Security Criteria Research Articles

Development of a water Cherenkov neutron detector for the active rotation method and demonstration of nuclear material detection

ABSTRACT The active rotation method is an innovative, transportable, active neutron method suitable for on-site detection of concealed nuclear material. Its assay system consists mainly of a neutron detector and a rotation device for rotating a neutron source such as californium-252. Although we previously demonstrated a low-cost rotation device, the neutron detector bank comprising helium-3 proportional counters was extremely expensive and had low detection efficiency, leaving the challenges of reducing cost and measurement time. In the present study, we developed a water Cherenkov neutron detector as a novel neutron detector for the active rotation method and demonstrated its suitability and effectiveness for nuclear material detection, meeting the cost, efficiency, and transportability criteria for nuclear security.

Integrated energy system region model with renewable energy and optimal control method

In the context of global energy transition, integrated regional energy systems containing renewable energy sources play an important role. While improving the economic and carbon efficiency of energy utilization, renewable energy sources also bring research challenges to the safe and reliable operation of energy systems. Based on the region concept, a region model and optimal control method for integrated energy systems containing renewable energy are proposed. Firstly, the key pipeline is taken as the observation object, and the feasible region model of the integrated energy system is determined according to the capacity of key equipment and its pipeline capacity with the multi-energy balance equation as the feasible constraint. Then, considering the mutual backup relationship of different equipment and pipelines, the regional integrated energy system security region model is constructed based on the N-1 security criterion, and the optimal control method based on the region concept is proposed. Finally, the validity of the model is analyzed with arithmetic examples, and the influence of the access capacity and access location of renewable energy on the feasible and safe regions of the regional integrated energy system is discussed. And according to the actual situation of the working state point, the optimal adjustment strategy based on the efficiency function and security constraint is given.

Исследование методов прогнозирования атак на информационные системы

The article analyzes the methods of forecasting attacks on information systems. Within the framework of experimental studies, the best method for predicting attacks on information systems has been identified. At the present stage of society’s development, the problems of information security come to the fore in most areas of the company’s activities. This is due to a significant number of informatization projects currently being implemented. Most of them are aimed at building a unified information space in order to optimize the processing of large volumes of various kinds of information, including ensuring its reliable storage and prompt access for participants of information exchange. Priority tasks in this direction are: identification, analysis and classification of existing mechanisms for the implementation of threats to information security; assessment of possible damage; identification of basic measures to counter threats; elimination of vulnerabilities; development of security criteria and protection mechanisms. One of the means of solving these problems is the detection of computer attacks. Malicious impacts on information systems can be presented in the form of network attacks. A network attack is an intentional action by third parties aimed at establishing control over a local or remote computer or computer system. As a result of attacks, attackers can disrupt the network, change account rights, receive users’ personal data and implement other goals. Network attacks by the nature of the impact on the network can be divided into active and passive. The active ones affect the network, which may cause the network to malfunction, or modification of its settings. This type of exposure leaves traces in the network, which is why it is immediately calculated that it will be detected. A passive attack is carried out without affecting the network. But her work violates network security. It is much more difficult to detect it than the active one due to the lack of direct intervention. Basically, the purpose of the attack is unauthorized access to protected information, distorting it or intercepting it. In the first case, the data is changed, in the second, access is performed without interfering with the data structure.

LIKA: Lightweight Identity Based Key Agreement Protocol for Secure Data Transmission in Advanced Metering Infrastructure of Smart Grid

Integration of information communication technology via the Internet of Things devices and sensors can enable an efficient power service for utility providers to consumers in advanced metering infrastructure. Authentication and cryptographic mechanisms protect identity, data security and privacy from unauthorised interception for smart meters to servers. In the last couple of years, many key agreement protocols have been prescribed and deployed to fix those issues. Unfortunately, the deployed protocols did not work inside the same protocols, specifically parameter detection and recognition for session key generation, as they entail high computation time and communication bits overheads. Furthermore, the absence of forward secrecy and user anonymity affects the authentication. Therefore, we have proposed a lightweight identity-based key agreement (LIKA) utilising the Diffie–Hellman cryptography with a trusted authority. It seeks to cover both the security and performance criteria with equal weight. The protocol is evaluated by the Canetti and Krawczyk adversarial model, Avispa and cryptographic analysis released the session keys that were not considered as an adversary during mutual authentication. Moreover, as compared to related work, the proposed protocol took the least amount of time (5.319 ms and 1056 bits) for the entire process of session key generation. Furthermore, comparative analysis has shown that the LIKA adequately encompasses computation, communication, and security assessments. Consequently, it is more convenient for practical implementation for a smart grid.

Relationship between Precarious Employment and Unmet Dental Care Needs among Korean Workers: A Longitudinal Panel Study.

Background and Objectives: Precarious workers experience certain conditions, such as low income, instability in employment, and lack of social security. Precarious employment has increased barriers to the use of dental care services, resulting in more unmet dental care needs. The aim of this study was to identify unmet dental care needs among precarious workers in Korea's labor market, using data from the Korea Health Panel Survey (2011-2017). Materials and Methods: Based on job and income security criteria, four groups were formed: Group A (individuals with job and income security), Group B (individuals reporting job security with income insecurity), Group C (individuals reporting job insecurity with income security), and Group D (individuals with job and income insecurity). We measured self-reported unmet dental need or the inability to receive necessary dental care owing to the past economic burdens. Panel logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the effect of precarious employment on unmet dental care needs for all participants. Results: Approximately 16% of the respondents reported having unmet dental care needs. Unmet dental care needs owing to economic reasons were higher among male workers in groups C and D than among male workers in Group A. In particular, male workers aged 50 years and above in Group B were 3.36 times more likely to have unmet dental care needs than those in Group A. In Group D, female workers showed a high probability of having dental care needs owing to economic reasons. Moreover, female workers aged 18-49 years witnessed an increase in unmet dental care needs. Conclusions: Korean workers with unstable employment and/or income are at a higher risk of having unmet dental care needs owing to financial factors. The findings suggest an urgent need to implement robust national health insurance policies to improve efforts aimed at reducing unmet dental care needs that potentially decreases the disparity in oral health among precariously employed workers. Furthermore, it is necessary to implement comprehensive labor market policies such as sickness benefits for those in precarious employment.

ЦИФРОВА ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ КІБЕРБЕЗПЕКИ НА МІКРОРІВНІ В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

The article describes the possible transformational processes of cybersecurity of business entities in martial law. Authors argue that the security criteria of modern digital entrepreneurship include the following mandatory facts: data must always be encrypted during storage and transmission; encryption must take place at the client level; only the client should have access to the encryption keys; actual data should not be transmitted through open mail channels; the company must control the storage of encrypted information and access keys to it.
 A number of current external and internal threats to doing business are listed, including network intrusion, loss of devices with saved passwords, and encryption viruses. Main tasks of enterprises in terms of cybersecurity, namely: identification of potential threats to cybersecurity of enterprises and vulnerabilities; cyber incident prevention; neutralization or minimization of threats to information security of the enterprise.
 Authors consider the impact of the information security management system ISO / IEC 27001: 2013 on the work of organizations. It has been found that this system provides an opportunity to implement best practices to improve data protection and eliminate the threat of security breaches of information systems.
 The article focuses on the fact that in the framework of cybersecurity in martial law and in the further digitization of activities at the micro level, the basic and priority tasks should be mainly new quality of production processes of technological laboratories: planning work in accordance with requirements industry standards, guidelines and best practices; sampling into the system by assigning it a specific identifier; calculation of results and their design.
 Entrepreneurial practice shows that, for example, Ramsomware is the most common threat in the implementation of business processes. Ramsomware is divided into two main types – cryptographers (“cryptoransomware”) and blockers (blockers –“blockers”). Encryptors, when they get to the main computer of the enterprise, encrypt valuable files such as documents, photos, databases. Ramsomware’s business threats include, for example, temporary data loss, which can completely disrupt critical business processes; constant data losses, leading to a decline in the company’s competitiveness, reduced sales revenue in the long run, disrupted continuous access to data.
 Authors of the article came to the conclusion that in the light of such criminal cyberattacks, of course, it is logical to develop various types of protection in order to protect data from their interception. This protection must be: invisible to the naked eye; have a secure mail channel; e-mail certificate; e-mail safe; e-mail shredder; cybersecurity center; encryption of letters and attachments; protected view.

SECURITY OF THE GAS MARKET OF UKRAINE AND FEATURES OF ITS IMPLEMENTATION


 The ways of implementing the main principles of functioning of the gas market in Ukraine according to the European scenario are outlined. It was determined that Ukraine currently applies the following systems of cooperation with the European Association of Gas Transmission System Operators of the EU – ENTSO–G, as well as the European Association of Electric Network Operators of the EU – ENTSO–S. The challenges facing the gas industry have been clarified, including: gas distribution and gas supply companies have mainly carried out a formal separation of spheres of activity, remaining in fact the property of the same shareholders and vertically integrated enterprises; preferential pricing of natural gas for specific categories of consumers (population, heat supply companies, religious organizations) in combination with a special regime of guaranteed supply creates prerequisites for the accumulation of debts and manipulations at the level of gas distribution and gas supply companies; the incompleteness of the process of establishing gas accounting systems and the existence of regulatory volumes of consumption leaves opportunities for manipulations and abuses and the formation of debts between market participants, primarily gas distribution companies to the operator; the global drop in natural gas prices is one of the reasons that stand in the way of increasing domestic production and, accordingly, reducing dependence on imports; there is still a threat of stopping the transit of Russian gas through the territory of Ukraine after the expiration of the current five-year contract between Russia's Gazprom and Naftogaz of Ukraine, which will bring significant changes to the operation of the gas transportation system. The structure of the gas sector, which covers the management of the corporation Naftogaz of Ukraine, is structurally combined with the state gas production company JSC "Ukrgazvydobuvannya" and the operator of gas storage facilities, has been studied. Several criteria have been identified that will contribute to ensuring the appropriate level of security of the natural gas market in Ukraine, among which we can highlight the following: the low purchasing power of consumers. Unfortunately, the war caused several crises, which were consequently accompanied by the growth rate of prices and tariffs for energy resources. The decline in the general well-being of citizens generates enormous social consequences for Ukraine; the direction of increasing own production of natural gas in Ukraine is provided for in the Energy Strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030. The basis in this direction should be an exploration for finding and extracting shale gas deposits. It should be noted that the oil and gas industry is characterized by several differences, primarily in the analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of investment projects. The systematic use of the energy security criteria of the oil and gas segment will provide an opportunity for the subjects of these market structures to dynamize the relevant components to obtain an energy effect, with the subsequent activation of mechanisms for adapting the entire system to new operating conditions. In summary, it should be noted that a plan is understood as a certain number of interconnected elements that interact with each other and form the integrity and practicality of their existence in terms of synergy. The application of systematicity allows solving the problem of long-term strategy and sustainability of energy security with the possibility of consistency of goals, balanced energy policy, and institutional transformation of the system. The synergy of the system will take place under the condition of adequate assessment of the main components for their functional purpose. The use of the systemic method involves a description of possible changes in the structure of the energy sector system of Ukraine, namely: a gradual change in the ownership of energy sector assets, an increase in the share of the private sector in the functioning of the country's energy sector.

CAPITAL MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF ENSURING THE FINANCIAL SECURITY OF THE ENTERPRISE

The article considers certain aspects of enterprise capital management from the standpoint of ensuring the financial security of the business entity. It has been determined that the capital structure of the enterprise is one of the main factors that determines financial security. It has been established that there is no universal capital structure of enterprises, it is determined by the field of activity, industry specifics and the chosen strategy of the enterprise's development.
 Taking into account the presence of a significant proportion of borrowed funds in the capital structure of many domestic enterprises, the question of the need to ensure their financial security arises acutely.
 The scheme of capital management is considered as its two components: formation and use. The most common models in the world for justifying the capital structure of an enterprise, which are used in the process of capital management, are presented.
 The article analyzes existing approaches to determining the essence of the economic category "financial security of the enterprise" and existing approaches to its assessment. Despite the existence of a sufficient number of scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists devoted to the problems of ensuring the financial security of economic entities, the issue of the existence of a single universal evaluation criterion has not been resolved.
 A scientific approach to capital management based on the determination of its optimal structure, which would guarantee the financial security of the enterprise, is substantiated. The realization of this approach is ensured thanks to the built optimization economic-mathematical model. A feature of this model is its two-criteria nature. Minimization of its weighted average cost (WACC) was adopted as a criterion for optimizing the capital structure, and maximization of its profitability was accepted as a criterion for the efficiency of capital growth. The task of ensuring financial security is solved by introducing additional restrictions on the limit values of liquidity and financial stability indicators into the model. The problem of bicriteria is proposed to be solved by using the multi-criteria Pareto method, which is used in problems for which it is impossible to construct an extremum, but it is possible to propose the concept of a situation that does not deteriorate ("Pareto optimum"). The solution to the problem of optimizing the capital structure of the enterprise based on finding a compromise between the values of the "weighted average cost of capital" and "return on capital" indicators lies in the area of the Pareto set, but at the same time, this set is not convex, which makes it difficult to solve. To obtain a single optimal option for solving a two-criterion problem, it is proposed to use the method of M. D. Andrieieva and D.G. Khoroshykh.
 The use of the developed optimization model with appropriate restrictions on the limit values of liquidityindicators and financial stability allows solving the task of effective capital management while simultaneously ensuring the financial security of the enterprise.
 The difference between the proposed capital management approach of the enterprise and the existing ones is the possibility to achieve the optimal capital structure of the economic entity under the condition of simultaneously ensuring its financial security according to several criteria without the need to define a single criterion of financial security or apply a local one without taking into account other existing criteria for assessing financial security.
 The scientific novelty of the article lies in the further development of the capital management methodology of enterprises in the context of ensuring their financial security.

A NEW THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE CONTEXT OF NATIONAL SECURITY

Based on the works of the leading researches, authoritative methodological approaches to social entrepreneurship are analyzed: the blended value, social capital theory, the stakeholder theory, the positive theory of social entrepreneurship, etc. It is revealed that one of the main problems in the interpretation of social entrepreneurship is the dichotomy between economic and social values. The result of the research is a new theoretical and methodological approach to social entrepreneurship based on positive social amplification. This approach promotes the national security interests and allows ensuring the national security criteria of the state

A simple relation of guessing probability in quantum key distribution

Given a communication system using quantum key distribution (QKD), the receiver can be seen as one who tries to guess the sender’s information just as potential eavesdroppers do. The receiver-eavesdropper similarity thus implies a simple relation in terms of guessing probability and correctness of sifted keys, related with the distance-based, information-theoretic security. The tolerable regions of error rates determined by such a guessing-probability-based relation are shown to be close to those determined by security criteria. Thus, an alternative perspective on applying guessing probability in analyzing QKD issues is here provided. Examples of two specific protocols are illustrated. Our results contribute to evaluating an important element in communication study, and may provide useful reference for the security analysis of QKD protocols.

Impact of Network Topology on the Resilience of Vehicle Platoons

This paper presents a comprehensive study on the impact of information flow topologies on the resilience of distributed algorithms that are widely used for estimation and control in vehicle platoons. In the state of the art, the influence of information flow topology on both internal and string stability of vehicle platoons has been well studied. However, understanding the impact of information flow topology on cyber-security tasks, e.g., attack detection, resilient estimation and formation algorithms, is largely open. By means of a general graph theory framework, we study connectivity measures of several platoon topologies and we reveal how these measures affect the ability of distributed algorithms to reject communication disturbances, to detect cyber-attacks, and to be resilient against them. We show that the traditional platoon topologies relying on interaction with the nearest neighbor are very fragile with respect to performance and security criteria. On the other hand, appropriate platoon topologies, namely <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -nearest neighbor topologies, are shown to fulfill desired security and performance levels. The framework we study covers undirected and directed topologies, ungrounded and grounded topologies, or topologies on a line and on a ring. We show that there is a trade-off in the network design between the robustness to disturbances and the resilience to adversarial actions. Theoretical results are validated via simulations.

Integrated Sustainable Agriculture To Realize Biodiversity-Based Food and Energy Sovereignty

Sustainable agriculture is the management and conservation of natural resources, oriented to technological and institutional changes carried out in such a way as to ensure the fulfillment and satisfaction of human needs in a sustainable manner for present and future generations. Food independence is the ability of the state and nation to produce diverse food from within the country which can ensure the fulfillment of sufficient food needs. Basically the food must be available at all times and to be able to meet the criteria for food security. Food availability is determined by 3 main aspects, namely production (quantity), distribution (accessibility), and consumption (nutritious and safe). In addition, renewable energy can come from agricultural materials. The energy crisis that occurs today is caused by an imbalance in the demand for energy that continues to increase with energy supply that is dependent on non-renewable fossil fuels, such as oil, coal and natural gas. This dependence is a serious threat to the world because of the known depletion of petroleum reserves, the instability of oil prices, and the pollution of greenhouse gases due to the burning of fossil fuels. The energy crisis will result in losses, both material and immaterial, such as loss of investor and consumer confidence, hampered creativity, inefficiency, and the risk of social unrest. The solution that is usually offered to overcome the energy crisis that occurs is the development and use of alternative energy sources, one of which is biofuels or biofuels.

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ СПОСОБЫ ЗАЩИТЫ ИНФОРМАЦИИ И ИНФОРМАЦИОННАЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ

This article examines the concept of information security, how it is implemented and enforced. It analyses the essence of information, what it is for, what processes are studied with its help. The basic criteria of information security, which guarantee reliable protection for information, are given, and popular and malicious software, which destabilize and destroy the work of the information system, are discussed

Problems of legal support of Russia’s food security in the light of the sanctions policy of unfriendly states

The Article analyses the problems of legal provision of food security in the Russian Federation. The United Nations Commission on Agriculture has developed food security criteria such as physical availability of food to the population, affordability and food safety. The Russian approach, unlike the above, has supplemented it with an indicator of state food independence. This approach proved to be far-sighted and proved correct in the context of the policy of sanctions by leading European states against the Russian Federation, including their reinforcement caused by the special military operation in the territories of Ukraine, the Donetsk People’s Republic and the Luhansk People’s Republic. The author also points out the contradiction between the food security mechanism, which involves significant state support for agricultural producers, and the market mechanism for the sale of agricultural products. This led the author to conclude that the state should guarantee partial sales of agricultural products to Russian agricultural producers, thereby minimising the mechanism of bankruptcy for them due to stiff competition in the agricultural market.

Power System Planning Assessment for Optimizing Renewable Energy Integration in the Maluku Electricity System

The planning of electrical power systems in remote island areas poses a few challenges, such as requiring many load centers, various energy sources, and certain geographical conditions, which leads to inefficiencies in energy production. For this reason, it is necessary to plan an electrical transmission system to efficiently transfer the power between load centers. Previous research has found that the completion of the most economical power system will be achieved in 2050 on the condition that the Ambon, Seram, Haruku, and Saparua (Ambon-SHS) systems are interconnected in 2025. Providing complementary support, this paper conducts a power system analysis to assess the proposed interconnection system in Maluku Island, which has several islands, small load centers, and local renewable energy resources. The power system analysis was performed using DIgSILENT PowerFactory and was carried out every 5 years of the system planning period until 2050. The results show that the design of the obtained transmission system meets the standard security criteria, which include thermal loading and voltage, being under both normal and N-1 contingency conditions, a short-circuit current, voltage stability, frequency stability, and transient stability. Finally, this paper demonstrates that the proposed plan is economically and technically feasible.

WatMIF: Multimodal Medical Image Fusion-Based Watermarking for Telehealth Applications.

Over recent years, the volume of big data has drastically increased for medical applications. Such data are shared by cloud providers for storage and further processing. Medical images contain sensitive information, and these images are shared with healthcare workers, patients, and, in some scenarios, researchers for diagnostic and study purposes. However, the security of these images in the transfer process is extremely important, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper proposes a secure watermarking algorithm, termed WatMIF, based on multimodal medical image fusion. The proposed algorithm consists of three major parts: the encryption of the host media, the fusion of multimodal medical images, and the embedding and extraction of the fused mark. We encrypt the host media with a key-based encryption scheme. Then, a nonsubsampled contourlet transform (NSCT)-based fusion scheme is employed to fuse the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scan images to generate the fused mark image. Furthermore, the encrypted host media conceals the fused watermark using redundant discrete wavelet transform (RDWT) and randomised singular value decomposition (RSVD). Finally, denoising convolutional neural network (DnCNN) is used to improve the robustness of the WatMIF algorithm. The simulation experiments on two standard datasets were used to evaluate the algorithm in terms of invisibility, robustness, and security. When compared with the existing algorithms, the robustness is improved by 20.14%. Overall, the implementation of proposed watermarking for hiding fused marks and efficient encryption improved the identity verification, invisibility, robustness and security criteria in our WatMIF algorithm.

ВПЛИВ МАРКЕТИНГУ НА ВИЯВЛЕННЯ ТА ПРОТИДІЮ ЗАГРОЗАМ ЕКОНОМІЧНІЙ БЕЗПЕЦІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ ЛЕГКОЇ ПРОМИСЛОВОСТІ УКРАЇНИ

The article defines the role and importance of marketing and marketing component of economic security of the enterprise from the standpoint of ensuring its functioning in the transformation of the business environment due to large-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine. The results of the study determine the essence of economic categories and outline the degree of destructive impact on economic security of each of these factors, in particular: threats, challenges, risks, dangers. The types of threats to the economic security of the enterprise from the standpoint of marketing are identified. The need to use marketing to identify and monitor threats to the economic security of the enterprise by developing an appropriate system. The expediency of application and gradual filling of the system of marketing monitoring of threats to economic security is substantiated and the basic requirements to its functioning are determined. Such a system should include: formation of criteria for economic security of the enterprise, study of the business environment of its operation, diagnosis of threats to economic security of the enterprise from a marketing standpoint, development of measures to counter identified threats or minimize their negative impact on economic security and assess the effectiveness of countering threats economic security of the business entity. The significance of the influence of industry affiliation of enterprises on its economic security is determined, as a result of which the characteristics and prospects of light industry development in Ukraine are given, and it is concluded that , is a crucial factor in the development of the national economy as a whole. In the context of the study of the peculiarities of the functioning of light industry enterprises, the need to characterize the factors of external and internal influences that shape the environment of enterprises, as well as to determine their impact on economic security of economic entities.

Interrelation of Personnel and Social Security of the Region on the Example of the Kirov Region

The article discusses the issues of determining the criteria of social and personnel security of the region and assessing the risks of regional development. Criteria for assessing the social and personnel security of the region are identified, a system of these criteria is developed. The purpose of this article is to analyze approaches to assessing the level of social and personnel security of the region and to assess the level of social and personnel security of the region. The objectives of the work are to determine the list of indicators of social and personnel security of the region, to determine the relationships between them, as well as to form a system of indicators that allow assessing social security from the point of view of the quality of life of the population and indicators of personnel security of the region. The basis of the developed system is the use of statistical data and the relationships between indicators of social and personnel security. Based on the results of the study, an analysis of the social and personnel security of the Kirov region was carried out on the basis of the presented criteria.

Successful territorial brand formation (on the example of Singapore)

Main directions of improving the strategy of Ukraine's external debt management based on the results of the assessment of the main indicators of external state debt in relation to the criteria of economic security and the impact of external debt on key macroeconomic indicators are substantiated in the article. According to the results of the regression analysis of the relationship between main macroeconomic indicators and indicators of external debt, it was concluded that the external debt has an ambiguous impact on the economy of Ukraine. The hypothesis about the negative consequences of increasing the external state debt for the economy of Ukraine has not been fully confirmed. Based on the analysis of the data for 2008-2020, the direct impact of changes in external debt on GDP in actual prices, as well as the direct impact of gross external debt on changes in GDP per capita was identified. This confirms a positive role of external borrowing in ensuring Ukraine's economic growth. At the same time, the inverse dependence of Ukraine's GDP on changes in external debt per capita and the ratio of total payments to service external debt to state budget revenues was revealed. The dependence of GDP per capita on the ratio of total external debt service payments to state budget revenues is also inverse. The results of the study suggest an ambiguous impact of external debt on the national economy, which necessitates effective management of the external debt. The Long-Term Strategy for Ukraine's External Debt Management until 2030 should become an important institutional tool for reducing threats to the country's economic security arising from the growing debt burden. The purpose of the proposed Strategy is to minimize the cost of servicing external debt in the long run and reduce the level of relevant risks.&#x0D;

Regulatory Framework for Canada's Cybersecurity Policy

The article examines the issue of regulatory regulation of cybersecurity policy in Canada, and also considers an assessment of the main stages of cyber law formation. It describes policy documents that aim to improve Canada's cybersecurity and develop directives that have a positive impact on the development of the national security system. It emphasizes the adoption of two National Cyber Security Strategies and highlights the importance of other legislative initiatives to protect the integrity of government systems, national critical assets, methods and forms of combating cybercrime and protecting Canadians in their daily use of information space. The focus is on Canada's international integration in the field of cybersecurity and cooperation in the field of national space protection with partner countries in modern conditions. The author concludes that the Canadian legislature and executive are responding quickly to information challenges and creating flexible legal legislation aimed at preventing future threats. After all, Canada was one of the first to develop a regulatory framework for cybersecurity, constantly improving legislative initiatives and allocating financial resources. Characterizing the specifics of the legal framework of Canadian cyber law, it should be noted that the authorities are making great efforts to change the law, modernize the powers of law enforcement agencies and ensure an order that prevents evasion of legal control over criminal activities online. The Canadian criteria for computer systems security are the basic standards of information security and are highly recognized by the international community. Internationally, Canada's cybersecurity is developed through the Five Eyes Alliance and is closely linked to US, UK, Australian and New Zealand policy priorities, providing access to intelligence from around the world and providing a high level of protection against cyber security. attacks. Canada has one of the world's best institutional systems for information policy, including the creation of a single information space, the functioning of e-government, free access to information, government regulation of the media, and most importantly clear regulation of all information relations and processes The positive experience is that the Canadian state has a long history of cooperation between the public and private sectors in the field of economic and national security. This joint cooperation is ensured through the mutual exchange of accurate and timely information on cyber threats, protection methods and other best practices.