Papaya Seeds Research Articles

Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of pawpaw (Carica papaya) seeds for ethanol production

Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of pawpaw (Carica papaya) seeds for ethanol production

Gastroprotective effect of ethanol extract of carica papaya seed on rats induced rifampicin and isoniazid

The first-line therapy for tuberculosis is Rifampicin, in combination with Isoniazid (INH), Ethambutol (ETB), and Pyrazinamide (PZA). The side effects of TB drugs that may arise if the drug use for a long time include hepatotoxicity and gastrointestinal disturbances. Carica papaya seeds has a potential effect to prevent the gastrointestinal distrubances caused by rifampicin and isoniazid. This study aimed to evaluate the gastroprotective effect of carica papaya seeds on rats induced rifampicin and isoniazid. Experimental design group was divided into 8 group, including normal, negative 1 (rif 50 mg/kgbb), negative 2 (IN 50 mg/kgbw), negative 3 (rif and inh 50 mg/kgbw), positive 1 (rif and inh 50 mg/kgbw + cimetidtine 18 mg/kgbw), group 1(rif and inh 50 mg/kgbw + EECP 100 mg/kgbb) +, group 2 (rif and inh 50 mg/kgbw + EECP 300 mg/kgbb), group 3 (rif and inh 50 mg/kgbw + EECP 500 mg/kgbb). Rifampicin, isoniazid, and EECP was given 20 days. The result showed that rifampicin and isoniazid induced alteration gastric organ, histopathology of the negative group also showed alteration and also decreased pH level.

OPTIMIZATION OF CARBOPOL 940 AND PROPYLENE GLYCOL CONCENTRATION ON THE CHARACTERISTIC AND INHIBITORY EFFECT OF ETHANOL EXTRACT GEL OF PAPAYA (Carica papaya L.) SEEDS AGAINST Staphylococcus aureus

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) seeds contain alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds and saponins have been proven its synergistic effect in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. In this research, ethanol extract of papaya seeds was formulated in gel preparations. Optimization of the composition of the gelling agent and humectant was carried out to obtain the gel preparation of papaya seed ethanol extract with good physical properties and stability. The parameters used to determine the stability of the preparation are Physical properties which include viscosity, spreadability, and percentage of viscosity shift. Data analysis was performed using Design-Expert software version 12 and SPSS. The inhibitory activity test was carried out by the disk-diffusion agar method with Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 as the test bacteria. The results of the inhibitory activity test of papaya seed ethanol extract at a concentration of 20% had moderate activity and at concentrations of 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% classified as strong against the Staphylococcus aureus. Carbopol 940 is dominant factor in influencing the response of viscosity (92.504%) and spreadability (59.539%). Preparations with good physical properties and stability were obtained on the use of carbopol 940 and propylene glycol as much as 1.06604 grams and 13.2146 grams respectively.

Effects of Papaya Seed Oil (Carica papaya Linn.) on Food Consumption, Weight Gain and Hormones of Animals Treated With a High Calorie Diet

ObjectivesTo evaluate the effects of papaya seed oil (Carica papaya Linn.) on food consumption, weight gain and hormonal of animals treated with a high calorie diet. MethodsThe project was approved by protocol no980/2018 (CEUA). Swiss, male, adult mice were used and divided into the experimental groups: control group (CT - Nuvital® diet - saline treatment), AIN-93M group (AIN-93M diet - saline treatment), HPL group (hypercaloric diet - saline treatment), HPL OS group (hypercaloric diet - soybean oil treatment), HPL AZ group (hypercaloric diet - olive oil treatment) and HPL OM group (hypercaloric diet - papaya seed oil treatment). The animals received treatment daily by gavage, 1 mL/kg, for 8 weeks. Body weight and food consumption were evaluated (Camry® analytical digital scale). At the end of the experiment, the animals were submitted to euthanasia and the blood was collected for quantification of leptin, insulin and resistin (commercial kit MADKMAG-71K®-Merck). The results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, using Prisma 5.0 software (GraphPad Software, USA) (P ≤ 0.05).It was observed that the papaya seed oil reduced food consumption and body weight, as well as increased the concentration of leptin, maintaining insulin and resistin, thus being effective in combating the metabolic changes caused by the high fat diet. ResultsIn the first month of the study, food consumption was lower in the HPL AZ and HPL OM groups than in the CT (P < 0.005), and in the second month all groups that received HPL diet consumed less if compared to the CT, being that HPL OM have significantly lower consumption than groups AIN-93M, CT and HPL (P < 0.05). At the beginning of the experiment, all animals were weighed and evenly distributed in the groups (P = 0.938). In the first and second weeks, HLP OM had a lower weight than HLP OS and HPL (P < 0.05). In the weeks that followed, the weight gain of the HLP OM group was lower compared to the groups that received a high-fat diet, but without significant difference. In the evaluation of the hormone leptin, a higher value was found in the HPL OM group (P < 0.001), with values of resistin and insulin similar to the control groups. ConclusionsIt was observed that the papaya seed oil reduced food consumption and body weight, as well as increased the concentration of leptin, maintaining insulin and resistin. Funding SourcesCNPQ.

Development of biscuits supplemented with papaya seed and peel: effects on physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds, in vitro absorption capacities and starch digestibility.

In this study, wheat biscuits were prepared by supplementing with papaya seed (PS) and papaya peel (PP) in range of 2 to 10%. As compared to control (un-supplemented) samples, PS and PP-supplemented biscuits were analyzed for their physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activities, in vitro absorption capacities, starch digestibility and sensory attributes. As compared to PS, PP had lower energy value, higher bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity along with better in vitro adsorption capacities. Overall, PS and PP addition from 2 to 10% significantly improved nutritional components, polyphenol compounds, antioxidant activities, and caused marked rises in NO2 - ion, cholesterol and bile acid absorption capacities of supplemented biscuits. Moreover, PS and PP-addition showed significant concentration-dependent decreases in glucose release response during various in vitro starch digestion intervals. Based on sensory characteristics, biscuits supplemented up to 4% PS and PP showed excellent overall acceptability, however, in comparison with PS, 4% PP-supplemented biscuits exhibited the better sensory properties. Therefore, PP-supplemented biscuits up to 4% could be utilized as a convenience food. Moreover, PS and PP-supplementation of wheat biscuits led to improvement of functional properties as a valuable source of bioactive compounds and high radical-scavenging activities.

Growth of Morphology Seedling Papaya (Carica papaya L.) To Lengthy Variation Soaking Temperature and Receptacle Pre- Germination

Papaya is one of the leading tropical fruit that is very potential to be developed in Indonesia. Various treatments to solve dormancy of papaya seeds have been done, from sarcotesta disposal and administration, temperature treatment has shown varying results, so there is still no definite information about the way or treatment which is most appropriate for breaking the dormancy of papaya seeds. Therefore, the researchers wanted to do research on the Development of Morphology of Papaya Seedlings (Carica papaya L.) With Various Old Immersion Temperature and Pre-Germinary receptacle. Parameters seen are among others height of the plant and the length of the root. From this treatment, it is clear that the effect of the interaction of various immersion temperatures with pre-sprouted receptacle to Root Length Carica papaya L is significantly different.

Evaluation of Phytochemical, Total phenolic and Antioxidant Activity of Carica Papaya Seed for Its Use in Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles

Synthesis of nanoparticles using green methods with study of their propertie is one of great researchers’ concerns in fields of pharmaceutical and biomedical products. The present paper aiming to use of an eco-friendly route is used for biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using C. Papaya seeds as both reducing and stabilizing agent. Study of C. Papaya seed contents showed many compounds which analyzed via qualitative, quantitative and GC-MS analysis. The influence of C. Papaya concentration, contact time and temperature on the reaction rate and shape of AuNPs are confirmed The biosynthesized NPs are characterize via UV-Vis, AFM and SEM. The AFM and SEM analysis exhibit a size between 40-105nm with average diameter 75.68nm, and spherical in structure. The antioxidant activity and free radical scavenge activity are studied by using TLC and DPPH analysis. The results show that the C. Papaya seeds and AuNPs have potent antioxidant activity; moreover, the total phenolic contents are characterized. The data confirmed that the C. Papaya seed extract was a good bio-reductant way for AuNPs that can be applied as a promising field in different bio-applications.

Ethanol Extract of Young Papaya Seeds (Carica Papaya, L ) Lower the Level of testosterone, Spermatozoa Count and Expression of Androgen Receptors in Sertoli Cells of Adult Mice (Mus Musculus)

Background: Ethanol extract of young papaya seeds (Carica papaya L.) contains steroids that thought to has the antifertility property. This study aims to prove this hypothesis by measuring the low levels of testosterone hormone, spermatozoa count, and androgen receptor expression in sertoli cells. Material and Method:We use the randomized post-test only control group design on thirty-six male Balb/c strain adult male mice aged 12-14 weeks, weight 20-25 grams. They were randomly divided into a control and treatment group. The treatment group was given the same food as the control group plus ethanol extract of young papaya seeds 20 mg/20 gram body weight as much as 0.5 ml, orally every day for thirty-six days. Data were analyzed using the independent-sample T-test and Mann Whitney test. Result:The levels in the treatment group were significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower than those in the control. Testosterone levels 31,64±1,91 vs 48,67±1,81 nmol/L, spermatozoa count 42,72±3,33 vs 75,89±4,71 cell/field of view, and androgen receptor expression 28,11±3.06% vs 55.07±2.49%. Conclusion:The ethanol extract of young papaya seeds 20 mg/20 g body weight has the antifertility property.

Fruit wastes to N-containing graphene: chemistry and mechanism

It has been found that the presence of nitrogen within the graphene lattice can alter spin density and charge distribution of carbon atoms which influence the electrical and catalytic properties of graphene. In last few years, graphitic precursors and N-containing doping agents were primarily used to prepare N-graphene. However, the potentiality of converting nitrogen rich fruit wastes into N-graphene, without any doping agent has not been reported so far. Although the CVD method is convenient to produce single-layered graphene, it requires very high temperature, inert atmosphere and doping agents whereas, we have used a single precursor to produce very few layers of N-containing graphene in one-step at relatively low temperatures, bypassing multi-precursors and inert atmosphere. Here, three fruit wastes namely, banana peels, papaya seeds and watermelon rinds were pyrolyzed in the temperature range of 250–450 °C in presence of NaOH at normal atmospheric conditions. The results indicated that glucose and amino acids present in the fruit wastes helped in the development of poly-hexagonal array of rings via condensation and polymerization reactions, resulting in the formation of N-graphene, while NaOH was found to prevent the attack of oxygen from the atmospheric air and inhibited the formation of graphene oxide (GO).

Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity Determination of Ethanolic Extract of Carica Papaya Seeds

Liposarcomas constitute a considerable proportion of soft tissue sarcomas [1]. Among the various subtypes of liposarcoma, myxoid liposarcoma...

The effect of particle size and dosage on the performance of Papaya seeds (Carica papaya) as biocoagulant on wastewater treatment of batik industry

In this study, the performance of papaya seeds (Carica papaya) as biocoagulant was evaluated using Batik wastewater which referred to the water sample. The effectiveness of particle size and dosage of papaya seeds were evaluated based on turbidity removal (%), total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC). The Tyndall effect of clear solution was also evaluated in this study. The results showed that the turbidity removal of water sample achieved as much as 92.2%, and had followed by the decreasing of TDS and EC. The optimum results from the decrease in turbidity, TDS, and EC were obtained at the particle size of 250 mesh and the biocoagulant dosage of 1000 mg. The measurement of the Tyndall effect has concluded that the water sample has to remain the colloidal particle even though the treatment water as clear as the quality standard of freshwater.

Antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities of bioactive fractions of Carica papaya seeds extract

Carica papaya has tremendous medicinal applications against diverse diseases since ancient period. Considering this, the present study was aimed to assess in vitro antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities of bioactive fractions of C. papaya seed extracts. Initially, the shade-dried ripen seeds of C. papaya were powdered and extracted via soxhlet protocol to obtain crude extracts. The crude extracts were then fractionated using different solvents viz. hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. Fractions obtained were assessed for α-glucosidase and amylase inhibitory activities using standard methodologyies. Results revealed that ethyl acetate fraction C (83.66 ± 0.10%) and D (84.56 ± 0.23%) showed maximum inhibition of α-amylase with an IC50 value of 36.84 and 36.86 mg/ml, respectively. Likewise, ethyl acetate fraction C (48.72 ± 0.10%) and D (51.81 ± 0.45%) exhibited α-glucosidase inhibition with an IC50 value of 83.54 and 82.33 mg/ml, respectively. The ethyl acetate fractions C and D were further purified to obtain sub-fraction K, L, M, and N and evaluated for in vitro antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities. The sub-fraction K demonstrated maximum antioxidant activity against DPPH and TBA radicals (IC50 = 41.37 and 53.98 mg/ml) respectively. However, the sub-fraction K elicited the most conspicuous anti-diabetic activity towards α-amylase (IC50 = 156.15 mg/ml) and intestinal α-glucosidase (IC50 = 70.89 mg/ml). The mode of inhibition was determined using the Lineweaver- Burk plot. Sub-fraction K exhibited a competitive mechanism of inhibition on both α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The GC-MS profile confirmed the presence of diverse metabolites in the sub-fraction and the major bioactive compounds detected were hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, N, N-dimethyl, n-hexadecanoic acid, and oleic acid. Our findings suggested the folklore medicinal use of C. papaya seedsas an effective antioxidant and anti-diabetic agents.

Investigation on the removal of nitrate from water using different types of biosorbents

Eutrophication due to excessive leaching of dissolved nitrogen is a principal cause of water quality degradation. Among different types of removal methods, adsorption is contemporarily deemed favourable due to its simplicity, efficiency and reusability. In this study, six biosorbent candidates, namely rambutan skin (RS), passion fruit skin (PFS), longan seeds (LS), chia seeds (CS), papaya seeds (PS), and luffa (L) were investigated for nitrate removal from water at pH 3.0, room temperature, initial nitrate concentration of 50 mg/L, biosorbent particle size of 425 μm, contact duration of 4 h, shaking speed of 120 rpm, and biosorbent dosage of 0.1 g. Shake flask method was carried out in the adsorption experiments to investigate the effect of heat treatment and acid treatment on the uptake of nitrate from water. The results showed that acid- and heat-treated passion fruit skin biosorbent (biochar, PFSBC) has the best biosorption performance for nitrate uptake of 5.179 mg/g. This biochar possessed high porosity, and abundant surface functional groups for nitrate adsorption.

Thin layer chromatography-mass spectrometry bioautographic identification of free radical scavenging compounds and metabolomic profile of Carica papaya linn. fruit and seeds using high-performance thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Objectives: Carica papaya Linn. a member of the Caricaceae family, is a tropical fruit, rich in various secondary metabolites owing to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and antihelmintic properties. The study was carried out to investigate the metabolic profiling and free radical scavenging compounds in C. papaya fruit's pulp, peel and seeds through thin-layer chromatography-mass spectrometry (TLC-MS) bioautography. Methodology: Aqueous, hydroalcoholic and alcoholic extracts of fruit pulp and peel were prepared along with the hydroalcoholic and hexane extract of seeds. These were subjected to total phenol, flavonoid and free radical scavenging estimation. Qualitative and quantitative high-performance thin-layer chromatography analysis of the best extracts was performed followed by TLC-MS bio autography assay for the detection of free radical scavenging compounds. Results: C. papaya peel was noted to contain the highest phenol and flavonoid content, but the seeds showed better free radical scavenging activity. The hydroalcoholic extracts of pulp, peel, and seeds examined through TLC-bioautography showed the presence of chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, β-sitosterol, linoleic acid, and iso-oleic acid as potent free radical scavenging compounds. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed the presence of β-carotene, lycopene, and β-cryptoxanthin in pulp and peel along with other carotenoids and benzyl isothiocyanate, linoleic acid, oleic acid, and methyl palmitate were the major compounds detected in seeds through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Conclusion: This study has revealed that C. papaya fruit and seeds possess potent free radical scavenging compounds. Seeds which make up the waste material may be utilized in cosmetic industries as they signify rich antioxidants.

Acidification of Papaya Leaf and Seed Meal using Averrhoa bilimbi L. Fruit Filtrate and their Effect on Growth and Carcass Traits of Broiler Chickens

Acidification of Papaya Leaf and Seed Meal using Averrhoa bilimbi L. Fruit Filtrate and their Effect on Growth and Carcass Traits of Broiler Chickens

Study on Antibacterial Activity against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa of Carica papaya Seed Extract

Study on Antibacterial Activity against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa of Carica papaya Seed Extract

Toxicity evaluations of Papaya seed extract administration in Albino Wistar rats.

Background: Carica papaya seeds are regarded as waste or by-product of the fruit since it is the inedible part of the plant. However, it holds a diversified range of phytochemicals that anticipate their therapeutic role in different types of ailments. The seed extract has been proven for the presence of multiple health benefiting contents and some toxic agents. Studies evaluating the toxicity of the Papaya seed extract are still scarce to support its safe use as a therapeutic agent. Therefore, the undertaken study is to explore the safe dose of the aqueous extract of Papaya seeds.&#x0D; Methodology: This study is designed to examine the toxic potential of Papaya seed aqueous extract on Wistar rats for 42 days by oral administration at dose regimens of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight in the liver. The groups (n=6) allotted include control untreated and group I (100 mg/kg), group II (200 mg/kg) and group III (400 mg/kg). The liver toxicity was assessed using liver enzymes as toxicity markers. The morphology of liver cells was observed by histology.&#x0D; Results: Our results showed no mortality or signs of toxicity. The body weights were observed to be declining with increasing doses. However, other biochemical parameters displayed no significant alterations in treated groups as compared to the controls.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study supports the evidence that chosen doses of aqueous extract of papaya seeds are safe for normal liver functioning. This evidence endorses the use of the extracts of the seeds as a therapeutic intervention.

Carbon-mediated visible-light clay-Fe2O3–graphene oxide catalytic nanocomposites for the removal of steroid estrogens from water

This study reports the development of efficient photosensitive nanocomposites made from clay, Fe2O3, and graphene oxide (GO). These nanocomposites were used for the removal of steroid estrogens (E1, E2, E3 and EE2) from water under visible-light. The use of these photocatalytic nanocomposites led to oxidation of the steroid estrogens at >80 % even under simultaneous presence of all estrogens in water. Mineralization was obtained for these estrogens within the range of 58–73 %. The presence of Fe-oxide in the nanocomposites increased the photocatalytic efficiency but addition of GO further improved the photocatalytic efficiency. This improved efficiency was further doubled when the nanocomposites were prepared with a carbon source (Carica papaya seeds). The presence of carbon in the nanocomposite matrix was confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Elemental analysis. The main contributors to photocatalytic efficiency of these nanocomposites are superoxide radicals (· O2-) and holes (h+). Under competitive conditions, the photocatalysts are still active although the extent of estrogen oxidation is somewhat lower. Changes in the ionic strength did not significantly influence the efficiency of the photocatalyst. This signifies that adsorption only plays a minor role in estrogen removal from water. Toxicity tests show that the treated water is safe for human consumption and the most efficient nanocomposite can be recycled three times without any significant loss of performance. Overall, the nanocomposite show high potential for the effective removal of a cocktail of estrogens in raw wastewater, tap and rain water, attaining contamination levels that are within WHO safe limits.

OPTIMASI KOMBINASI HPMC DAN CARBOPOL DALAM FORMULA SEDIAAN GEL HAND SANITIZER EKSTRAK ETANOL BIJI PEPAYA (Carica papaya L.) SERTA UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI TERHADAP Escherichia coli

Papaya seeds (Carica papaya L.) have antibacterial activity because they contain terpenoid, karpain and flavonoid compounds. Flavonoids have OH groups that can damage bacterial cell walls. The dry powder of papaya seeds was extracted by maceration method using 80% ethanol. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal combination of HPMC and carbopol concentrations in the hand sanitizer gel of papaya seed ethanol extract which can influence the in vitro inhibition of Escherichia coli bacteria. The data analysis used in this study was one way ANOVA and then continued with the Post Hoc Tests. The results of the study obtained a yield of 6.933%. The optimum formula obtained is RUN 8 with a concentration of HPMC: Carbopol (0.25gram: 0.75gram). The results of antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli bacteria obtained an average of 44.25 mm from the two samples. The statistical results obtained stated that there was no significant difference between the concentration of A and ciprofloxacin as a positive control.

Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Biji Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) terhadap Jumlah Sel Epitel Mukosa Tuba Fallopii Tikus Putih Betina (Rattus norvegicus) Galur Wistar

Hormonal pills and injection are popular contraceptive method in Indonesia, with a high number of dropout rate because of the side effects. Papaya seeds are considered to have antifertility compounds as alternative contraceptives with minimum side effect. This research aims to determine the effect of papaya seed ethanol extract on the amount of mucosal epithelial cell of falopiian tube in female white rats. This research was conducted in November 2019 – January 2020 using true experimental design with Random Post Test Only Control Group Design. The research sample use 32 female white rats, divided into 4 groups: control group (without papaya seed extract), group 1 (0,1mg/g BW), group 2 (0,2mg/g BW), and group 3 (0,3mg/g BW). The treatment was given for 20 days. After treatment, sample terminated in the pro estrus phase, then histopathological examination was performed with Hematoxylin-Eosin and observed with the Olympus Dot Slide Microscope BX 51 with 400x magnification using Olyvia Application. The result showed decreased the amount of fallopian tube mucosal epithelial cells in each group as the dose increased. Conclusion of this study was the papaya seed ethanol extract has effect to decrease the structure and amount of mucosal epithelial cells of the fallopian tube with optimal doses in group 3, but statistical analysis not shown a significant difference (p&gt;0.05).