Russian Sector Research Articles

МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ИМПЛЕМЕНТАЦИИ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ СТАНДАРТОВ ПО БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ПОЛЕТОВ В РОССИЙСКИХ НОРМАТИВНЫХ ДОКУМЕНТАХ

The present paper delves into the challenge of implementing international flight safety standards into the Russian regulatory framework governing the establishment, application, and refinement of aviation safety management systems (SMS) in the civil aviation sector in Russia. It underscores the reliance of SMS regulatory adherence on the Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) set forth by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The paper conducts an examination of prevailing discrepancies, indeterminacies, and ambiguities in delineating core terms and concepts within the English and Russian renditions of ICAO SARPs documentation. Furthermore, it offers an evaluation of the implementation hurdles associated with SARPs in regulatory documentation pertaining to civil aviation flight safety in Russia. The deficiencies in the regulatory infrastructure for flight safety in Russia are substantiated. Drawing from practical insights gained in formulating and improving regulatory and methodological support for SMS in prominent Russian airlines, the paper proposes measures to mitigate inaccuracies and uncertainties in the integration of ICAO SARPs editions within the Russian regulatory framework for aviation industry service providers.

GreenTech technologies for sustainability of the national economy

The sustainability of national economic systems continues to be a longstanding issue. States continue to interact on climate agendas and environmental topics in a tense geopolitical situation. The expansion and implementation of GreenTech technologies is becoming a prerequisite for partnerships and entry into new international markets for the supply of products and services. The article provides an overview of the level of implementation of green technologies in various sectors of Russia's national economy. Conclusions are drawn on the need to continue ecological modernization of the national economic system and to expand interstate cooperation on climate change issues.

Динамика численности русской диаспоры в Прибалтийских республиках в 2018—2023 годах

Based on underwater video footage and diver observations, along with previously obtained lithological data, four types of benthic landscapes have been identified on the section of the underwater coastal slope near Cape Taran. The high mosaic distribution of lithofacies and the varying degrees of macrophyte coverage of the seabed have been confirmed. The boulder-block pavement within the euphotic layer of the sea was maximally covered by macrophytes, with Polysiphonia nigrescens as the dominant species. The lower boundary of macrophyte distribution was recorded at a depth of 19 meters, which is significantly deeper than previously believed. Macrophytes can be recommended for use in regional environmental monitoring. The presence of an ecologically significant aggregation of macrophytes near Cape Taran, the largest in the Russian sector of the southeastern Baltic, combined with the high lithofacial diversity of the seafloor, provides strong justification for establishing a marine protected area in this region.

Чужеродные моллюски в прибрежной части дагестанского района Каспийского моря

The species Corbicula fluminea and C. fluminalis (O.F. Müller, 1774), alien to the ecosystems of the Russian sector of the Middle Caspian, penetrated into the estuaries, forming new ecotones. Mollusks of the genus Corbicula are included in one hundred of the most actively spreading universes around the world. In 2018-2022, live individuals of the bivalve mollusk C. fluminalis (O.F. Müller, 1774) were found in the waters of the northern part of the Agrakhan Bay, in the area of the Chased Gate, Kubyakinsky Bank, Kuznechonok. For the first time, finds of C. fluminalis and C. fluminea specimens of different ages were recorded in the Prisulak canal and the Yuzbash-Sulak reservoir. There is an expansion of the habitat of corbicules in the study area. Possible ways of invasion are assumed: introduction of corbicule larvae into the Caspian Sea basin with ballast waters of ships plying through the Volga-Don Canal; introduction of Asian fish species into the inland waters of Dagestan; transfer by waterfowl. High adaptive abilities and different breeding strategies of Corbicula mollusks increase the possibility of successful naturalization in estuarine and freshwater ecosystems of the Dagestan region of the Caspian Sea, as well as in desalinated areas near the mouths of the rivers of the Northern Caspian and the northern part of the Middle Caspian.

Определение готовности территорий Арктической зоны к цифровизации строительной отрасли на основе рейтингования регионов Российской Федерации

The relevance of developing the construction sector in Russia stems from the imperative to 1) enhance productivity, 2) reduce costs and improve quality and safety, and 3) address future challenges such as climate change and economic diversification. This article assesses the readiness of regions for digitalizing the construction sector through a ranking system based on the geometric mean. Digitalization readiness in the construction industry is the current state of territorial socio-economic systems defined across four areas of development: the socio-economic domain, research and innovations,the digital sphere, and the industrial domain. The study aims to establish a regional ranking to assess digitalization readiness in the construction sector, with a specific focus on the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. Regional specialization in construction-related economic activities is identified, revealing that the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) present opportunities for creating an industrial cluster. A benchmark ranking is proposed, indicating that the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) exhibit attractiveness for strategic initiatives aimed at digitalizing the construction industry.

Влияние пандемии COVID-19 на цифровизацию экономики арктических регионов России

The relevance of developing the construction sector in Russia stems from the imperative to 1) enhance productivity, 2) reduce costs and improve quality and safety, and 3) address future challenges such as climate change and economic diversification. This article assesses the readiness of regions for digitalizing the construction sector through a ranking system based on the geometric mean. Digitalization readiness in the construction industry is the current state of territorial socio-economic systems defined across four areas of development: the socio-economic domain, research and innovations, the digital sphere, and the industrial domain. The study aims to establish a regional ranking to assess digitalization readiness in the construction sector, with a specific focus on the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. Regional specialization in construction-related economic activities is identified, revealing that the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) present opportunities for creating an industrial cluster. A benchmark ranking is proposed,indicating that the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) exhibit attractiveness for strategic initiatives aimed at digitalizing the construction industry.

Improving economic security of the commercial banks based on internal control of the operational risk

New regulation of the operational risks established by Bank of Russia Regulation No. 744-P dated December 7, 2020 “On the procedure for calculating the amount of operational risk (“Basel III”) creates new opportunities for the banking sector for capital optimization to cover this type of risk. However, in recent years, financial operating losses (the damage from crimes committed in the credit and financial sector in Russia in 2021 exceeded 386 million rubles) confirm the fact that the risk from the realization of risks is more significant. The reasons are wide variety of the operational risks, high dynamics in the detection of new types, as well as their more secretive nature in detection with other risks, which has a sharply negative impact on the security of the bank. Nevertheless, the optimization is impossible without countering threats to economic security. In our opinion, the set conditions are best met by a risk-based internal control system within a particular credit institution. The Basel Committee underpin the need for building an internal control system based on the recognition and assessment of the risks assumed by the bank, and their relationship with the goals set for the credit institution. Thus, risk-based internal control system, which allows timely identification of shortcomings and violations in its activities, as well as prompt response to changes in the internal and external environment to prevent negative results, could provide such countering for the bank.

Comparative analysis of the silver economy capacity in Russia and the EU

The article analyses the prospects of the development of silver economy in Russia. The relevance of the topic is confirmed by the global trend caused by aging of the population. Silver (or longevity) economy is a sector of the economy, which provides well-being of the elderly. The subject of the study is a comparison between the potential of the silver economy in Russia and the European Union. The aim of the study is to analyse the key differences of the silver economy in Russia and the countries of the EU. The article examines the methodology and the results of the assessment of the scale of silver economy and its contribution to the aggregate demand and GDP of the European Union. The authors estimated the scale of the silver economy in Russia at the national and regional levels. Based on the results obtained, the authors compared the volume of the silver economy in Russia and the EU and identified the main factors influencing this sector in Russia. Moreover, the authors identified a high level of interregional differentiation in terms of silver economy development. Therefore, the differentiated measures of regional policy in relation to the citizens of the older generation were proposed in order to eliminate significant regional disparities. The authors propose measures aimed at supporting the demand of senior citizens for regions with an average level of development of the silver economy. The study also proposes to concentrate the state policy efforts on social security for the regions with low potential of the silver economy.

Финансовая поддержка некоммерческого сектора в Российской Федерации

The present scientific research touches upon the issues of studying and analyzing the financial support of the non-profit sector in Russia. In the light of modern challenges and changes in society, the state simply needs civic initiatives that will affect not only the development of the country, but also the solution of most social prob-lems. State support for social initiatives of non-profit organizations has a positive effect on solving a number of public problems, therefore it is an important component in the sustainable development of the third sector. The aim of this work is to analyze the main sources of funding for non-profit organizations in Russia (taking into account the latest data from the analytical reports of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation for 2022).

Features of Seismological Observations in the Arctic Seas

This paper is devoted to the features of seismological observations in the Arctic seas, which are complicated by harsh climatic conditions, the presence of ice cover, stamukhi and icebergs, and limited navigation. Despite the high risk of losing expensive equipment, the deployment of local networks of bottom seismographs or stations installed on ice is still necessary for studying the seismotectonic characteristics and geodynamic processes of the region under consideration, the deep structure of the crust and upper mantle, seismic hazards, and other marine geohazards. Various types of seismic stations used for long-term and short-term deployments in the Russian sector of the Arctic Ocean, as well as various schemes and workflows for their deployment/recovery, are described. The characteristics of seafloor seismic noise and their features are also considered. The results of deployments demonstrate that the characteristics of the stations make it possible to reliably record earthquake signals and seismic noise. Based on the experience gained, it was concluded that the preferred schemes for deploying ocean-bottom seismographs are those in which their subsequent recovery does not depend on their power resources. Usually, such schemes allow for the possibility of dismantling stations via trawling and are suitable for the shelf depths of the sea. The advantages of such schemes include the possibility of installing additional hydrophysical and hydrobiological equipment. When using pop-up ocean-bottom seismographs, special attention should be paid to the careful planning of the recovery because its success depends on the possibility of a passage to the deployment site, which is not always possible due to changing meteorological and ice conditions. Seismic records obtained on the seafloor are characterized by a high noise level, especially during periods of time when there is no ice cover. Therefore, it is recommended to install bottom stations for periods of time when ice cover is present. The frequency range of the prevailing noise significantly overlaps with the frequency range of earthquake signals that must be taken into account when processing bottom seismic records.

Анализ форм государственной поддержки социально ориентированных некоммерческих организаций, осуществляющих деятельность на новых территориях Российской Федерации (на примере Донецкой Народной Республики, Республики Крым, Луганской Народной Республики, Запорожской, Херсонской областей, города федерального значения Севастополя)

The activities of non-profit organizations are an important aspect in the development of civil society. State sup-port of non-profit organizations in Russia in the period from 2010 to 2023 has received its systematic develop-ment. The role of state support for socially oriented non-profit organizations is high and ensures the stability of the development of the non-profit sector in Russia during the economic crisis. In 2014 and in 2022, Russia in-corporated 6 new constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Their economic and legal integration is a key task for regional and federal authorities. The participation of non-profit organizations in the implementation of social policy on the ground allows to achieve the goals in this regard more effectively. This article analyzes the forms of state support for socially oriented non-profit organizations in the territory of new regions (Donetsk People’s Republic, Republic of Crimea, Luhansk People’s Republic, Zaporozhye region, Kherson region, fed-eral city of Sevastopol), as well as their degree of influence on the development of the non-profit sector. For the first time, the study analyzed the indicators of all forms of state support for socially oriented non-profit struc-tures, including financial, property, organizational-administrative and informational-advisory in relation to the new constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Subsidies and Employment: Exploring the Experience of Corporate and Family Farms in Russia

ABSTRACT The paper investigates whether agricultural enterprises and the family farm sector in Russia respond differently to agricultural subsidies with respect to agricultural employment. Results show that investment subsidies work in a conventional capital-labor substitution framework, reducing employment in the sector to which they are applied but indirectly increasing employment in the alternative agricultural sector. Production subsidies increase employment in the family sector characterized by low labor elasticity, but reduce it in the more labor elastic enterprises sector. The remaining covariates have opposing signs in the two models, indicating a qualitative difference between agricultural enterprises and the family sector.

Joint research in the Baltic Sea by the Atlantic Branch of the VNIRO and the Atlantic Branch of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the RAS

The aim: complex study of the Baltic Sea ecosystem, including the habitat conditions of aquatic biological resources based on the results of joint research by AtlantNIRO and the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS (Atlantic Branch). Methods used: analysis of long-term data of joint expeditionary research in the open part and coastal zone of the Baltic Sea.Results: owing to the interaction of AtlantNIRO with AB IO RAS in 2018–2022, the continuity of long-term observations has been preserved and the volume of scientific information necessary for assessing the state of the habitat of aquatic biological resources in the Russian sectors of the Baltic Sea has been increased. Modern data on eutrophication and pollution, on distribution of phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, as well as the early ontogenetic stages of the main commercial fish have been obtained. The spatial distribution of plankton and benthic communities, including areas favorable for spawning and feeding of fish, has been detailed. A rather high contamination of bottom sediments with radionuclides in certain areas of the Baltic Sea, primarily in the Gulf of Finland, has been found.Practical significance: the implementation of the areas provided by the Agreement between Rosrybolovstvo and RAS, and above all, the participation of AtlantNIRO scientific groups in expeditions in the Baltic Sea in 2018–2022, was a significant addition to the annual research and state monitoring of aquatic biological resources and their habitats conducted by VNIRO in the Baltic Sea.

Hydrometeorological Parameters of the Marine Environment in the Russian Sector of the Caspian Sea under Changing Climate

Hydrometeorological Parameters of the Marine Environment in the Russian Sector of the Caspian Sea under Changing Climate

Tectonics of the Continental Barents Sea Shelf (Russia): Formation Stages of Basement and Sedimentary Cover

Based on the results of field complex geophysical studies in the northwestern part of the Russian sector of the Barents Sea shelf, as well as on the processing and comprehensive interpretation of new and retrospective geophysical materials in the volume of 25 500 linear kilometers and deep well drilling data in the section of the Barents Sea sedimentary cover identified regional tectonostratigraphic units: (i) Paleozoic complex (between reflecting horizons VI(PR? ) and I2(P‒T)); (ii) the Triassic complex (between reflecting horizons I2(P‒T) and B(T‒J)); (iii) the Jurassic complex (between reflecting horizons B(T‒J) and V′(J3‒K1)); (iv) the Cretaceous‒Cenozoic complex (between reflecting V′(J3‒K1) and the Barents sea floor). According to the structural analysis’ results, three structural floors are established: the lower structural floor, which includes Riphean terrigenous-affusive sediments and Lower Paleozoic‒Lower Permian terrigenous-carbonate sediments; the middle structural floor is formed mainly by carbonate sediments of Upper Devonian‒Lower Permian; the upper structural floor combines terrigenous sediments of Lower and Upper Permian, Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments. The authors present a new tectonic model of the Barents Sea region, including elements of all structural floors with subfloors. In accordance with the tectonic zoning, paleostructural and paleotectonic analyses, the article outlines the main stages of the Barents Sea shelf development: stage of the Late Proterozoic compression and Early-Middle Paleozoic continental rifting (I), Late Paleozoic stabilization stage (II), Early Mesozoic tectogenesis stage (III), Middle Mesozoic thermal subsidence stage (IV), Late Jurassic stabilization stage (V), Cretaceous sagging stage (VI) and the final stage as a Cenozoic uplift over a large part of the Barents Sea shelf (VII). In the northwestern part of the Russian sector of the Barents Sea shelf, synchronous dipping of the sedimentary cover basement took place, associated with spreading and formation of the Arctic Ocean.

Population Status of the Ctenophores <i>Mnemiopsis leidyi</i> Agassiz, 1865 and <i>Beroe ovata</i> Bruguiere, 1789 in the Waters of the North and Middle Caspian Western Shelf in August–September, 2022

The latitudinal distribution of the ctenophores Mnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz, 1865 and Beroe ovata Bruguière, 1789 in the Russian sector of the Caspian Sea has different borders of their ranges. Studies on the occurrence of ctenophores in the water column have demonstrated that each species has a characteristic temperature limit of its vertical distribution. Investigations into interactions between ctenophores showed a considerable abundance suppression of M. leidyi (particularly of smaller individuals) by B. ovata.

Young people leaving care and institutionalised vulnerability in the Russian Federation

Care leavers are often considered to constitute some of the most disadvantaged young people in society, and there exists a significant body of research that seeks to understand why some young people ‘succeed’, whereas others struggle due to accumulated ‘vulnerabilities’. Despite this extensive research base, policy and practice aiming to support young people leaving care remain diverse, indicating a lack of consensus on why some experience ‘poor outcomes’ and what might be done better to support them. This article focusses on the experiences of young people leaving care in the Russian Federation and makes two contributions; firstly, it provides theoretical insights through a critical discussion of the notion of vulnerability. We argue for attention to institutional vulnerabilities, which heavily structure the potential outcome of transitions available to young people leaving care in Russia. We note discourses and practices of dependency-related victim-blaming, which indicate the operation of ‘attribution errors’ in the Russian care and post-care systems, erroneously positioning individuals as responsible for their vulnerability rather than the dysfunction of systems of care. To fully understand the reasons for many young people’s ‘poorer outcomes’, we suggest refocussing attention towards the combined operation of discourses, systems and structures through the conceptual approach of ‘institutionalised vulnerability’. Secondly, the paper provides an empirical contribution in shedding light on the experiences of young people transitioning out of the care system as well as practitioners working in both the state and third sector in Russia, as the country experiences an ongoing process of deinstitutionalisation. This is important for other contexts given global efforts to deinstitutionalise residential child care settings.

Contradictions in the Development of the Welfare Non-Profit Sector in Russia

The article focuses on the core contradictions within the development of the social non-profit sector in Russia. The empirical basis of the study comprises statistical data, legal documents regulating the social services’ sphere, research data from previous studies conducted in Russia, as well as qualitative data collected for this study. The introduction provides background information on the stages of reforming the social service system in Russia. The first part is devoted to the contradictions between international trends and Russian patterns. In line with a neoliberal approach, non-profit NGOs play a significant role as key actors in social work providing social services for different client groups. At the same time, they are not independent and Russian civil society is not yet strong enough to realize social rights of citizens. In the next section, some of the key issues of interaction between the government and NGOs are discussed. An analysis of the current situation demonstrates that while a social partnership between the state and NGOs is affirmed by authorities on official level, in practice, the state still dominates the social sector. The article then focuses on how Russian NGOs have reoriented their efforts toward financial sustainability through government support.

Directions of the policy of unshadowing of the Russian economy

The context of unprecedented character of modern political and economic conditions requires the conduction of ongoing studies and renewal of the strategy and tactics of unshadowing, as well as the search of relevant methods and tools for carrying out this process. The analysis of several indicators demonstrated the absence of efficient policy of unshadowing national economy, which, along with other factors, has a negative influence on the rates of economic growth in Russia. The notion of “unshadowing of the economy” was defined in the course of the study, as well as the importance of the unshadowing process in the way of economic growth. A conclusion was drawn that shadow economy is the symbiosis of economic, legal, financial and institutional relations, which have various nature and occurrence prerequisites, goals and motives. Therefore, the degree of restriction of the rates of economic growth as a result of shadowing economy is determined by the level of deviation of behavior of economic entities from the existing legal norms, as well as law and rules of competitive environment. Therefore, the choice of tools and mechanisms of unshadowing is determined by the state and scales of shadow activity. The authors note that the significant scales of the shadow sector in Russia became a serious threat to the sustainable social and economic development. Following the study the factors shadowing economy were revealed and several scientific recommendations regarding the leading of the Russian economy out of the “shadow” were formulated. Certain priorities were defined, including legalization of financial flow and labor market. A conclusion was drawn that the countermeasures against the negative factors, analyzed in the study, should be complex, which will ensure containment of development of the shadow sector and create necessary conditions for sustainable economic growth of Russian economy.

Topical issues of the functioning of the private healthcare sector in russia

Topical issues of the functioning of the private healthcare sector in russia