Russian Sector Research Articles

ОЦЕНКА СОВРЕМЕННОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ИННОВАЦИОННОГО ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСТВА В СОЮЗНОМ ГОСУДАРСТВЕ

In a market economy, the most important factor in the scientific and technological development of the territory is inno-vative entrepreneurship. It is the business environment that acts as a kind of “accelerator” of innovative activity, since ina com-petitive environment, to maximize profits, an entrepreneur must produce more complex, innovative products. The consideredtype of entrepreneurship plays a special role in the development of the economy of Russia and Belarus. This is due to the fact that the subjects of innovative entrepreneurship make it possible to increase the level of competitiveness of the economy, whichis of particular importance in an unfavorable economic environment and high geopolitical risks caused mainly by the influence of in-ternational economic sanctions against the Union State. The purpose of this work is to assess the current state of the innovation and entrepreneurial sector in Russia and the Republic of Belarus. The method of statistical analysis was mainly used to achieve this goal. Based on the results of the assessment, it was found that the economic component of innovative entrepreneurship, as-sociated with the commercialization of innovations is most developed in the Republic of Belarus. At the same time, the potential of Russian innovative companies is significant from the standpoint of the research component. The orientation of innovativeor-ganizations of the Russian Federation towards the production of innovative goods, works and services, high value-added products of upper processing is seen ss promising areas for the development of cooperation between the subjects of innovative entrepre-neurship of Russia and the Republic of Belarus. Moreover, it is necessary to develop joint production of innovative products with-in the framework of the Union State based on cooperation of the existing innovative potential.

Financial mechanism of public-private partnership: features and directions of improvement

In recent decades, projects in the field of infrastructure and public-private partnership (PPP) have become increasingly interesting for both the public sector and private investors. In Russia, the option of cooperation between the state and business started developing and spreading not so long ago (in the last 15-20 years). Despite the fact that until 2019, the PPP market in Russia showed a positive trend in various parameters and actively developed, there has been a slowdown in the growth rate of the number of PPP projects since 2020 (3,440 projects in 2020 against 4,285 projects in 2019), which is due to many factors, such as: an increase in the cost of construction materials, a general increase in prices, an increase in inflation, the COVID-19 pandemic, a reduced level of effective demand, an unstable geopolitical situation, etc. At the same time, the total volume of investments in PPP projects continues to grow. Rapid urbanization, changing environmental, social and economic priorities place increasing demands on the ability of governments to attract private finance and motivate companies to develop synergistically with the state. Improving public-private partnership and scaling it up among the corporate sector in Russia is one of the key areas of government activity in order to create better conditions for connecting people and places with opportunities. The purpose of the article is to study the theoretical and practical features of public-private partnership and its financial mechanism, as well as to identify promising areas for solving problems that hinder the effective implementation of projects within the framework of public-private partnership. The subject of the study is an aggregate of economic and organizational-legal relations that contribute to the formation and implementation of the financial mechanism of public-private partnership projects. The methodological basis was the conceptual provisions of the theory of public-private partnership, scientific methods and techniques of analysis. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the results of the study (in terms of identifying key problems that hinder the effective functioning of PPP projects and their financial mechanism) allowed us to formulate a set of recommendations for their solution.

СОЗДАНИЕ БИЗНЕС-ЭКОСИСТЕМ КАК НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ ПЕРСПЕКТИВНОГО РАЗВИТИЯ МАЛОГО И СРЕДНЕГО ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСТВА В РОССИИ

This article explores the concept of business ecosystems as an innovative approach to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The theoretical part of the study is a review of the concepts of ecosystem, business ecosystem and the study of the species classification of business ecosystems. As part of the analysis, the current state of the SME sector in Russia was considered, the stages of creating a business ecosystem for SMEs were identified, and the main factors of business ecosystem formation were highlighted. The conclusion of the study presents trends and prospects of development in the creation of business ecosystems for SMEs in Russia.

The Role of Biotechnology and Biotechnology Clusters in Global and Regional Economy Development

Biotechnology represents a widely acknowledged interdisciplinary field that harnesses biological systems and processes to drive advancements in technology and economics. Given its rapid proliferation, it has emerged as a pivotal factor in global economic development. The primary objective of this review article is to underscore the significant role played by biotechnology in advancing technology across diverse sectors of the economy. Furthermore, the paper underscores the value of biotechnology clusters in catalysing economic growth, particularly in nations undergoing active development. This investigation encompasses a comprehensive analysis of international practices, offers a nation-specific assessment, and underscores the advantages that biotechnology clusters can bestow upon businesses and regional economies. The research also formulates recommendations for the advancement of the biotechnology sector in Russia and the promotion of local companies’ involvement in biotechnology clusters.

ICT Sector in the Face of External Instability: Features of Resource Provision and Key Economic Parameters

The article defines the features of the formation of the ICT sector in Russia, analyzes the structure of resource provision and the dynamics of development of ICT activities, and assesses the impact of significant macroeconomic events against the background of general economic dynamics. Based on the identified features, key economic parameters are determined, bottlenecks and growth points for ICT activities identified.

Потенциал агропромышленных кластеров по производству конкурентоспособной продукции

Modern conditions for the creation of clusters act as the main tool for effective management of the agro-industrial sector in Russia, as they allow accumulating and combining resources and production capacities of various agricultural and industrial organizations. The article discusses the features of the functioning of agro-industrial clusters and their role in regional development. On the example of the Krasnodar Territory, the activity of the Kuban cluster is analyzed, its importance in the production of competitive products is determined, problems are identified and measures are planned to increase its development potential.

ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧЕСКИЙ СЕКТОР РОССИЙСКОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ: ТЕКУЩЕЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ, ДИНАМИКА И ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ

The article examines the main factors influencing the development of the pharmaceutical industry in Russia, the existing challenges and prospects. The article covers various aspects of the pharmaceutical sector, such as the production of medicines, the level of competition, economic indicators and regulation. It also examines global trends in the pharmaceutical industry and their impact on the Russian market. The market volumes in 2022 and 2023, sales volumes of original medicines and generics in Russia are compared. Not only quantitative data were considered, but also qualitative factors, such as changes in legal regulation and innovative trends. The study shows the current state of the pharmaceutical sector in Russia, its key development trends and potential for the future.

Experience of technical development of obtaining cold as a component of national food security

A priori, the fact remains that the current situation of the development of the agricultural sector in Russia is certainly connected with ensuring food security. This article reveals the historical and technical experience of solving the issues of providing cold and operational manufacturability of modern storage facilities, including a buried type, taking into account the dynamics of development and improvement of the qualities of cryogenic equipment. The article assesses the possibility of optimizing the temperature regime of storage facilities on the basis of expanding the functional potential of existing devices and introducing new production systems integrated on the basis of an alternative gravitational-type drive, the operation of which is carried out due to the cyclical formation of volumetric masses of liquid in storage tanks before it is supplied to the consumer, as well as air flow formation systems in natural cold conditions.

ПОЛИАРОМАТИЧЕСКИЕ УГЛЕВОДОРОДЫ В ДОННЫХ ОТЛОЖЕНИЯХ КАСПИЙСКОГО МОРЯ

In this study, variations in the levels of oil hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are persistent organic pollutants generated by human activities, were assessed in the bottom sediments of the Caspian Sea (Russia) sampled from 2012 to 2021. The samples were analyzed for their chemical composition. The concentrations of the identified compounds responsible for hydrocarbon pollution were established. The quantitative results of the industrial environmental monitoring in the Russian sector of the Caspian Sea for subsoil use were also reviewed and processed by standard statistical methods. It was revealed that ΣPAH concentrations in the Northern and Middle Caspian Sea regions vary from analytical zero to 186.7 μg/kg and from zero to 467.8 μg/kg, respectively. The scale of oil pollution in these two regions was found to be determined by the following PAHs: phenanthrene, acenaphthene, and naphthalene. The origin of the listed PAHs provides vital information on the main sources of pollution of the Caspian Sea bottom sediments with hazardous organic substances. Based on the obtained data, the areas with background PAH pollution of the bottom sediments and those with the characteristic PAH of mainly natural and pyrogenic origin were located.

КОМПЛЕКСНАЯ ОЦЕНКА РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА РОССИЙСКО-БЕЛОРУССКОГО ПРИГРАНИЧЬЯ

The main goal of this work is to search for new approaches to the study of agriculture in territories within which there are contrasts in the level of agricultural development in particular and the level of socio-economic development in general. The work uses methods of gravitational fields and economic-geographical profiling along the conventional line Minsk - Moscow, and also tests for the current state of agriculture the approach to assessing the agricultural specialization of territories, first proposed by I. von Thünen. The level of agricultural development, assessed using these methods, is presented in ten-year dynamics.The use of these methods made it possible to identify both poles of agricultural growth and depressed areas that lag behind in terms of the level of agricultural development and requirethe use of special instruments of institutional and socio-economic policy to support theagricultural industry. As a result of applying profiling techniques and building potential models within the Republic of Belarus, it was possible to identify two poles of agricultural growth, as well as assess the level of gap in agricultural indicators when crossing the border. It has been established that in recent years, within the Russian sector of the border area, there has been an accelerated development of agriculture, due to the policy of import substitution in key agricultural sectors. At the same time, the agriculture of the border region, in general, being on the periphery of the countries, underrealizes the potential of the geographical location between the two largest sales markets of the Union State and currently needs more intensive development. Another conclusion is the correspondence of the agricultural specialization of the regions of Mezhcapital to the one identified in the works of J. von Thünen according to theoretical ideas about the specialization of agricultural production at a distance from large cities.

Evaluation of Suspended Matter Content in the Coastal Zone of the Northeastern Part of the Black Sea by Relative Transparency

Based on the materials of 20 expeditions of the IO RAS conducted in various areas of the coastal zone of the Russian sector of the Black Sea in the period from 1999 to 2021, empirical equations the relationship between the relative transparency (depth of visibility of the white disk Zd) and the mass concentrations of the total suspended matter-SM and its mineral – SMM and organic – POM fractions (Csm, Csmm and Csom, respectively) were obtained. The values of Zd were recorded in the range from 0.1 to 21 m, the concentrations of SMM – from 0.11 to 104 mg/L, POM – from 0.09 to 2.0 mg/l and chlorophyll a (Ca) – from 0.03 to 4.4 mcg/l. The relative abundance of the POM in the suspension ranged from 1.1 to 48.7%. The estimation of the error in the calculations according to these equations is carried out. The coefficients of determination r2 = 0.85 (for lgCsm and lgCsmm ) and 0.72 ( for lg Csom). The influence of the concentration of POM – on the accuracy of the calculation of Csmm and the concentration of chlorophyll a on the accuracy of the calculation of Csom was revealed. It is concluded that it is possible to use empirical formulas related to the entire array to calculate the concentrations of these fractions of suspension in the entire studied water area. It is proposed to consider the method of estimating the content of suspension fractions based on the obtained empirical equations as a regional variant of the method of passive sounding of the upper layer of the sea using a white disk.

Air composition over the Russian sector of the Arctic. 2. Carbon dioxide

Air composition over the Russian sector of the Arctic. 2. Carbon dioxide

ВЛИЯНИЕ САНКЦИЙ В ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОМ СЕКТОРЕ НА УРОВЕНЬ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ: ГЛОБАЛЬНЫЕ И РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ

The introduction of energy sanctions differed from other trade restrictions imposed on other Russian sectors of the economy or individual goods and services due to the fundamental feature of oil as an easily traded and relatively interchangeable commodity. The results of the study showed that the impact of sanctions on the Russian economy was mitigated by redirecting oil to other countries that, according to their national law, are not obliged to comply with sanctions. Relatively inelastic short-term demand for oil and natural gas at a price led to Russia’s revenues from the sale of energy resources increased, although sales fell, which provided Russia with additional opportunities to increase economic security in the face of station pressure. However, in the long term, it must be borne in mind that the Russian oil industry depends on key goods such as drilling equipment and software, the import of which from a number of countries is limited.

Air composition over the Russian sector of the Arctic in September 2020. 1. Methane

Air composition over the Russian sector of the Arctic in September 2020. 1. Methane

Вызовы и проблемы реформирования лесного хозяйства России

Несмотря на неэффективность «универсальной» модели лесного хозяйства, результатом которой является истощение доступных лесных ресурсов для лесной промышленности, завышение в 2-3 раза расчетной лесосеки в ряде лесопромышленных регионов, уменьшение площади и доли в насаждениях твердолиственных пород и кедровых сосен, а также возрастание темпов утраты малонарушенных массивов первичных лесов, органы управления лесным хозяйством России стремятся сохранять традиционное экстенсивное лесное хозяйство. Профильные ведомства, вопреки принятым в 2013–2018 гг., стратегическим документам по развитию лесного комплекса, не стимулируют на практике переход к интенсивному лесному хозяйству. Последнее требует брать арендную плату за единицу площади аренды; переход лесопользования на рубки по «диаметру» зрелостии т.п. Переход от экстенсивной модели на модель интенсивного использования и восстановления лесов экономически выгоден в регионах с более высокой биопродуктивностью лесных земель, с большей плотностью лесных дорог и развитой инфраструктурой. Представляется актуальной задача пространственной де-маргинализации лесного комплекса страны – сдвиг лесосырьевой базы и инфраструктуры переработки из северной тайги ЕТС и Средней и Восточной Сибири во вторичные леса зоны хвойно-широколиственных и южно-таежных лесов ЕТС с достаточно развитой и более густой дорожной сетью. Inefficiency of the «universal» traditional forestry model, which results in depletion of available forest resources for forestry industry, an overestimation of allowable cut in forestry regions by 2-3 times, and a decrease in area and share the most valuable and ecologically significant hardwoods and cedar pines, as well as an increase in the rate of intact primary forests loss. . The departments in charge, contrary to strategic governmental documents adopted in 2013–2018, do not take steps to stimulate transition to an intensive forestry model, which requires to charge fees based on a unit of leased area, and not the volume of cut wood; the transition of forest management to felling based on tree diameter instead on the tree age, etc. It is obvious that the transition to a model of intensive use and restoration of forests is more economically beneficial in regions with higher biological productivity of forest lands, with a greater density of forest roads and more developed infrastructure. The problem of spatial demarginalization of the country's forest complex seems to be an urgent task – the shift of forest resource base and processing infrastructure from the northern taiga of European Russia (ER) and Central and Eastern Siberia to secondary forests of coniferous-broad-leaved and southern taiga forests in ER with a developed and denser road network (6-7 km per 1000 ha and above). This position is confirmed by growth of investments in timber processing and production of wood-based panels, sheet materials, etc. by private companies.

Opportunities for the Application of a Model of Cost Management and Reduction of Risks in Financial and Economic Activity Based on the OLAP Technology: The Case of the Agro-Industrial Sector of Russia

The development of cloud technologies enables companies to actively implement technologies for cost management and risk reduction in their financial and economic activities. The use of cloud-based models of risk management in the financial and economic activities of the enterprise will help small and medium-sized companies in the agro-industrial sector in Russia to make structural and strategic changes, as well as discover new opportunities for business expansion. The purpose of the study is to develop models for cost management and reduction of risks in the financial and economic activities of companies based on the OLAP technology for application in Russian agro-industrial enterprises. The study employs a qualitative approach based on the case study methodology. The paper discloses and substantiates the authors’ conceptual model of a cost management system that allows executives to make decisions proceeding from four types of cost prices. The distinguishing feature of the management system is the use of a digital twin, which makes it possible to manage risks at the early stages of decision-making. The application of OLAP systems improves the quality of analysis and visualization methods as part of the cost management system. In addition, the study provides practical insight into how the applied model will help small and medium-sized agro-industrial enterprises to develop different business vision strategies based on cost reduction, manage the level of risk at the early stages of decision-making, and analyze information from a geographically dispersed logistics chain of divisions (production facilities, warehouses, stores).

Genesis and development of shadow economic activity

Within the framework of this scientific article, an analysis is made of the formation and development of a dangerous social and economic phenomenon, namely, shadow economic activity. The author of this work described the process of the genesis of the shadow economy, as well as its further expansion. The paper indicates a number of reasons that first acted as prerequisites for the development of the shadow economy, and then became catalysts for the expansion of shadow economic activity in Russia. The author of the article studied the characteristic features that distinguish the development of shadow economic activity in Russia from a similar process in foreign countries. An important feature of the development of the shadow economy is the uneven distribution of this phenomenon depending on the sphere and sector of the economy. In this regard, in this paper, the main areas of economic activity that are most subjected to shadow processes were considered. The author emphasized that the shadow economy in the course of its development and expansion can lead to negative consequences that affect both the public sector and the activities of enterprises. For a more comprehensive study of the situation with shadow economic activity, this paper analyzed statistical data on employment in the informal sector in Russia in 2021. Based on the results of the analysis, the author found that the spheres of trade, agriculture and construction turned out to be the most popular in terms of informal employment in them. In addition, the author concluded that the shadow economy slows down the activity of all mechanisms related to the economic sphere.

Current State of the Northeast Black Sea Coast along the Russian Caucasus

Kosyan, R.D.; Krylenko, M.V., and Krylenko, V.V., 2023. Current state of the northeast Black Sea coast along the Russian Caucasus. Journal of Coastal Research, 39(2), 317–327. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. This paper describes the state of the NE Black Sea coasts in the 21st century. The modern development and economic use of these coasts in the conditions of climate change and anthropogenic load are analyzed. A geomorphological feature of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus is the predominance of denudation processes over accumulative ones. There is only one large accumulative sandy section—the Anapa Bay-Bar. Abrasion shores with narrow beaches are widespread in the NE part of the Russian Black Sea coast. There is no united longshore sediment flux. Local lithodynamic cells on concave sections of the shore are characteristic. The conditions of these shores are favorable for the use of local coast protection. In the SE section, the dynamics of the shores in natural conditions were determined by the sediment balance. The active abrasive processes were combined with a large volume of beach-forming sediments carried out by rivers. Up to the middle of the 20th century, there was a single longshore sediment flux toward the SE and broad beaches near river mouths. The Imereti Lowland was formed between the mouths of the Mzymta and the Psou rivers. Irrational and excessive technogenic transformation of the shoreline and river basins in 20th century resulted in a progressive lack of sediment supply. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the width of the beaches has been decreasing throughout the entire area, and the stability of the coast has been maintained artificially by shore protection structures. The Russian sector of the Caucasus Black Sea coast is now densely populated and is an important recreational and economic zone. The main problems that had to be solved in the past and will have to be solved in the future are the shortage of beaches and the protection of the coast and objects located on it from wave impacts.

Cost management as a key component of the organizational system of a developer implementing a unique nuclear industry infrastructure project abroad

The COVID-19 pandemic and the global economic crisis did not lead to a collapse in the volume of construction work in the country and abroad, as well as a decrease in investment in infrastructure projects. However, the labor force was negatively affected (both quantitatively and qualitatively), industry prices, supply chains and the stability of companies. The low profi tability of the Russian sector of construction of infrastructure projects remains unattractive for capital investment by businesses and investment funds, and therefore, private companies have been selling their construction assets to state-owned companies or monopolies for 5 years (from 2018–2022). Also, for the participants in the implementation of infrastructure projects, the most serious problems remain imperfections in the public procurement system and the formation of project costs, an outdated pricing model, high cost and limited availability of loans, as well as the inability to plan their load for a long time. Almost all of these problems are somehow interconnected with each other, and they need to be addressed with the help of systemic transformations. Even if a large amount of funds is directed to infrastructure projects, it will only postpone the need for systemic changes in the industry in general and organizational changes at the level of the developer in particular. To solve the stated problem, the subject area of the study is defi ned: the subject of the research: the process of organizing the cost management of an infrastructure project of the nuclear industry abroad; the aim of the research: creation of a scheme of the developer’s organizational process for managing the cost of construction of an infrastructure project of the nuclear industry (IPAO) abroad; research objectives: develop a methodological approach to substantiate each stage of the implementation of a unique infrastructure project of the nuclear industry in terms of the processes of formation, calculation, approval, control and monitoring of cost; develop proposals for improving the cost management process by the customer when implementing a unique infrastructure project for the nuclear industry abroad. Research methods: analysis and synthesis, graphic modeling, comparative estimates; research results: the created scheme of the developer’s organizational process for managing the cost of construction of an infrastructure project of the nuclear industry (IPAO) abroad at the stages of project implementation, taking into account the process approach and refl ecting the responsibility of counterparties at each stage of the life cycle. Scope of application of the results: the introduction of the organizational process scheme into the activities of companies implementing infrastructure projects abroad will allow regulating and standardizing cash fl ow processes, as well as identifying deviation parameters of the established cost throughout the life cycle of the infrastructure project.

ACHIEVING CARBON NEUTRALITY THROUGH THE INTRODUCTION OF TAXATION TOOLS

The ESG-agenda is becoming more significant, the authorities and large corporations are paying more attention to the greening of business. The issue of decarbonization of the economy has become acute at the international level after the entry into force of the Paris Climate Agreement in 2016. The purpose of the work: to study the proposed initiatives to achieve carbon neutrality and to study the impact of carbon regulation mechanisms on the development of industry in Russia, in accordance with it, the following tasks are formed: to describe the mechanism of cross-border carbon regulation (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, CBAM), to give an economic assessment of the impact of industrial sectors in Russia, as well as to consider domestic initiatives to create carbon regulation.