expediency, in public terms, taking into account not only economic but also social components in the process of structural transformations in the labour market; - the importance of involving various social forces in solving the existing problems of labour market reform is emphasized, accordingly, the involvement of public and private advisory services and increasing control over their activities in the implementation of any reform measures will be effective; - the directions of advisory support of labour market reform are substantiated, the main essence of which is: accentuation of efforts to solve problems of organizational structuring of the labour market in the context of preparation of answers to existing challenges. ) in ensuring the increase of competitiveness of its products and alternative professional change of activity. Discussion. Prospects for further research are to determine the features of the involvement of public and private advisory services and their interaction in solving public problems with public authorities. Keywords: labour market, reforms, tendencies, challenges, directions of advisory support, social efficiency.

Trends in the world economy in the context of the global deflation crisis development model after 2007

This article examines the theoretical issues of the current global crisis of the development model, which began in 2007. Different theoretical concepts of the emergence and course of crisis processes are analyzed from the point of view of the mainstream premise of the existing equilibrium in economic systems, which is supported by the prevailing concept of the commodity nature of money. Our understanding of the role of the financial sector in the development of the real economy, as well as the nature and mechanisms of the crisis in the development model, is presented. We do not believe that equilibrium is a natural state of real economic systems in which money serves only as a medium of exchange. Accordingly, we consider money as an external factor in relation to the real economy, and the financial sector as an independent one, acting in accordance with its own laws and to a large extent determining the processes that take place in the real economy. The study argues that the modern economic system, throughout its history, is characterized by a tendency of constant growth of imbalances, which is opposed by a more intense tendency to form more efficient economic structures. An analysis of the current economic situation is made, based on some important circumstances that led to a reduction in the scale of the financial sector of the economy and to a decline in its efficiency. Alternative directions of existing potentials for creation in the world economy are considered. Appropriate conclusions are drawn that global civilization is on the verge of epoch-making changes and it is important in which direction social processes in certain regions of the world will turn to ensure the well-being of all peoples, built on a higher level of social division of labor.

Enterprise Financial Shared Service Platform Based on Big Data

With the advent of the era of big data, the market economy continues to develop in depth, and the social division of labor is becoming more and more refined. The financial sharing platform service center can realize the transformation of financial management functions from financial accounting to management accounting according to the strategic needs of enterprises. Prevent financial risks in a timely manner, provide strong endogenous vitality and back-up support for corporate management, and promote the development of corporate economies of scale. The purpose of this paper is to study the corporate financial shared service platform based on big data. This article compares and analyzes the difference between the traditional “financial management mode” and the “shared service mode”, and at the same time proposes the impact of information technology on the financial sharing platform services in the era of big data, and then conducts the construction process and operation management status of the company’s financial sharing platform service center Describe, analyze and discuss its implementation results, existing problems, opportunities and challenges at this stage, and propose measures to be improved in response to existing problems, and put forward suggestions for optimization of the company’s financial sharing center based on the background of the big data era. The company was selected as a case study to explore its motivations for implementing the financial sharing platform service, to explain its construction plan in detail, and to analyze the benefits from different aspects. Research shows that more than 80% of the company’s accounting business vouchers are automatically generated by the business-driven system. Compared with traditional accounting methods, both the timeliness and accuracy of accounting treatment have undergone a qualitative leap.

Beyond rentiership: Standardisation, intangibles and value capture in global production

We examine corporate rentiership in the contemporary economy and suggest that the idea we are in a moment of step-change within capitalism may be premature. Implicit in arguments for a step-change is the claim that the present-day economy emphasises unproductive or rentier forms rather than the more productive and entrepreneurial forms of the past. In contrast, we argue that to understand our current situation we need to focus on the division of labour and most especially on processes of standardisation and the rise of intangible assets. Moving from Marx’s understanding of rent as a class relation, we re-embed rent within the circuit of capital and the realm of value distribution to investigate the class dynamics (among labour, capital and the state) through which giant firms seem to generate value out of rentierism. We argue that these class dynamics include the crucial and unexplored relation between standardisation and intangibles. We suggest standardisation within the division of labour renders people, places, and things interchangeable and that, in contrast, intangible assets differentiate them. When intangible assets emerge as new forms of property, they enable owners to generate scarcity and exert direct and/or indirect control over the wider division of labour. Through examining the combined rise of standardisation and intangible assets within the technical division of labour, we demonstrate how hierarchy within the social division of labour empowers some corporations to capture value produced elsewhere within the circuit of capital.

The Pandemic of Productivity

Initially with the massive outbreak of COVID-19, physical distancing in the form of stay-at-home campaigns made the headlines. The most stringent lockdown period in India was envisaged by the privileged class as a productive time at home. I show that the home as a space of leisure and intimacy is also a site of caste and gender privilege that upholds the social division of labour. By looking at both the work of home and the work from home, I problematise the notion of productivity from home and argue for a renewed understanding of what constitutes work and what constitutes home as an intimate space.

Еще раз о «строе цивилизованных кооператоров»

During the transition to the sixth technological mode (according to S.Y. Glazyev) or the sixth long wave (according to N. Kondratiev), significant changes take place in the development of technologies and social division of labor, in the culture of production and society. Th article shows that falling oil prices, the coronavirus pandemic and heightened tensions in international relations (sanctions, trade wars, terrorism, fight against ISIS, information war, etc.) have exacerbated the global crisis. In this regard, the author considers new economic phenomena, in particular, the maker movement developed in cooperative network formats, which, according to some researchers, may lead to a “system of civilized cooperators”. The article analyzes the "new craftsmanship" movement from the perspective of the economy, politics, culture and management.

The Civilizational Dimension of the Structurating of Societies

The civilizational approach in contemporary sociology aims at clarifying the relationships between social structure and culture, and institutions and actors. The civilizational dimension of the structuring of societies focuses on uncovering the complex interactions between the civilizational pattern and social structure. The focus is on a historically-defined combination of interpretive models and institutional frameworks in which the social dynamics of society unfolds. The fundamental premise of civilizational analysis in sociology is the rejection of social or cultural reductionist determinism. The key moments are distinction and autonomy, and are contingent on the interweaving of the structural, institutional, and cultural aspects of social interaction. The basic concepts of the civilizational dimension of structuring societies are (a) the determination of the method of differentiation and integration of the spheres of social life; (b) the establishment of basic norms and “debentures” for the main institutional sectors; (c) the building a social center and establishing its relationship with the periphery; (d) the construction of collective identities; (e) giving order to the formation of social stratification and the social division of labor; and (f) a self-representation and the strategies of sociopolitical elites, and their management practices. The key aspects of the civilizational structuring of social formations are highlighted and considered in the examples of the Imperial and the Soviet periods in the history of Russian society. Contemporary societies in the civilizational dimension are a combination of (a) inherited local civilizational traditions (often with their own anticipations of modernity), then (b) perceived in the course of inter-civilizational encounters with cultural and institutional influences of “other” traditions and reactions to them, and then (c) develop, inherit their own, borrow, or take on imposed-from-the-outside articulations and visions of the problems of modernity civilization, including models of modernity which receive universal meaning and value.

Life activity analysis of educational systems in the context of civilizational development of the planetary world

The article analyzes the dependence of the phenomenon of education on the type of civilization in space of which the life of the world community takes place and is based on the interaction of social institutions of the market, science and education, on the surface which "proceeds" by the division of social labor, which generates a specific  form of social system of education already in dependence on the social division of labor in specific socio-economic conditions. To effectively reproduce its structural and functional parameters, the author suggests resorting to the paradigm of the «life cycle of educational systems in the context of a civilizational approach» based on the use of cognitive analysis. Its advantage is only that the concept «grasps» the phenomenon of education as a whole. This means that the phenomenon of civilization education is studied as a social institution and social system of the industrial society. To analyze the dynamics of knowledge change, two methodological conditions must be used:to apply the civilizational approach and the paradigm of the life cycle of social systems, since this phenomenon has a long-lasting dimension in space and time; it is emphasized that knowledge is the basic and system-forming element of self-deployment of civilization and therefore it can be used (according to Foucault) as a methodological criterion for assessing the quality of life of civilization; the meaning of educational content at each stage of industrial civilization life is distinguished: natural knowledge prevailed at the stage of its origin; at the stage of growth - technical knowledge that corresponded to the essence of civilization itself;  at the stage of maturity - scientific knowledge turned into ideologues of social development, which led to the emergence of technocratism and "drove" the planetary community into a dead end;  at the stage of decline - technological knowledge led to the loss of  mainstream guide of social development and began the catastrophic destruction of the social organism of the planet, which entails a change in the type of civilizational development; the solution is seen in the rise of the planetary community into the space of informational civilization, the transition of education to mastering methodological knowledge corresponds to it.

IDEOLOGICAL SUPPORT OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION SYSTEM: DYNAMICS AND CONSEQUENCES

The article analyzes the ideological support of the life cycle of the industrial education system. The dynamics of such a system in time is estimated, as well as the influence of ideology on the formation of the information education system at the beginning of the XXI century. The life cycle of education is considered as a multi-stage process, which is characterized by both unpredictable changes in its properties and the presence of predictable parameters. The development of the education system is mediated by the division of social labor and is limited in time and space by the properties of the “social organism” of a particular civilization. The life cycle of the industrial education system consists of four stages: origin (mid XVI – late XVII centuries); growth (late XVII – late XIX century); maturity (late XIX century – 70s of the XX century); decline (70s of the XX – beginning of the XXI century). At the stage of origin, dominated predominantly the religious-state form of ideology, which was spontaneous in origin, did not have a formalized ideologeme and was initiated from religious consciousness, as well as theological philosophy, cultivated a matrix of religious values. At this stage the state, although it participated in the management of human behavior, was in secondary roles and performed the corresponding functions with the help of violence. At the stage of growth, ideology received a theoretical basis, corresponding social movements also appeared, the most powerful of which were liberalism and Marxism, formed two ideologically opposite social systems: capitalist and socialist (with corresponding educational systems, human ideals and the ultimate goals of the class struggle). At the stage of maturity, ideology brought social systems to the plane of technocratism, which happened as a result of maximizing the role of science and rationality. Because of this, other ways of producing socially significant ideas were blocked, that is, their sources such as art, theater, cinema, religion, etc. At the stage of decline, the ideology of radical rationalism found itself in the horizon of the ideas of multiculturalism. Since powerful migratory movements of the population arose on the territory of the African, European and American continents, these processes naturally raised the question of new cross-cultural social structures, as well as the modernization of systems of modern general and vocational education.

Research on Logistics Distribution Route Based on Multi-objective Sorting Genetic Algorithm

With the continuous development of society, the social division of labor is further improved, and social production tends to be highly specialized and industrialized. Moreover, enterprise production is increasingly internationalized, and sales are gradually expanding. Therefore, the multi-objective sequencing in logistics distribution is incorporated into the path optimization of the logistics system, and a multi-objective bi-level programming model of time and cost is established. What is more, considering the limitations of the traditional algorithm in solving multi-objective problems, the low-dimensional multi-objective problem is selected, and according to the actual situation, the inheritance strategy of genetic factors is adopted to solve the more targeted rapid dominating sorting genetic problem. Besides, the specific conditions and characteristics of the model determine the encoding method, which is brought into the operation of the cross-mutation law and the interruption of individual populations, so that the building foundation of the model is improved. Based on the further theoretical research on the distribution efficiency of logistics system, the corresponding mathematical model is constructed by using the planning method, and the single cost target is transformed into the time and cost double objective, and the improved fast non dominated sorting genetic algorithm with elite strategy is used to solve the problem, which has certain theoretical innovation. Through simulation, the optimal or near optimal path of distribution vehicles in a certain area is given, which has certain practicality and reference value for the optimization of actual logistics distribution path.

Discussion about the Privately-Owned and Private Individual

The privately-owned appears in the process of labor division, the capacity and quality are promoted and the assiduous and diligent virtue become the needs and motivations of life. Lazy bad habits appear, causing a social division of labor with antagonistic and magnetic causes to appear. Lazy bad habits appear that make the society with division of antagonistic labor, the private individual appear. The private individual is the strange thing that people need to be abolished, that means eliminating possession outside of labor and division of labor with antagonistic characteristics, the private property regime will be lost. In general, private elimination is not the elimination of division of labor, but the elimination of division of labor in an antagonistic way, which is the abolition of laziness and non-labor.

Digital transformation and new business models as determinants of formation of the economy of nontypical employment

With the development of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the formation of a new technological basis – “Industry 4.0” - a dynamic multi-vector transformation of the leading institutes of economy and society takes place, social and labor relations in general and employment in particular acquire new format and content. The quintessence of the article is a scientific-applied substantiation of the construct of nontypical employment economy, scientific argumentation and further development of previous researches of authors regarding determinants of gig-economy formation under the influence of economic and social development “digitalization” and emergence of new business models. that radically change all components of the world of work. New facets of the complex world of work and employment have been revealed and the increase of the newest knowledge in this field has been received under systematic research of a chain of changes: introduction of “Industry 4.0” breakthrough technologies → “digitalization” as a dominant vector of technological innovations → formation of new business models → changes in social division of labor and the content of labor processes → the emergence and intensive development of employment forms immanent to the new (digital) economy. It is substantiated that the main root cause, a kind of “trig- ger” for the emergence and reproduction of the chain of researched changes is digital transformation of the economy and society. The essence of today’s phenomena, which determine the development of the “gig economy”, is revealed. The argumentation of the spread of platform business models and their impact on the world of work and employment is given. A new theoretical construction of a chain of changes, the “output” of which is new forms and, a new platform for social and labor developmen t in general, has been suggested. The research focuses on finding answers to a number of questions posed to every conscious person. Among them are the following ones: Why can’t the modern economy “get along” with traditional (standard) forms of employment? Why does atypicality become not the exception but the norm? How do specific mechanisms and tools for transforming standard forms of employment into new ones, which are immanent to modern conditions of economic and social progress, behave in practice?