Security Code Research Articles

Mathematics as a basis for the generation of cryptographic tools

This article is the product of the research “Mathematics as a basis for the generation of cryptographic tools”, developed at the Universidad de Cundinamarca, sectional Ubaté in the year 2021. Problem: Improve the security of code with differential calculus, plane and spatial geometry, polar coordinates, and functions; the resulting encryption should improve on the standards of current encryption systems. Objective: Explain the algorithm’s operation with fundamental issues that use and generate a modification proposal to make the algorithm more robust when subjected to an attack by unethical hackers. Methodology: A bibliographic review, encryption codes, history of algorithms, and operation of SHA-256 in the Ethereum platform and Bitcoin explains how it works and gives an idea of how to improve security. Result: The algorithm’s operation is explained step by step using subject topics such as precalculus and calculus. Also, topics such as functions, truth tables, logical operators, programming functions, and a way to complicate the algorithm were proposed by applying issues of plane geometry, space, polar coordinates, ceiling function, and absolute values. Conclusion: It is possible to assimilate the operation of SHA-256 (256-bit secure hash algorithm) and the mathematical basis for generating codes in hexadecimal, depending on the message to be encrypted. Algebraic models allow taking different points of the figures generated in the Cartesian and polar planes to use them as a means of encryption. Originality: Explaining an algorithm widely used in encryption issues; however, according to a survey conducted, only a few understood the code that explains the mathematics, all the aspects behind its operation, and why it is so secure. In addition, the project proposes a way to improve its security. Limitations: The algorithm used was a hyperbolic and linear function combined. In this sense, common random points between the two functions are selected for encryption, and it is not aligned with the encryption systems used in blockchains; it is a restriction for the implementation. Currently, several updates are aligned with the SHA-256 system, involving limiting the inclusion of updated models.

Maternity Benefit under Social Security Code

Maternity Benefit Act,1961 safeguards employment and provides other benefits during the pregnancy. Numerous obstacles must be overcome in order to implement the Social Security Code. This chapter discusses the modifications made to the Maternity Benefit Act as well as its analytical perspective.

Bioinkjet Printing and Protein Tagging of Camouflaged Biosafe Quick Response Codes for Medicine Authentication

AbstractOnline pharmacies and social media platforms are responsible for the growing presence of counterfeit medicines, and the verification and authentication of dosage levels are imperative for protecting individual medicines. However, the existing anticounterfeit methods for medicines and exterior box‐level protection are often limited, and they focus on pharmaceutical supply chains instead of empowering patients. Here, bioprinting and taggant construction of camouflaged biosafe quick response (QR) codes are introduced for on‐dose (or in‐dose) medicine security, integrated with the dosage form. Machine‐readable color QR codes contain concealed invisible patterns with biologically safe near‐infrared absorption properties, which help enhance the security of conventional QR codes. The reported bioinkjet printing and protein taggant construction guarantee printability, imperceptibility, stability, biocompatibility, digestibility, and tamper resistance to be an inherent part of each unit of medicine in solid dosage formats. Camouflaged biosafe QR code taggants can offer various medicine security applications including anticounterfeit measures, authentication features, track‐and‐trace, and serialization at the dosage level. This approach is expected to empower patients to play an active role in fighting illicit medicines and pharmaceutical products.

All-optical encryption/decryption of DmPSK signals with key steganography for photonic layer security.

In the 5th Generation Fixed networks (F5G) era, full-fiber-connected optical networks support emerging bandwidth-hungry services. However, optical networks are vulnerable to attack by tapping or other methods, which has been paid more and more attention in modern optical infrastructure. Therefore, optical Exclusive OR (XOR) encryption/decryption for advanced modulation formats used for F5G appears as one of the promising technologies to guarantee security. Some current solutions either leave potential security hazards because of the degenerate four-wave mixing and keys without special treatment or are cost-consuming due to employing multiple wavelengths and coherent receivers. In this paper, a novel all-optical encryption/decryption system for Differential m-Phase Shift Keying (DmPSK) signals occupying only a single wavelength with key steganography is proposed and simulated. The proposed system mainly consists of a generalized XOR (GXOR) part and a steganography part. We implement the GXOR part by the cascaded IQ Mach-Zehnder Modulators and the steganography part by the Equvilent-Phase-Shifted Super-Structured Fiber Bragg Grating (EPS-SSFBG). The numerical simulation results demonstrate that the GXOR implementation can achieve reconfigurable encryption/decryption of DQPSK (m = 4) or D8PSK (m = 8) signals merely with a single wavelength and a differential direct-detection receiver. And the EPS-SSFBG can enhance key security in a cost-efficient method as well. The system can work at the recorded bit rate of 260Gbps, which can be applied to enhance the photonic layer security in F5G and beyond.

Social policy of Ukraine under the conditions of martial state: level of support by EU states

Aim. The aim of this research is to highlight the influence of European integration on the optimization of the legal fundamentals of social policy in Ukraine. Methodology. The research is based on the comparative legal method used for comparison of EU social law with the social law of Ukraine. The method of dialectic enables to establish contradictions in the legal norms that regulate the social system of Ukraine and determine its social policy. The systemic and functional method was used to study the system of regulation of the sphere of social relations in Ukraine, systems of social policy measures as well as functional interrelationships between them. The method of generalization was used for the systematization and interpretation of the results obtained during the study. Results. The research showed that the main ways of improving social policy in Ukraine and legal regulation in the social sphere include: ratification of the European Social Charter and its implementation plan in Ukraine; creation of a coherent strategy in the field of provision of social services; the accession of Ukraine to the European Code of Social Security; partial reform of the legal regulation of labor and employment of the population; improvement of legal regulation and social policy in the field of social protection, labor and employment of internally displaced persons from temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine. Scientific novelty. During the research, it was established that on the way to the EU, Ukraine has faced the following problems with its social policy and law: problems with the Ukrainian legislation on social security; problems with regulating the labor market, employment and poverty reduction; problems with improvement of the legislation on labor protection; problems with stimulating entrepreneurship as the basis for ensuring social standards and employment of the population; problems with adaptation of socially vulnerable groups of the population. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used in international law.

Hybrid of Least Significant Bits and most Significant Bits for Improving Security and Quality of Digital Image Steganography

Hybrid of Least Significant Bits and most Significant Bits for Improving Security and Quality of Digital Image Steganography

Navigating the Social Security Landscape in India: a Broad Analysis

Social security and labor laws in India are intended to protect the rights and the well-being of workers. These laws cover many topics, including employment conditions, wages, health and safety, social security benefits, and more. In India, the evolution of social security legislation has been slow, with many laws and changes enacted throughout the years to address the social and economic demands of employees and their families. Here, the social security regulations are largely centered on the Social Security Code, which was implemented as part of labor code amendments in 2020. The Social Security Code strives to offer a comprehensive framework for employees and their families to receive social security payments. However, before this code, there were other significant landmark rulings and measures enacted to safeguard the laborers. This research paper will provide an overview of all the different laws that have been put in place to benefit employees since the awakening of the labor movement. Incorporating evidence from catalogs, historical judgments, gazettes, and other such articles, the paper provides a full and complete understanding of the history, timeline, and all the different laws that have been put in place for laborers under the guise of social security and whether all such statutes are being used for their intended purpose or if any specific areas can be improved.

A Framework for Securing Email Entrances and Mitigating Phishing Impersonation Attacks

Emails are used every day for communication, and many countries and organisations mostly use email for official communications. It is highly valued and recognised for confidential conversations and transactions in day-to-day business. The Often use of this channel and the quality of information it carries attracted cyber attackers to it. There are many existing techniques to mitigate attacks on email, however, the systems are more focused on email content and behaviour and not securing entrances to email boxes, composition, and settings. This work intends to protect users' email composition and settings to prevent attackers from using an account when it gets hacked or hijacked and stop them from setting forwarding on the victim's email account to a different account which automatically stops the user from receiving emails. A secure code is applied to the composition send button to curtail insider impersonation attack. Also, to secure open applications on public and private devices.

Enhanced Cauchy Matrix Reed-Solomon Codes and Role-Based Cryptographic Data Access for Data Recovery and Security in Cloud Environment

In computer systems ensuring proper authorization is a significant challenge, particularly with the rise of open systems and dispersed platforms like the cloud. Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) has been widely adopted in cloud server applications due to its popularity and versatility. When granting authorization access to data stored in the cloud for collecting evidence against offenders, computer forensic investigations play a crucial role. As cloud service providers may not always be reliable, data confidentiality should be ensured within the system. Additionally, a proper revocation procedure is essential for managing users whose credentials have expired. With the increasing scale and distribution of storage systems, component failures have become more common, making fault tolerance a critical concern. In response to this, a secure data-sharing system has been developed, enabling secure key distribution and data sharing for dynamic groups using role-based access control and AES encryption technology. Data recovery involves storing duplicate data to withstand a certain level of data loss. To secure data across distributed systems, the erasure code method is employed. Erasure coding techniques, such as Reed-Solomon codes, have the potential to significantly reduce data storage costs while maintaining resilience against disk failures. In light of this, there is a growing interest from academia and the corporate world in developing innovative coding techniques for cloud storage systems. The research goal is to create a new coding scheme that enhances the efficiency of Reed-Solomon coding using the sophisticated Cauchy matrix to achieve fault tolerance

Designing and implementing an information steganography system for transmitting encrypted text messages in digital images

This danger can undoubtedly be eliminated using cryptography and steganography. And Combining encryption with steganography can assist in achieving high levels of data security, making this approach superior to using either of these techniques alone to send data across an unreliable route that is open to hacking. Visible steganography is one of the most secure steganography techniques. When the data text is inserted, the image's color frequency may vary slightly, which would be highly evident to anyone. We suggest levels of data security to get around the image's apparent behavior, where the language of the data is first transformed into an unintelligible cipher. An additional degree of protection is added by incorporating the cipher into an encrypted picture file before dividing it into shares. As a result, the ideas of steganography and cryptography are both applied to offer two levels of security and then a visual cryptography system is used to partition the picture into shares so that it may be transferred over a network channel.

Enhanced Efficiency and Security in LSB2 Steganography: Burst Embedding and Private Key Integration

Enhanced Efficiency and Security in LSB2 Steganography: Burst Embedding and Private Key Integration

Machine Learning-Powered Identification of Source Code Vulnerabilities

These methods for identifying source code defects face limitations, including false positives and negatives, resource demands, and integration issues in modern software projects. This article explores cutting-edge research in using ML to enhance source code security. As ML gains traction in bug prediction, numerous studies investigate its potential. This research contributes to the growing interest in applying ML to source code, addressing the need for more efficient, accurate, and scalable defect detection methods. By leveraging ML techniques, software development processes can become more robust, reducing vulnerabilities and enhancing overall code quality.

Doped Carbon Dots Enable Highly Efficient Multiple‐Color Room Temperature Phosphorescence

AbstractColloidal carbon dots (C‐dots) are considered as promising heavy‐metal‐free materials to achieve room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) properties for promising applications, such as photoelectronic devices, information encryption, and bio‐imaging. However, most of the current obtained RTP C‐dots have a short lifetime with a relatively low quantum yield (QY). In this work, the C‐dots large‐scale synthesized via a vacuum heating approach have multiple RTP emissions (blue, green, and yellow), a long RTP lifetime of as high as 1.92 s, and a high QY of 34.4% by selecting different types of precursors, which is superior to most of reported RTP C‐dots. The multiple atoms doping and strong bonding between neighbored C‐dots promoted by vacuum heating contributes to the excellent RTP properties. As a proof‐of‐concept, the as‐obtained RTP C‐dots are used as optical ink for flexible security codes, exhibiting a bright shape with a lifetime of 1.37 s. This work offers an efficient approach for producing large‐scale high‐quality RTP C‐dots, which can be applied to anti‐counterfeiting and information encryption systems.

Writing Secure Code in the Digital Age: Preventing Common Vulnerabilities

Writing Secure Code in the Digital Age: Preventing Common Vulnerabilities

For discussion: funding options for digital applications in long-term care

The difficulties of funding digitalization in long-term care according to the German Social Security Code XI (SGBXI) lie in the tasks of providing care, which at the core remain personnel-related. Areduction in personnel or an increase in production revenues, which is the goal of commercial enterprises through digitalization, is only possible in afew fields in the current regulatory framework for care services. Economic effects are lacking both from the point of view of the companies and from the point of view of the community of solidarity. Only through the transformation of long-term care toward collaborative production in local networks will digitalization attain greater significance and generate added value.

The concept of personal responsibility in Bulgarian health and social legislation

Abstract Background In the context of scarce health care resources, national policies and legislation increasingly advocate patients’ personal responsibility for their ill health. This report aims at studying the concept of personal responsibility as a basis for resources prioritisation in Bulgarian health and social legislation. Methods Official normative documents were subjected to content and comparative analysis. Results Indirect personal responsibility can be found in the Bulgarian Health Act, Art.94 stating the duty of the patient to take care of his own health. Further, in the liver transplant algorithm of the Recipient Selection Ordinance, it is possible to distinguish a hidden criterion of patient's responsibility. One possible interpretation of Article 12 of the Code of Professional Ethics of Physicians in Bulgaria is the right of a physician to refuse medical care on the grounds of lack of trust due to patient's non-compliance with prescriptions. The latter correlates with the idea of prospective responsibility. Direct personal retrospective responsibility is imputed in the Health Insurance Act, Art. 111, where persons who themselves have damaged their health or in a state of alcoholic intoxication or drug abuse have damaged the health of others, must reimburse the costs of the NHIF. We also find clearly defined personal responsibility in the Social Security Code, Art. 46, according to which monetary compensation for temporary incapacity is not paid to insured persons who intentionally damage their health. There is no official data on the applicability of these legal norms. Conclusions Although in a less categorical form and not in relation to access to specific planned treatments, the idea of the personal responsibility is embodied in the Bulgarian legislation. It is necessary to accumulate further data on the applicability of these norms, as well as to study the views of patients, users of social services, professionals and general public. Key messages • Personal responsibility is gradually entering Bulgarian legislation as an official criterion for the allocation of social and health resources. • It is necessary to accumulate further data on the applicability of the prescribed legal norms, as well as to study the views of patients, users of social services, professionals and general public.

A review of coverless steganography

With the enhancement of people’s security awareness, transmitting secret information securely has gradually become a demand for the public. Steganography is a technology of representing secret information within another carrier, aiming at transmitting secret information without causing suspicion. Most of the traditional steganographic algorithms hide secret information by modifying the statistical characteristics, which will leave traces to the carriers. Although these modifications are too tiny to be distinguished by human eyes, they can be detected by steganalysis algorithms. Differently, coverless steganography, also written as steganography without embedding, accomplish the process of information hiding by constructing the relationship between secret information and carriers. Due to no modification to the carriers, all of the steganalysis algorithms are expired. In this paper, more than 90 papers are included to provide a review in coverless steganographic algorithms, covering the major development process of coverless image and video steganographic algorithms. The main contribution of the existing methods is summarized. Besides, the current general issues of capacity, robustness, and security are discussed adequately for both image and video algorithms. Especially, the security of coverless steganography is discussed for the first time from theoretical analysis to actual investigation in this review.

Can India universalize social insurance before its demographic dividend ends?

About 91% of India’s workforce of 520 million is informal, lacking social insurance. However, this paper finds the Social Security Code 2020 wanting, but with potential for universalizing social insurance. The paper spells out the principles that should guide social insurance for informal workers; and presents the design and architecture for extending coverage. It shows how realistically, over the next 10–15 years, social insurance could cover the entire workforce, in accordance with ILO Conventions. It also estimates the fiscal cost of social insurance, for the first five years, and spells out the political economy, fiscal and administrative challenges to universalisation.

Improved Steganography for IoT Network Node Data Security Promoting Secure Data Transmission using Generative Adversarial Networks

An internet of things (IoT) is an intelligent environment such as homes and smart cities of our country, and IoT improves the new technology implementation for home automation. The problem with security in IoT-based devices is that data transmission and signal passing are easily hacked using encryption and decryption methods. The old technology of the Steganography method does not improve the data hidden in images because encryption and decryption use a 1-bit 0.05-bit store, and low ranges hide the information in images, so that information hides out of the size and bits of the image. The hackers easily hack the hide information pixel by pixel or bit by bit in images. So, need for a proposed system, new technology, or methods. The suggested solution improves data concealment in photos by combining CNN’s deep learning techniques with steganography. The secret information these photographs convey can be shared without drawing hackers’ notice. The data is encrypted before being embedded in the image to increase its security. Steganography messages are frequently encrypted using more conventional methods first, after which the encrypted message is added to the cover image in some manner. The previous algorithm of SFNET algorithm architecture has been divided by segment, the segment based on width, height, and depth changes based improve performances. Existing systems of SFNET and SRNET are compared to the fractal net algorithm to improve the performance of 3 to 1 % of the proposed system.

A Secure and High Capacity Image Steganography Approach Using Huffman Coding and RSA Encryption

Steganography is the practice of hiding data, such as images, videos, or text, within a cover image without it being detectable by the human eye. Several factors, such as the capacity, security, and robustness of the technique, are essential when transferring information using this method. In this study, we propose a new approach to image steganography that improves the Least Significant Bit (LSB) technique by utilizing images of 24 bits in each pixel. Improving the capacity and security of LSB-based steganography requires a combination of techniques, such as indirect embedding, embedding in multiple channels, and applying cryptographic and compression techniques. This approach conducts by encrypting each compressed secret message bit with the most significant bit of the red channel and then saving the output bit (hidden bit) in the least significant bit of the (green/blue) channel according to the row value (odd/ even). To further security, the suggested approach uses multi-level encryption; employs RSA to encrypt the secret message before applying the Huffman compression and encrypting the hidden bit by (XOR/XNOR) in the embedding method based on the row value of the pixel. Meanwhile, it is planned to use the Huffman coding technique to shorten the length of the encrypted message that will be inserted in the cover image. For the color photos in this work, the standard images were acquired from a standard dataset (USC-SIPI). The suggested approach performs better when measured in terms of mean square error (MSE), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and comparison to findings from related prior efforts.