Secondary Data Research Articles

A Study of Acreage Dynamics and Crop Variability in the Horticultural Sector of ODOP Scheme of Madhya Pradesh, India

The objective of the present study was to analyse the dynamics of acreage of major horticultural crops included under the ODOP scheme in Madhya Pradesh. The research methodology used for the purpose of analysing the data includes absolute change, relative change, compound annual growth rate and coefficient of Variation. For analysis secondary data on area under various horticultural crops was collected from the official website of Directorate of Economics and Statistics, India for a period of 21 years (2000-01 to 2020-21). Nine major horticultural crops were selected in the study which were divided under spices (Chillies, Coriander, Ginger, Garlic, and Turmeric), vegetables (Potato, and Onion) and fruits (Mango and Banana). The change and growth rate of area under major crops were analysed by using absolute and relative change and compound annual growth rate and coefficient of variation. The analysis and research findings showed that area share under most of spices declined except for chillies in Khargone district. Highest growth rate in area under spices was for garlic in Mandsaur district. For vegetables onion showed increase in area in Shajapur and potato in Dewas and Ujjain, and positive growth rate was recorded for all districts in both crops except potato in Gwalior district. While in fruits banana showed considerable increase in share as well as growth rate in Burhanpur district. Mango showed positive growth rate in Anuppur district. The theoretical implications of the study was a decline in area share but a positive growth rate in majority of spices in Guna, Tikamgarh and Rewa. While the majority of vegetables showed positive growth in the state. The contribution of study is in bringing the attention of spice, vegetable and fruit growers towards the real potential of various districts for the growth of spices, fruit or vegetable in that region. This will ultimately contribute in profiting the farmers and increasing their production efficiency.

A Pursuit Of Sustainable Teaching For ESL Learners: A Review Study Of Prevalent And Succeeding ESL Teaching Philosophies

Educators specializing in English as a Second Language (ESL) face the daily challenge of selecting the most effective strategies and resources for their classrooms. These decisions are influenced by philosophical and theoretical factors, as ESL teachers carefully consider their approach and methodology. The purpose of this article is to examine how different pedagogical principles impact the teaching and learning of ESL. To achieve this, a comprehensive review of existing literature was conducted, analyzing secondary data. A total of fifteen scholarly articles, which had undergone peer review, were gathered and analyzed to draw meaningful conclusions. The researcher will discuss the implications and insights derived from the study of how various pedagogical stances affect students' linguistic development, interpersonal competence, analytical reasoning, and cultural sensitivity. Keywords: Teaching philosophies, Theoretical considerations, Teaching and learning, ESL, Pedagogical tenets

Influence of Power Dynamics and Organizational Justice on Conflict Outcomes and Satisfaction in India

Purpose: To aim of the study was to analyze influence of power dynamics and organizational justice on conflict outcomes and satisfaction
 Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.
 Findings: Research shows power dynamics and organizational justice significantly impact conflict outcomes and satisfaction. Power imbalances exacerbate conflicts, leading to dissatisfaction. Unequal power distribution can escalate conflicts due to perceived unfairness. Conversely, organizational justice fosters positive outcomes and higher satisfaction levels. Fostering equitable power dynamics and promoting justice mitigate conflict and enhance satisfaction.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social exchange theory, Equity theory & Organizational justice theory may be used to anchor future studies on influence of power dynamics and organizational justice on conflict outcomes and satisfaction. Organizations should prioritize efforts to promote transparent decision-making processes and equitable power distribution to mitigate conflicts and enhance employee satisfaction. Policymakers should advocate for legislation and regulations that promote fairness and equality in organizational practices, including policies related to anti-discrimination, diversity, and inclusion.

The Role of Economic and Social Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Small-Scale Sunflower Oil Production Companies in Tanzania

Most developing nations, including Tanzania, consider agro-processing a key to industrialization. Despite an attractive sunflower seed yield, Tanzania's sunflower oil processing and production have been staggering over the years. Sunflower oil production is inefficient, which leads to low output. So, this research studied sunflower oil production technical efficiency in the Singida region. The study examined the social and economic factors that affect technical efficiency in small-scale sunflower oil producers. It applied cross-sectional design and secondary data for the years 2016–2017, which were collected from the Central Zone Sunflower Oil Processors Association and Small Industrial Development Organization based on Singida sunflower oil producers. It also used stochastic frontier analysis and multiple linear regressions to find the empirical economic relationship between the variables. Sunflower oil producers averaged 30.1% less technical efficiency, as the average was 69.9%. It also revealed that labor, seed, capital, and electricity affect production, while age, experience, education, and locality also matter. Finally, processing techniques, socio-economic, and demographic differences affect sunflower oil production. So, producers must increase capital inputs to be technically efficient. Consider boosting producer capacity and abilities and observing a minimum number of productive staff.

Effectiveness of Mediation and Arbitration as Alternative Dispute Resolution Methods in Mexico

Purpose: To aim of the study was to analyze effectiveness of mediation and arbitration as alternative dispute resolution methods
 Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.
 Findings: Mediation and arbitration offer efficient, cost-effective alternatives to litigation. Mediation involves facilitated negotiation sessions with a neutral mediator, fostering open communication and tailored solutions. Arbitration entails submitting disputes to a neutral arbitrator for a binding decision. Both methods ensure confidentiality, expertise, and enforceability, making them highly effective in resolving disputes outside of court.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Theory of social exchange, justice theory & game theory may be used to anchor future studies on effectiveness of mediation and arbitration as alternative dispute resolution methods. Practitioners in the field of alternative dispute resolution should prioritize enhancing their skills and competencies to effectively facilitate mediation and arbitration processes. Policymakers should prioritize the promotion of mediation and arbitration as viable alternatives to traditional litigation within legal frameworks and regulatory environments.

The impact of cultural diversity and intercultural competence on conflict management styles in Egypt

Purpose: To aim of the study was to analyze the impact of cultural diversity and intercultural competence on conflict management styles in Egypt.
 Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.
 Findings: Research shows power dynamics and organizational justice significantly impact conflict outcomes and satisfaction. Power imbalances exacerbate conflicts, leading to dissatisfaction. Unequal power distribution can escalate conflicts due to perceived unfairness. Conversely, organizational justice fosters positive outcomes and higher satisfaction levels. Fostering equitable power dynamics and promoting justice mitigate conflict and enhance satisfaction.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Cultural intelligence theory, social identity theory & intercultural communication competence (ICC) theory may be used to anchor future studies on the impact of cultural diversity and intercultural competence on conflict management styles in Egypt. Provide training and development programs focused on enhancing intercultural competence among individuals and organizations. Advocate for the implementation of diversity and inclusion policies that promote cultural sensitivity and intercultural competence in the workplace.

Best Practices and Challenges of Conflict Management Education and Training in Cameroon

Purpose: To aim of the study was to analyze best practices and challenges of conflict management education and training in Cameroon
 Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.
 Findings: Best practices in conflict management education involve fostering communication skills, empathy, and active listening, alongside promoting collaborative problem-solving and cultural sensitivity. Challenges include overcoming resistance to change, addressing power imbalances, sustaining engagement, and adapting to diverse learning styles and contexts. Successful training requires integrating theory with practical skills and ongoing support.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social learning theory, cognitive dissonance theory & adult learning theory (andragogy) may be used to anchor future studies on best practices and challenges of conflict management education and training in Cameroon. Practice encompasses the application of knowledge, skills, and techniques derived from theory to real-world situations or contexts. Policy refers to a set of guidelines, rules, or directives established by an organization, institution, or governing body to govern behavior, decision-making, and practices within a specific context.

Interrogating the Paradox--Availability of Funds and Paucity of Infrastructure/Social Amenities in Nigerian Local Government Areas: Conundrum of the Selected State (2011-2018)

Concerns have been expressed very often as to why the intergovernmental relations in the federal system of many developing countries, especially in the Sub-Sahara Africa are predictably chequered. Lack of devolution of power to LGAs in Nigeria is usually at the expense of grassroots development especially with regards to infrastructure/social amenities. Besides, the confusion surrounding progressive decline in provision of rural infrastructure to the local government areas of the state despite humongous monthly fiscal allocations to the LGAs by Federation Account Allocation Committee (FAAC) equally creates existential problems to the rural dwellers. It is on this note that the study seeks to investigate the apparently disturbing paradox in Imo State. Data were sourced from both secondary and primary sources. Secondary data was sourced from government gazette and related literature while primary data was elicited from respondents through structured questionnaire. Multiple regression and graphical/pictorial analytical techniques were used for secondary and primary data respectively. The findings indicated that lack of transformative leadership exhibited in embezzlement of funds and indifference in leadership on the part of the State agents were the significant causes of poor development in the rural areas of Imo State. The study recommended inter alia; the enforcement of attitudinal change and punitive sanctions on the political and administrative classes in the state through legal measures to protect public funds for service delivery.

Mapping and Quantifying Integrated Land Degradation Status of Goa Using Geostatistical Approach and Remote Sensing Data

Globally, land degradation is becoming a grave concern. Over the years, conditions such as drought, extreme weather events, pollution, changes in land use land cover, and desertification have intensified and led to land degradation, affecting both ecological and economic processes. Equally, during the last two centuries, population and urbanization have amplified manifold and increased the demand for additional food and shelter, resulting in alteration in land use land cover, over-grazing, and over-cultivation, loss of nutrient-rich surface soil, greater runoff from the more impermeable subsoil, and reduced water availability. Geographically, Goa is a highly diversified state. It is sandwiched between the West Coast and the Western Ghats. The state is blessed with beaches, mangroves, backwaters, wetlands, wildlife sanctuaries, evergreen forests, barren lands, and other vital ecosystems. The State of Goa, on average, receives more than 3000 millimeters of rainfall annually with high surface runoff. Using both primary and secondary data, this study sought to investigate and quantify the state’s land degradation. Secondary data came from satellites and other sources, while primary data came from field observation and ground truthing. Land degradation factors related to soil loss and the spatial pattern of soil erosion are predicted and evaluated using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) method. Landsat-8 OLI-TIRS images were utilized to decide land use and cover (C factor), while DEM information was utilized to assess (LS factor). A soil map and rainfall data were collected to acquire a better understanding of soil erodibility (K factor) and rainfall erosivity (R factor). The kriging interpolation technique was used to gain a deeper comprehension of land degradation.The purpose of this paper is to comprehend the concept of integrated land degradation and how it affects the environment of Goa. Using remote sensing data and geostatistical methods, the study creates a comprehensive map of land degradation in the region by identifying and analyzing the various forms of land degradation in Goa. The paper also looks at how rainfall and the amount of land cover affect the rate of soil erosion in Goa. According to the findings, intense rainfall makes the eastern part of Goa particularly susceptible to soil erosion, and bare soil has a greater potential for erosion than vegetated land. The paper concludes that comprehensive land degradation mapping can be a useful tool for developing efficient land management strategies to preserve soil and encourage sustainable development in the region.

Climate Governance and multilevel policy practices in Thailand and Malaysia

Objectives: This paper investigates Thailand and Malaysia climate governance policy in practice within their multi-level governance structures. Thailand presents a unique case of a unitary state with a degree of deconcentration and decentralization, while Malaysia showcases a federal state with a high degree of centralization. Methodology: The paper collected and analyzed both primary and secondary data. In-depth interviews with government officials, NGOs, and international organizations were conducted online and onsite in Thailand and Malaysia from May 2022 to September 2023. Interview data was triangulated with secondary data from key national policy documents on climate change and related issues. This paper examines the contributions and hindrances of multi-level governance on climate governance and highlights some lessons learned from both countries. Results: It concludes that multi-level government systems provide opportunities for various stakeholders to engage in decision-making and create policy innovation. However, the administration of decision-making in these systems can be constrained by tensions within these systems, between tendencies towards the centralization of decision-making, and little engagement between subnational governments and local-level stakeholders. Conclusions: Overall, we assert that clear direction and guidance at the national level complemented by mechanisms that engage local stakeholders in administration and civil society is essential to achieve overarching climate action goals regardless of the administrative system.

ANALISIS STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN EKONOMI LOKAL MASYARAKAT PESISIR DI DESA LABUHAN BAJO

This research aims to analyze strategies for optimizing local economic development (PEL) in Labuhan Bajo village, Utan sub-district, Sumbawa district. The research sample was 30 respondents related to local economic development strategies. The data used in this research uses primary data and secondary data, where data is taken by observasing and distributing questionnaires directly with respondents or the best experts and obtaining a clear understanding from existing literature. The analysis technique uses the process hierarchy analysis (AHP) method with the help of the expert choice application. The results of this research show that the priority strategies for optimizing local economic development in Labuhan Bajo village include : 1) Human Resources, 2) The role of government and society, 3) Regional marketing, 4) Capital, 5) Natural resources, 6) Techology. 
 Keywords: Development; Local economy; coastal; strategy

Incomplete recording of race/colour in health information systems in Brazil: time trend, 2009-2018.

This ecological study of time trends and multiple groups evaluated incompleteness in the race/colour field of Brazilian health information system records and the related time trend, 2009-2018, for the diseases and disorders most prevalent in the black population. The Romero and Cunha (2006) classification was applied in order to examine incompleteness using secondary data from Brazil's National Notifiable Diseases System, Hospital Information System and Mortality Information System, by administrative regions of Brazil, while percentage underreporting and time trend were calculated using simple linear regression models with Prais-Winsten correction (p-value<0.05). All records scored poorly except those for mortality from external causes (excellent), tuberculosis (good) and infant mortality (fair). An overall downward trend was observed in percentage incompleteness. Analysis by region found highest mean incompleteness in the North (30.5%), Northeast (33.3%) and Midwest (33.0%) regions. The Southeast and Northeast regions showed the strongest downward trends. The findings intended to increase visibility on the implications of the race/color field for health equity.

Impact of Climate Change Assessments on Horticultural Crop Dynamics in Tamil Nadu, India

Aim: This study aims to analyze the dynamics of horticultural crop production in Tamil Nadu amidst climate change, focusing on trends, challenges, and opportunities across diverse agro-climatic zones, primarily considering variations in rainfall.&#x0D; Data: The research utilizes comprehensive datasets spanning a decade (2012-13 to 2021-22) encompassing records of rainfall, horticulture cultivation area, and production. The study focuses on major horticultural crop categories, including fruits, vegetables, plantation crops, spices and condiments, medicinal and aromatic crops, and flowers.&#x0D; Objective: (1) analyze compound annual growth rates of area, production, and productivity of key horticultural crops in Tamil Nadu, (2) conduct decomposition analysis over a decade for horticultural crops, and (3) assess climate change impact on agricultural production in Tamil Nadu focusing on rainfall patterns.&#x0D; Methodology: The study utilizes various analytical tools, including Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) analysis, percentage analysis, decomposition analysis, and the Cobb-Douglas production function. Secondary data from government publications, including the Season and Crop Report of Tamil Nadu and the Department of Horticultural and Plantation Crop Report of Tamil Nadu, are utilized for analysis.&#x0D; Results: The analysis reveals intricate patterns influenced by climate variability, with certain zones demonstrating harmonious growth, while others contend with challenges related to cultivation and productivity. The decomposition analysis highlights the respective contributions of changes in cultivation area and crop yield to variations in production, underscoring the impact of climate change on agricultural dynamics. Additionally, the Cobb-Douglas production function analysis indicates significant effects of both rainfall and cultivation area on horticultural production, emphasizing the multifaceted nature of factors influencing production trends.

Do CAMEL and Sustainability Influences a Bank Performance?

Do CAMEL and Sustainability Influences a Bank Performance?

Lesson Learned from Mass Antibody Rapid Diagnostic Used in the Early COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia Contributors.

Laboratory examination is extremely important in handling the COVID-19 pandemic. In the first era of the pandemic, the molecular and antigen tests were limited. Hence, at that time, it was necessary to carry out antibody Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDT). However, many antibody RDTs were yet to obtain Food and Drug Authorization (FDA)'s approval. Therefore, The Indonesian Association of Clinical Pathology and Medical Laboratory (PDS PatKLIn) decided to conduct a validity test of RDT antibodies to find out the quality of SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis performance based on these RDTs used. This is a descriptive observational design with diagnostic analysis. The retrospective secondary data were collected from 34 provinces in Indonesia from May to June 2020. Data analysis was carried out on the sensitivity and specificity values of each antibody RDT brand to the RT-PCR result and analyzed descriptive data. The amount of secondary data of antibody RDT and RT-PCR results collected was 139,908, consisting of 59 RDT brands of which 44% were authorized by The Indonesian COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force (Gugus Tugas Percepatan Penanganan COVID-19 Indonesia). There were huge variations of SARS-CoV-2 antibody RDT performance between total antibody types (sensitivity 59.18%, specificity 62%), IgM RDT (sensitivity 16-100%, specificity 7-97%), and RDT IgG (sensitivity 33-96%, specificity 19-100%). The variations in the RDT antibodies'performance can cause errors in diagnosis leading to significant material and immaterial losses. Therefore, cooperation from various parties is needed for the pre- and post-marketing surveillance process to assess the performance and the characteristics of each RDT kit and other diagnostic methods to assist the rapid pandemic response process.

Analysis of Factors that Affect the Understanding of MSME Players in Preparing Financial Reports

This study aims to examine and analyze the effect of education level, educational background, business size, as well as the provision of information and socialization on the understanding of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) actors in preparing financial statements in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards for Micro, Small and Medium Entities (SAK EMKM) in Kendari City. The population of this study includes all small businesses registered at the Office of Trade, Cooperatives, and MSMEs in Abeli District and West Kendari District. The sample was determined using the Slovin's formula, resulting in a total sample of 76 MSMEs. This research uses a quantitative approach, with primary and secondary data as the data source. Data analysis was conducted through classical assumption tests and multiple linear regressions. The coefficient of determination, F test, and T test were used to test the research hypothesis. The results showed that the level of education, educational background, and business size have a positive and significant influence on the understanding of MSME actors in preparing financial reports based on SAK EMKM. Meanwhile, the provision of information and socialization does not have a significant influence on the understanding of MSME actors in the same regard.

Procedure for Supervision of Apron Movement Control Unit (AMC) for Service Users in Sultan Mahmud Badarudin II International Airport, South Sumatra

This study aims to ascertain how service users are supervised by the Apron Movement Control Unit and how service users are dissipated by the Apron Movement Control Unit at Sultan Mahmud Badarudin II International Airport in South Sumatra. This study employs primary and secondary data in a qualitative manner. Three methods of gathering data were employed: documentation, interviews, and observation. The study's findings support the assertion that the AMC unit oversees all tarmac operational activities related to the discipline of service users, including monitoring the speed of GSE and officer vehicles, regulating passenger and person mobility, supervising the use of equipment that agents are required to use, such as safety vests, supervising engine travel, supervising refuelling, and keeping an eye on the apron area's cleanliness. The AMC unit monitors everyone's movement, including passengers, and imposes discipline on service users on the air side (apron). Ground handling agents who violate the guidelines face disciplinary action from the AMC. The person in question receives a straight reprimand, and if they receive one of these actions three times in a row, their airport pass is cancelled or withheld, making it impossible for them to work on the airside or apron areas.

Effect of Tax Revenue and Foreign Grants on Government Activities: A Study in Nepalese Perspective

This study aims to examine the impact of previous years’ government expenditure, tax revenue, and foreign grants on determining Nepal's government activities or expenditures. The secondary data from used in the analysis. It includes 48 data points from 1974/75 to 2021/22, collected from the publication of Nepal Rastra Bank and economic surveys of Nepal. The descriptive and exploratory research designs are used in this study. Some statistical and econometric tools like descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, multiple regression analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and residual analysis are used in this study. The previous expenditure determines the present government activities. Tax revenue, foreign grants, and previous years’ government expenditures are individually and jointly significant in determining the government expenditure. One unit increase in tax revenue and foreign grants resulted in a 0.177 and 0.046 unit increase in government expenditure in Nepal, respectively. 86.5 percent variation in government activities is determined by the previous year's government expenditure, tax revenue, and foreign grants. The positive impact of tax revenue is more than foreign grants on spending government activities. So, the policymakers must prioritize measures that increase domestic tax revenue.

Islamic Holy Days: The Contention of Rukyatul Hillal and Hisab Hakiki Wujudul Hilal Disputes for Muslims in Indonesia

This article analyses the dispute between Rukyatul Hilal and Hisab Hakiki Wujudul Hilal in determining Islamic holidays in Indonesia. However, in its determination, there is often a dispute between the Rukyatul Hilal and Hisab Hakiki methods. This research aims to resolve the dispute between the two methods. The methodology in this research is qualitative, with a literature review. Primary data is sourced from Naqli's arguments, and secondary data from the books of Tafsir. The results show that Islamic holidays have been established in the Qur'an in Surah Yunus and Surah Al-Rahman. Hadith shows the story of the prophet Muhammad in the Rukyatul Hilal method, which contains historical and philosophical values. Hisab Hakiki Wujudul Hilal is found in Surah Yasin. Applying the two methods of determining Islamic holidays has a significant difference where Rukyatul Hilal is through direct observation while Hisab Hakiki uses astronomical mathematical calculations. To mediate the existing controversy, the Indonesian Ulema Council issued a circular letter that both methods have the same position, which is valid. The Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia has also found a solution between the two that is elaborated on with Ikmanur Rukyat through a national Itsbat session.

The Role of E-Government in the Promotion of Municipal Service Delivery in South Africa

The advent of the fourth industrial revolution necessitates that government institutions move away from the traditional paper-based system to an electronic system. Many countries in Africa, including South Africa, have adopted the e-government system as one of the main delivery channels for municipal services and information to society (Mafunisa Consulting, 2021). However, despite the government's ability to establish a new public service model where all government agencies provide their constituents with modern, streamlined, and seamless services (Norris and Moon, 2005). Municipalities in South Africa are regarded as entities that provide direct services to the citizens, however are not financially self-sufficient and often lack the necessary infrastructure such as ICT infrastructure to carry out their duties to deliver e-services to the society at large (Development Bank of South Africa, 2023). Many people in rural areas are affected by the lack of ICT infrastructures and basic digital literacy to enable the participation and accessibility of digital services. Therefore, for the society to participate in e-government, it should be proficient with ICT skills, assisted by the availability of ICT infrastructure within their area. As a result, these people are left out of the participation of e-government services due to the complexities associated with the lack of ICT infrastructure. Because the ICT infrastructure is the backbone and a critical component for implementing the e-government system to ensure digital public administration. Therefore, the study examines the role of e-government in the promotion of municipal service delivery within the South African public sector environment. The main objective of the study is to establish the best electronic government mechanisms that will help the South African government in delivering sustainable services. The study adopted a qualitative research methodology with specific reference to a conceptual approach based extensively on secondary data.