Colonization Of Brazil Research Articles

Fit-for-Purpose, Private-Sector Led Land Regularization and Financing of Informal Settlements in Brazil

This paper aims to analyze the financial and operational approach to land regularization and financing used in Brazil by an innovative private social enterprise in order to demonstrate that the approach widens the concept fit-for-purpose land regularization to include fit-for-purpose land financing, with relevance for wider efforts in informal settlement regularization and upgrading. In this approach, the enterprise acts as a coordinator and broker to organize the residents of informal settlements to regularize their settlements by negotiating buyouts of the underlying private owners at discounted values, handling titling and registration of the occupants, and coordinating with municipal governments to provide infrastructure. The analysis of parcel-level repayment and price data provides evidence of the sustainability of the business model and increase of property values of the regularized parcels. The results presented from the enterprise’s own repayment data demonstrate that under (non-pandemic) historical conditions residents are largely able to pay an affordable monthly payment over 7–10 years to the enterprise for the service to purchase the plots and maintain the enterprise. In operation since 2001, the enterprise has regularized over 20,000 parcels in more than 30 settlements, primarily in the cities of Sao Paolo and Curitiba in Brazil. The approach suggests that it could be widely replicable and add to the set of options for regularizing informal settlements, especially when purchase of private land is required.

Stormwater management for highly urbanized areas in the tropics: Life cycle assessment of low impact development practices

Within the contemporary view of stormwater management, introduced through integrated urban water management approaches (e.g., low impact development [LID]), there are several strategies that can be used in urban settlements to enhance sustainability. These strategies include the construction of runoff source controls and changes in development patterns. To understand the environmental trade-offs, the comparison of single LID devices using life cycle assessment (LCA) is spreading. However, assessing both LID practices and the urban catchment hydrological response is a less explored field — especially in regions under climate conditions other than the temperate urban areas where LID first emerged. In this context, this paper aims to assess the environmental impacts and the hydrological effects of applying LID practices in a highly urbanized area in the tropics. Using a settlement in Brazil as a case study, three projects were developed and assessed using a hybrid framework based on hydrological modeling and LCA. Even though the projects had different elements, their system function was the same: assure flood protection for rainfall events with a 2-year return period and for a 30-year service life. The business-as-usual scenario, entitled Scen.CONV, used a conventional urbanization and storm-sewer conventional drainage system (CDS), commonly known as gray infrastructure. The alternative scenario, entitled Scen.WELL, used a conventional urbanization and CDS associated with the use of the LID controls to disconnect the lots (infiltration wells). The last scenario, entitled Scen.LID, used LID controls to disconnect both lots and streets (infiltration swales and swale trenches, considered green infrastructure measures) integrated with changes in development patterns. The hydraulic-hydrologic results pointed out Scen.LID as the best alternative for flood protection (100% of runoff source control), followed by Scen.WELL (60% decrease in the peak flow compared to Scen.CONV). The LCA total results indicated Scen.LID as the scenario with lower life cycle impacts, and Scen.WELL as the most impactful. However, this capacity-based approach could not capture the hydrological benefits of Scen.WELL, which were addressed using a performance-based functional unit. Assessing potential impacts per managed stormwater volume, Scen.WELL’s life cycle impacts were 51–65% lower than Scen.CONV, and Scen.LID’s were 74–82% lower than Scen.CONV, both in all life cycle impact categories. This joint approach provides a new perspective to stormwater systems assessment, enhancing their hydrological benefits, without burden shifting.

Two-settlement system for the Brazilian electricity market

The Brazilian cost-based market employs the single-settlement system to clear electricity. Besides single, this system adopts a hybrid mechanism in which the amount of electricity measured during production and consumption in the real-time market is cleared with the electricity price set during the operation's schedule in the day-ahead market. The result is that the intersection between demand and supply does not set the electricity price neither in the day-ahead market nor in the real-time market. This work studies the flaws of the Brazilian settlement system. The study demonstrates that the two-settlement system is a better option for this market because it prices the electricity correctly at the moment of production and consumption, encourages the market participants to furnish accurate data for the system operation, mitigates anti-competitive practices, and induces market efficiency.

Religious and cultural uses of plants promoting agroecological transitions in rural settlements in Brazil.

Nature is a sacred space, where the tradition and rituals of Afro-Brazilian religions are celebrated, which performance is essential for the preservation of natural resources. Traditional communities that practice Candomblé in Brazil are settled on Nature, so they value and maintain biodiversity. Our objective was to study the spatial evolution of the land use by the traditional African-based community that occupies the Quilombo AnastáciaSite, as well as to understand how their customs – related to the maintenance of health and food -and their rituals help in the conservation of agrobiodiversity. The monitoring of the evolution of land use was carried out using LANDSAT satellite images and images from Google Earth software. According to the timeline (elaborated for 1997-2019), there was substantial increase in vegetation cover. In addition, the planting of native trees, food and medicinal species, as well as the use of agroecological practices (such as implementation of agroforestry systems), promoted diversification in the property. The Quilombo Site area favors the maintenance of the people's health and dietary habits, and the culture of this traditional African-based community guided the occupation of the soil, in order to benefit the conservation of agrobiodiversity.

A urgência de monitorar remanescentes florestais em áreas urbanas situadas na restinga

Desde a colonização, o manejo da Mata Atlântica no Brasil, em especial da vegetação de restinga localizada nas zonas costeiras, representa um desafio a ser enfrentado por toda a sociedade costeira. Os dados são alarmantes e ratificam a perda de áreas de florestas nestes cinco séculos de história, concomitante ao aumento da urbanização nas regiões costeiras, comprovando a dificuldade em conciliar ocupação humana e preservação florestal. Este trabalho preenche um hiato legal, recorrente em áreas urbanas ou de expansão urbana localizadas nas regiões costeiras, relacionado à convivência entre os remanescentes florestais e as áreas antropizadas, situados na mesma propriedade em consequência das determinações legais vigentes no país, através de Diretrizes para Aplicação de Faixas de Amortecimento Privativas - FAPs na Restinga, destinadas a empreendimentos com maior impacto ambiental, licenciados através de RAP – Relatório Ambiental Preliminar ou EIA RIMA – Estudo de Impacto Ambiental e Relatório de Impacto Ambiental. Objetivou-se a definição de técnicas interdisciplinares para localizar, dimensionar e monitorar o remanescente florestal preservado na propriedade, além de aferir impactos que ocorrem durante e após a supressão de vegetação, na implantação e operação da atividade licenciada. Este trabalho concluiu pela viabilidade das FAPs, após análise e discussão dos resultados, das legislações, normas, notas e pareceres técnicos relacionados às Áreas Verdes Remanescentes na Propriedade, de Preservação Permanente e as Unidades de Conservação. Este último assunto foca a gestão e dimensão das Zonas de Amortecimento, técnicas de Biomonitoramento e conceitos de Planejamento Estratégico, Ecologia da Paisagem, Dupla Territorialidade, Sistemas Sócio Ecológicos, Manejo Adaptativo e Serviços Ecossistêmicos.

Agroecological territorial dynamics: considerations about brazilian settlements

Purpose: In this article we present agroecological experiences in rural settlements in the municipality of Rio Bonito do Iguaçu, Paraná State, Brazil. By analyzing the advances and challenges of these initiatives, we aim to highlight the need for broader, systemic and multiscale actions in favor of building an agro-food system which promotes food and nutritional sovereignty and security of local/regional communities and thereby contributes to the development of territories. Methodology: This is a case study based on semi-structured qualitative interviews with settled families and representative entities. Findings: we observed that the practices have contributed to the construction of a socio-environmental consciousness, a more sustainable soil management, the increase of agrobiodiversity, improvement of health and income, as well as greater access to commercialization channels. Research Limitation: There are challenges and demands regarding training in agroecology, technical assistance, support in organizing farmer groups, financing, construction and consolidation of marketing channels for the income guarantees of families. Originality: A considerable mobilization of local actors was observed, which impacted the implementation of agroecological initiatives, but a more discrete participation of actors from other scales, which limits the enhancement of experiences as mechanisms of territorial development.

«The Silver Age of Piracy»: French pirates in the Atlantic in the first third of the XVI century

The purpose of the study was to find a causal relationship between the activities of king Francis I and the large-scale pirate actions of the captains of the French merchant fleet, Jean Ango. This was necessary to show piracy as a fusion of the military and diplomatic policies of France against Portugal and Spain with the naval experience of warfare on the seas and in the oceans, which had the captains of the merchant fleet of Jean Ango. We can see this connection by the captured and looted of hundreds of ships in Portugal and Spain with the full support of piracy from the French crown. The goal was also to show how France, through piracy and its promotion at the state level, destroyed the system of international agreements and Royal oaths in the Christian world for the sake of its commercial advantage. The author studies and gives examples of numerous acts of piracy, numbering in the hundreds of captured, robbed, and sunk ships, the reasons and conclusions are given why Francis I began to demand Open seas and oceans and why he demanded a revision of the borders of the world in the XVI century. The author has considered and found the answers to the questions of what caused the rupture of international treaties, on the part of Francis I. The author has also revealed and shown the facts of multiple penetrations of France on the territory of Portugal and Spain, which later led to attempts by France to establish settlements in Brazil in 15551559 and Spanish Florida in 15631565, contrary to all international norms and agreements the Popes bulls of 1493 and the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 and subsequent ones. The paper shows that the scale and scope of the pirate actions of French pirates in the Atlantic contributed to the formation of piracy as a mass phenomenon and can be called the Silver age of world piracy, which falls on the 16th century, and anticipates the Golden age of piracy of the 17th and 18th centuries. This term is quite appropriate to introduce for this time, especially if it is considered together with the even larger-scale pirate actions of Berber pirates in the Mediterranean, which are quite well known and described in the scientific literature.

Case study on the approach of the curricular component of History: An interdisciplinary view

This article was born from the restlessness regarding the fragmentation of history taught at the State School Professor Maria Curtareli Lira, in high school, which describes the arduous path taken by the curricular component of History, from the colonization of Brazil to the present day and how interdisciplinarity is important, being little addressed or simply nonexistent in the classes of the curricular component of history. Whose objectives are to describe a brief history of the curricular component of history, to conceptualize interdisciplinarity as well as to specify how it is inserted in the Brazilian educational panorama. The methodology used was a bibliographic survey of the authors pertinent to the theme, concluding with the clashes on interdisciplinarity and the integrative form that is portrayed in the Common National Curriculum Base.

Fit for purpose? Lessons from transitional shelter provision for internally displaced persons in urban informal settlements in Brazil

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the challenges of transitional shelter provision for internally displaced persons (IDPs) in urban informal settlements. While there has been considerable research on postdisaster transitional shelters, less is known on shelters for IDPs in urban informal settlements.Design/methodology/approachA case study is presented based on field research at the communities in Olaria and City in São Paulo, Brazil. Collection of data included personal communication with the dwellers, surveys and interviews with representatives from Techo, one of the few organizations that provide transitional shelters for IDPs. A review of documents regarding the construction, design and users' adaptation of transitional shelter was also undertaken. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis.FindingsThe study found that Techo's program impacts positively on the nonphysical aspects of shelter, such as physical and mental health, security, household responsibilities and community participation. However, Techo's transitional shelter for IDPs in urban informal settlements and most postdisaster transitional shelters share similar problems. These programs respond to the needs of a small proportion of the affected populations with shelters of minimum quality and low durability.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper is limited to a single case study of the NGO Techo and further case study research is recommended to further develop and validate the study results in other urban development contexts.Originality/valueThis research contributes to describing and understanding the context and the provision of transitional shelters to IDPs in urban informal settlements and impacts in the community. With increasing numbers of IDPs settling in urban informal settlements in many parts of the world, this paper is valuable to policymakers, NGOs and researchers operating in this field to facilitate community development.

Genome-wide detection of signatures of selection in indicine and Brazilian locally adapted taurine cattle breeds using whole-genome re-sequencing data

BackgroundThe cattle introduced by European conquerors during the Brazilian colonization period were exposed to a process of natural selection in different types of biomes throughout the country, leading to the development of locally adapted cattle breeds. In this study, whole-genome re-sequencing data from indicine and Brazilian locally adapted taurine cattle breeds were used to detect genomic regions under selective pressure. Within-population and cross-population statistics were combined separately in a single score using the de-correlated composite of multiple signals (DCMS) method. Putative sweep regions were revealed by assessing the top 1% of the empirical distribution generated by the DCMS statistics.ResultsA total of 33,328,447 biallelic SNPs with an average read depth of 12.4X passed the hard filtering process and were used to access putative sweep regions. Admixture has occurred in some locally adapted taurine populations due to the introgression of exotic breeds. The genomic inbreeding coefficient based on runs of homozygosity (ROH) concurred with the populations’ historical background. Signatures of selection retrieved from the DCMS statistics provided a comprehensive set of putative candidate genes and revealed QTLs disclosing cattle production traits and adaptation to the challenging environments. Additionally, several candidate regions overlapped with previous regions under selection described in the literature for other cattle breeds.ConclusionThe current study reported putative sweep regions that can provide important insights to better understand the selective forces shaping the genome of the indicine and Brazilian locally adapted taurine cattle breeds. Such regions likely harbor traces of natural selection pressures by which these populations have been exposed and may elucidate footprints for adaptation to the challenging climatic conditions.

Monumenta Anchietana in the light of linguistic historiography

Discuto neste artigo a obra filológica de Armando Cardoso na edição dos Monumenta Anchietana, sua pesquisa com manuscritos e outras fontes documentais, o processo de tradução e a organização da coleção. O modelo teórico para essa análise, a partir da Historiografia Linguística, é o proposto por Pierre Swiggers (2013), pelo qual debato a ‘dimensão heurística’ da obra de Anchieta. Monumenta Anchietana é uma coleção de obras de S. José de Anchieta, SJ (1534-1597) e estudos biográficos, publicados pelas Edições Loyola no Brasil. A coleção ainda não está concluída e alguns volumes ainda não foram publicados. O missionário jesuíta Anchieta foi um dos humanistas mais representativos do século XVI no Brasil, tendo sido aluno do Real Colégio das Artes de Coimbra em 1548, antes de vir para o Brasil em 1553. Escreveu obras literárias, religiosas e históricas em quatro idiomas: latim, português, espanhol e tupi, língua indígena dos primeiros tempos da colonização no Brasil. Suas obras escritas em latim são a principal fonte para analisar a recepção da Cultura Clássica no pensamento linguístico do Brasil do século XVI.

Depression and Health Self-perception: Associations Within the Isolated Mennonite Population in South Brazil.

The Mennonite population suffered several bottlenecks due to religious/political persecution, increasing the frequency of diseases with a strong genetic component. We evaluated health self-perception in 430 Mennonites from South Brazilian settlements (two rural, one urban), along with life habits, xenobiotic exposure, and chronic ilnesses, using a modified version of the 2013 Brazilian National Health Survey and eight psychometric tests (applied in 2016-2018). Mennonites from rural settlements considered their health worse (P < 0.0001). This was independently associated with any psychiatric disease (OR 3.10, P = 0.037), depression diagnosis (OR 2.39, P = 0.002), spinal pain (OR 1.76, P = 0.015), waist circumference (OR 1.02, P = 0.009) and geographic origin (OR 0.64, P = 0.003). In the multivariate analysis including the scales, independent association also occurred with higher anxiety (ASI-R: OR 6.48, P = 0.014) and depression scores (BDI: OR 6.72, P = 0.008). Thus, a worse health self-perception was unequivocally associated with diagnosed or present depression/anxiety, independent of other contributors, suggesting a strong link between both.

Exercises in expansion. Colonial threads in the National Democracy’s turn toward discipline

1895 was the first year of the “Brazilian fever” in Galicia, i.e. a migration wave of peasant masses from Galicia to Brazil. In my article, I analyze the content of the 1895 “transitional” volume of Przegląd Wszechpolski (“All-Polish Review”), previously called Przegląd Emigracyjny (Migration Review), when the Lviv journal passed into the hands of the National League. I shall discuss the ways in which folk masses were presented in particular articles, and reflect on the meaning of the concept of colonization used there. In the articles of Przegląd Wszechpolski, the idea of Polish colonization (i.e. the settlement in Brazil and the United States of the peasant masses expelled by poverty from their home villages in partitioned Poland) began to intertwine with the idea of the colonization of these masses – attempts to ensure that they would remain Polish and Catholic, and with the idea of the expansion of Polish national body, so that it takes its proper place in the global capitalist economy. I argue that dealing with Polish colonisation played significant role in the National Democracy’s “turn toward discipline,” usually associated with another example of spontaneous mobilization of the masses – the 1905 revolution.

Pioneers or Mere Labor Force? Post–World War II Italian Rural Migration to Brazil and the Legacies of Colonialism

Abstract In the early 1950s, the Italian government experimented with organized rural settlement in Brazil and the rest of Latin America. Part of a general effort to ease Italy’s “overpopulation,” rural settlement abroad had special meanings for both Italian and Brazilian elites. These experiments resonated with the memories of mass emigration at the turn of the twentieth century and with the legacy of colonial settlement in Libya and East Africa. These projects also fulfilled ongoing racial and eugenic aspirations in Brazil. Italian rural settlement in Brazil took the form of both employment in the coffee fazendas (estates) and the foundation of relatively homogenous “colonies.” However unsuccessful on their own terms, these experiments provide evidence of the links between colonial knowledge and development practices, and they challenge the widespread assumption that Italians simply repressed their colonial past after the end of fascism and military defeat.

Crenças linguísticas de falantes do dialeto caipira: Em torno das dimensões prática e representacional da linguística popular

Este artigo objetiva apresentar crenças linguísticas de falantes do dialeto caipira a respeito de seu próprio falar. Trata-se da análise de julgamentos a respeito de traços descontínuos característicos do falar rural, os quais sofrem estigma social e que merecem maior cuidado, pois poderiam ser estudados na busca da origem do dialeto caipira, o que muito auxiliaria no abrandamento do preconceito linguístico a ele atrelado, visto que muitos dos traços deste dialeto constituem as marcas das influências de outras línguas no processo de colonização do país. Assim, a partir dos pressupostos teóricos a respeito de crenças e atitudes linguísticas, será abordado esse tipo de prática linguística dos informantes participantes deste estudo com o propósito de refletir sobre tais crenças.

Necropolitics and Necrocapitalism: The Impact of COVID-19 on Brazilian Creative Economy

The aim is to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Brazilian creative economy, based on the concepts of necropolitics (Mbembe, 2003, 2018) and necrocapitalism (Tyner, 2019). The main argument indicates, also in line with Pelbart (2018) and Medeiros (2019), that the COVID-19 pandemic reinforced a political division between those who may or may not die, since some lives are considered disposable, especially those of creative professionals who have unstable and precarious conditions of work and are inserted in sec-tors seen as superfluous by the Brazilian state. Many of these people represent social minorities, who are the main targets of the economic and social death policies that have their legacy in violent practices linked to Brazilian coloniza-tion and slavery.

“Meu canto de morte, guerreiros, ouvi”: intermidialidade e tensões do colonialismo em Amélia (2000)

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar o filme Amélia (2000), escrito e dirigido pela cineasta brasileira Ana Carolina, a partir dos usos diegéticos de formas artísticas, como a poesia romântica I-Juca Pirama, de Gonçalves Dias e o teatro francês de Sarah Bernhardt. De acordo com as proposições da intermidialidade, que investiga as configurações intermidiáticas formadas pelo cruzamento entre cinema e outras artes, almejamos demonstrar como poesia e teatro engendram a construção de novas camadas de sentidos na narrativa fílmica e, consequentemente, remetem a diferentes temporalidades históricas, como o período colonial e os anos 2000. Busca-se, assim, contribuir para aprofundar os estudos sobre a história do cinema de autoria feminina através da compreensão de relações intermidiáticas no cinema brasileiro contemporâneo, em especial, o cinema da Retomada.

Housing by people and work

Housing by people and work

Abstract 4171: Identification of individuals with colonic polyposis in a highly inbred region

Abstract Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), also known as colonic polyposis, is a hereditary autosomal dominant disease, responsible for only 1% of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the population. FAP patients with a germline mutation in the APC gene have a 100% risk of developing CRC. MAP (Mutyh associated polyposis) is the polyposis associated with biallelic mutations in the MUTYH gene, and carriers are at risk of developing CRC. Few studies propose heterozygous Mutyh mutation is associated with high risk for breast cancer, but the results are conflicting. In the city Caicó, Brazil, we identified 8 non-related breast cancer patients with the same mutation c.536A&amp;gt;G, p.Tyr179Cys. In this region we find high frequencies of consanguineous marriages, which varied from about 9% to 32%, suggesting a direct association to genetic diseases. We hypothesize the founding mutation MUTYH_c.536A&amp;gt;G was established during Dutch colonization in Brazil between 1620 and 1650. For this, we are developing a population-based, case-control study of all newly diagnosed breast cancer in this city. In our group we have one oncologist, one psychologist and one geneticist. We recruited the patients (index-cases) from the archives in the Laboratory of Pathology at the Hospital Liga contra o Cancer and we invited the individuals to participate in the research. Citation Format: Tirzah Braz Petta Lajus, Ana Rafaela Timoteo. Identification of individuals with colonic polyposis in a highly inbred region [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4171.

Língua, memória de colonização e narratividade no século XIX

Este trabalho analisa os vocábulos “descobrir”, “conquistar”, e “barbárie”, como vestígios de ancoragem da constituição dos primeiros sentidos sobre a língua brasileira e do processo de colonização científica e territorial, pelo europeu, no Brasil. Recortamos as três definições com base em condições de produção distintas: as duas primeiras retiradas do dicionário Houaiss (2015), e a terceira do diário do pintor e viajante francês Hércules Florence (2007), escrito no século XIX, propondo uma interlocução entre os modos como essas palavras fazem movimentar e repetir, da memória discursiva, os sentidos instituídos na/pela colonização europeia no Brasil e seus desdobramentos para a formação da língua nacional. Ancorados aos pressupostos da História das Ideias Linguísticas, em articulação com a Análise de Discurso, buscamos precisar como o sujeito-colonizador se relaciona com a língua brasileira, em suas práticas iniciais de colonização, e as formas dos sentidos sedimentados pelas definições dicionarizadas.