Secondary Data Research Articles

Determinants of Treatment Delay in Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Patients in Banten Province in 2020

Indonesia is currently ranked 2nd with the most tuberculosis cases in the world, after India and China. is ranked 2nd with the most tuberculosis sufferers in the world, after India and China.
 Tuberculosis control in Indonesia faces many challenges, one of which is the increase in patients
 with drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR TB). In 2019, the number of tuberculosis sufferers in Indonesia
 reached 543,874 cases, with drug-resistant tuberculosis cases reaching 11,463 (2.1%). Banten is
 one of the provinces with the highest number of Tuberculosis sufferers in Java, which is 223 people
 per 100,000 population, with a national TB rate of 203 people per 100,000 population, of which
 only 58.3% take medication regularly. This study aims to determine the determinants of treatment
 delay in drug-resistant tuberculosis patients in Banten province in 2020. The study design was a
 retrospective cohort. The sampling technique was a total sampling of the list of DR TB cases at
 South Tangerang city General Hospital and dr. Drajat Prawiranegara Serang. Secondary data
 search was carried out on the TB Information System (SITB) and patient medical records. The study
 population was 114 respondents, obtained 90 respondents who fit the inclusion and exclusion
 criteria. Univariate, bivariate analysis with chi-square test and multivariate with logistic regression
 statistical test were performed to obtain a fit final model. The results of the bivariate analysis
 showed a significant relationship between age (p=0.030) and employment status (p=0.003). The
 final multivariate model, showing employment status with delayed treatment (p = 0.008), with OR
 18,788 (95% CI: 2,122 – 166.329), meaning that respondents who have jobs have 18.8 times risk for
 late treatment compared to respondents who do not have jobs after being controlled by variables
 of age, gender, history of TB, and education level. The researcher concludes that the determinants
 of delay in treatment of DR TB patients in Banten province in 2020 are employment status and age.
 It is recommended that the Banten Provincial Health Office can coordinate cross sectors, to ensure the treatment of DR TB patients until they are cured.
 Keywords: epidemiology, tuberculosis, drug-resistant

The Influence Of Family Economic Conditions on The Learning Achievement Of Campus II Students Of Andalas University

Education is something that is very important for humans so that one day they can face obstacles and challenges. The success of a person in carrying out education is influenced by himself because of his interests, and can also be influenced by external factors such as the environment and family conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of family economic factors on student achievement at Campus II Andalas University. The type of research used is qualitative using secondary data, analyzing scientific article literature and primary data by conducting direct interviews with students of Campus II Andalas University. The results showed that the economic conditions of the family did not have a major effect on student achievement at Campus II Unand. From these results it is hoped that it will be useful for internal parties such as BEM and other organizations to assist students in dealing with problems in education.
 Keywords: Economics, Learning Achievement, Family

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEACHER-STUDENT RELATIONS ABSENTEEISM FACTORS AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN TORORO DISTRICT; A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY.

Background: This study aimed to explore the relationship between teacher-student absenteeism factors and academic performance among secondary school students in Tororo District. Methodology: The research design employed a descriptive, cross-sectional approach, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative methods. The study population included students in S4, teachers, and head teachers from four selected secondary schools in Tororo District. The sample size of 160 participants was determined using Kreijcie & Morgan's table, employing purposive and simple random sampling techniques. Data collection involved primary sources through questionnaires and interviews, as well as secondary data through document analysis. The instruments were carefully designed to align with research objectives, questions, and hypotheses, ensuring comprehensive data collection. Results: 59.3% were male and 40.7% were female. This shows that the sample was slightly biased towards males. Correlational findings revealed significant positive associations between teacher-student relations and academic performance. Regression models indicated that school environment, family background, and teacher-student absenteeism factors had a significant positive impact on academic performance. Conclusion: In conclusion, absenteeism, influenced by various factors, significantly negatively affected the academic performance of secondary school students in Tororo District. Recommendations: Recommendations included improving school facilities, enhancing sanitation, increasing access to learning resources, updating teaching methods, improving teacher attendance, and promoting parental involvement. Areas for further research were identified, such as investigating specific teaching methods and exploring the long-term effects of absenteeism on students' academic performance.

Effectiveness of HRIS Personnel Records Management on Performance of Higher Learning Institutions: A Case of Tengeru Institute of Community Development

Organisations recognise that human resource information systems improve HR efficiency and, hence, organisational effectiveness. This has increased the adaptability of these systems, but methods of quantifying their efficiency are challenging. Given the time and expense associated with HRIS deployment, organisations must justify this commitment. Therefore, this study sought to assess the effectiveness of HRIS personnel records management on the performance of higher learning institutions, in the case of the Tengeru Institute of Community Development. The researchers employed a descriptive research design in the course of conducting the research. The population of this research consisted of all employees of all departments of TICD. The researchers used simple random sampling to select respondents. Both primary data and secondary data were collected for the study. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS version 26.0. Findings revealed a significant relationship between HRIS personnel records and TICD performance. The majority of respondents agreed that human information systems (HRIS) can track employee movement and improve information dissemination. HRIS is effective in meeting strategic goals and enabling employees to meet expectations. Implementation has reduced work duplication and improved employee performance. HRIS personnel records management is useful for keeping correspondence records and maintaining leave records. The composite mean of 3.5 indicates that HRIS personnel records management significantly affects the performance of TICD. The study recommends that the Tanzanian government should integrate Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) into its all-HR management processes to enhance operational effectiveness, reduce work duplication, and improve personnel records management. Investing in employee training and change management strategies will maximise HRIS benefits and enhance organisational performance.

The Effect of Bank Efficiency, Industry Specification, and Macroeconomic on Banking Profitability in Indonesia

Banking in Indonesia has a long and dynamic history. The banking industry in Indonesia has distinctive and diverse characteristics. Banking in Indonesia faces various challenges and opportunities in the future. The purpose of this study is to analyze The Effect of Bank Efficiency, Industry Specification, and macroeconomic factors on the profitability of banks in Indonesia using double log regression. By using double log regression. The process of obtaining data uses secondary data obtained from OJK, BEI, and BI, and the data used is financial data of five banks with the highest profitability. Consisting of ROA, OER, HHI, Concentration Ratio, GDP Growth and GDP per Capita. The results of the study state that OER has a positive but insignificant effect on roa, CR has no significant effect on ROA, hhi has a positive but insignificant effect on ROA, GDP growth has a negative and significant effect on ROA, GDP per capita has a positive but insignificant effect on ROA, And simultaneously each dependent variable affects the independent variable.. This indicates that banking in Indonesia must be vigilant of the macroeconomic fluctuations that can affect the stability of the financial system, as well as take advantage of the opportunities in the domestic and international markets to increase their income and market share.

Dementia Caregiver Experiences: Insights From a Telephone-Based Support Program.

Dementia caregivers face daunting challenges as both the oldest subpopulation of those providing unpaid care and the most at risk of adverse health outcomes as a result of their role, including depression, anxiety, and increased mortality. To better understand the experiences and needs of dementia caregivers, a qualitative content analysis was conducted of secondary data extracted from call logs (N = 569) recorded by a provider-initiated, telephone-based support program. Experiences identified from the call logs were coded, categorized, and ranked to determine the most prevalent dementia caregiving-related experiences. Features of the program, particularly the semi-structured call format and directionality of calls, helped to uniquely capture common experiences of family caregivers and their day-to-day concerns. Findings from this analysis reflect the high prevalence of caregiver mental and emotional health-related concerns. This analysis supports the development of interventions that align with the experiences of dementia caregivers.

Pengaruh Keputusan Investasi, Keputusan Pendanaan, Dan Kebijakan DividenTerhadap Nilai Perusahaan Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia

This study aims to determine the effect of investment decisions, funding decisions and dividend policies on firm value in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This research is a quantitative research that uses secondary data. The secondary data was taken from the year of 2015 to 2019 using a purposive sampling technique. The data analysis technique used multiple linear regression and then processed with SPSS 24 software. The results show that investment and funding decisions have a positive effect on firm value. Meanwhile, dividend policy has a negative effect on firm value. Through this research, manufacturing companies will be able to study the factors that can affect the value of the company.

Comparative Analysis of Returns and Standard Deviations of Healthcare Companies’ Stocks: a Five-year Study (2019-2023)

This research conducts a comparative analysis of returns and standard deviations of healthcare companies’ stocks listed on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) over a five-year period from 2019 to 2023. The study aims to provide valuable insights for investors in the health sector, assisting them in balancing risk and return in their investment decisions. Secondary data sourced from the NSE website, publications, and journals is utilized, employing a descriptive research design. Statistical tools such as returns, beta, and standard deviation are used to analyze the data. The objectives include examining mean returns, assessing risk levels, contrasting achievements among healthcare corporations, and recommending suitable securities for investors. The findings offer actionable insights for investors aiming to optimize their investment outcomes within the healthcare industry. The investigations examines to the comparisons between healthcare companies’ stocks on NSE from 2019 to 2023. The intent is to assist with making informed decisions. Secondary data was collected from various sources, utilizing a descriptive design. Statistical tools such as returns; beta and standard deviation are applied to interpret the information. Key objectives include examining mean returns, evaluating risk, and recommending securities for investors. The results aim to provide useful recommendations for investment within the healthcare sector!.

Pengaruh Profitsbilitas, Solvabilitas, Ukuran Perusahaan Dan Ukuran KAP Terhadap Audit Delay Pada Perusahaan Jasa Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Sektor Property Sub Sektor Property dan Real Estate Tahun 2015-2019)

This study aims to analyze the effect of profitability, solvency, firm size, and KAP size on audit delay in property and real estate sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The population in this study was all property and real estate companies listed on the IDX in 2015-2019. Then sampling using the purposive sampling method and obtained 14 companies. The data was secondary data in the form of annual financial statements of companies listed on the IDX during the 2015-2019 period. This study utilized multiple regression analysis. The results show that partially the profitability variable has an effect on audit delay, while the solvency variable, firm size, and KAP size have no effect on audit delay. Simultaneously, the variables of profitability, solvency, firm size, and KAP size affect audit delay. This research is expected to be useful for the property and real estate sectors.

Pengaruh Struktur Modal, Ukuran Perusahaan Dan Umur Perusahaan Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan: Survey Pada Sektor Makanan dan Minuman Yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2015-2019

This study aims to determine the effect of capital structure, firm size and firm age on firm value in food and beverage companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This type of research is quantitative research. The sample used was 19 companies from a population of 26 food and beverage companies listed on the Indonesian stock exchange in 2015-2019. This study uses secondary data, the data analysis method used is the panel data regression analysis method. The results showed that simultaneously capital structure, firm size and firm age had an effect on firm value. Then, partially capital structure and firm age have a significant negative effect on firm value. On the other hand, firm size has no significant negative effect on firm value. The amount of the Adjusted R Square (R2) is 0.692658 or 69.26%, which means that the ability of the independent variable to explain the variation in the dependent variable change is 69.26%, while the rest is 0.30% (100% - 69.26%) is influenced by other factors outside the research variables. The results of this study are expected to be taken into consideration by companies when they want to increase company value.

Factors Influencing Birth in Adolescents in the Province of West Nusa Tenggara

Background: Adolescent childbirth is a global problem, especially in developing countries. Based on data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (SDKI), the ASFR 15-19 at the national level is 36 per 1000 women while the NTB Province is 42 per 1000 women, so it is still in a position above the national level. Aims: To know the factors that influence teenage births. Methods: This research is an analytical study using secondary data from the results of the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) by using a cross-sectional approach. The population in this study was 1368 respondents. sampling technique using purposive sampling obtained as many as 806 respondents. Data analysis was using univariate, bivariate analysis with chi-square, and multivariate with logistic regression analysis. Results: Based on the results of bivariate analysis, it was found that there was a significant relationship between the factors of education (CI 95% 2.996-16.366), age of first sex (CI 95% 2.271-11.853), use of contraception (CI 95% 0.292-0.846), number of children born (CI 95% 0.378-0.880) to teenagers. Factors of employment status (CI 95% 0.667-1.482) and living area (CI 95% 0.635-1.406) did not have a significant relationship with teenage births, while the results of multivariate analysis showed that the R2 value was 0.603 which means that education, age of first sex, use of contraceptives, and number of children contributed to teenage births of 60.3%, the remaining 39.7% is caused by other variables. Conclusion: Factors of education, age of first sex, use of contraceptives, and the number of children have a significant relationship with teenage births. It is hoped that the BKKBN of West Nusa Tenggara Province will evaluate the programs that have been established to determine the effectiveness of these programs in overcoming the problem of teenage births.

STRATEGI KYAI DALAM MENINGKATKAN MUTU DAN DAYA SAING PONDOK PESANTREN

This research wants to reveal the strategies of Islamic boarding school kyai in improving the quality and competitiveness of their educational institutions at Roudhotul Musthofa Rejotangan Islamic Boarding School and Arrosidiyah Rejotangan Islamic Boarding School, Tulungagung Regency. Results of qualitative descriptive research located at Roudhotul Mustofa Islamic Boarding School and Arrosidiyah Islamic Boarding School for 4 months, namely June - September 2023. Primary data sources are Kyai, Ustadz and Islamic boarding school students. Meanwhile, the secondary data is the researcher's observations with documents and field studies which are supporting research materials. Data analysis techniques include data collection, condensation and presentation of data and drawing conclusions. The results of this research show that the Kyai's strategy in improving quality and competitiveness is working well, characterized by formulation, implementation and evaluation, making Islamic boarding schools develop rapidly. The formulation includes a vision and mission and analyzes strengths and weaknesses. Implementing the strategy by implementing superior programs, namely tahfidz Qur'an and khatam kitab kuning within a certain time and forming an Islamic boarding school work team. evaluate with external environmental assessments, organizational assessments and performance assessments.

Prevalence and correlates of paediatric guideline non-adherence for initial empirical care in six low and middle-income settings: a hospital-based cross-sectional study

ObjectivesThis study evaluated the prevalence and correlates of guideline non-adherence for common childhood illnesses in low-resource settings.Design and settingWe used secondary cross-sectional data from eight healthcare facilities in six Asian...

The Influence of E-banking on the Financial Performance of Kenyan Commercial Banks

Aims: The mobile and internet revolution has influenced creation and delivery of financial services leading to more innovative ways of linking customers and partners. Electronic Banking (e-banking) has opened up a new channel of banking resulting in new capabilities for banks as intermediaries. The research questions that the study sought to answer include, the role of mobile banking on the financial performance in Kenyan commercial banks, the effect of Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) on the financial performance of Kenyan commercial banks.
 Study Design: The research adopted descriptive design with quantitative data approaches.
 Place and Duration of Study: The target population was made up of 24 Kenyan Commercial Banks in the North Coast region of Kenya with a total of 240 employees. These banks are top tier lead brands listed in the stock exchange in the banking sector in Kenya between December 2022 and July 2023.
 Methodology: Strata of top management (section heads), middle managers (branch managers and super agents) and operational employees (lower cadre employees & credit officers) provided 72 respondents. Both secondary and primary data sources were used with the self-administered questionnaires containing both open and closed ended questions. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple regression on a model of Y = 1.518+ 0.438 X1 + 0.136 X2 + ε.
 Results: The correlation of the independent variables and the dependent variable was high and positive at 0.697 and 0.573 for mobile banking and Electronic Funds Transfer on financial performance respectively. The value of the adjusted R squared was found to be 0.654. The value of F-statistic was found to be 44.919 and it p-value 0.000. The regression coefficient of mobile banking was found to be 0.438 with a t-statistic value of 6.126.
 The regression coefficient of EFT was found to be 0.136 with a t-statistic value of 6.182.
 Conclusion: There is a strong relationship between mobile banking, EFT and financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. M-banking has significantly reduced operational costs while EFT has increased the number of daily transactions. The study established that the popularity of m-banking has is due to the intensity of technology penetration of mobile phones to bank customers which has resulted in the number of customers registering for m-banking services to increase in the last five years. Commercial banks have also experienced increased ROA and growth in market share with adoption of e-banking.

Unfulfilled and method-specific contraceptive preferences among reproductive-aged contraceptive users in Arizona, Iowa, New Jersey, and Wisconsin.

To identify characteristics associated with unfulfilled contraceptive preferences, document reasons for these unfulfilled preferences, and examine how these unfulfilled preferences vary across specific method users. We draw on secondary baseline data from 4660 reproductive-aged contraceptive users in the Arizona, Iowa, New Jersey, and Wisconsin Surveys of Women (SoWs), state-representative surveys fielded between October 2018 and August 2020 across the four states. This is an observational cross-sectional study, which examined associations between individuals' reproductive health-related experiences and contraceptive preferences, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. Our primary outcome of interest is having an unfulfilled contraceptive preference, and a key independent variable is experience of high-quality contraceptive care. We also examine specific contraceptive method preferences according to current method used, as well as reasons for not using a preferred method. Survey respondents who indicated use of any contraceptive method within the last 3 months prior to the survey were eligible for inclusion in this analysis. Overall, 23% reported preferring to use a method other than their current method, ranging from 17% in Iowa to 26% in New Jersey. Young age (18-24), using methods not requiring provider involvement, and not receiving quality contraceptive care were key attributes associated with unfulfilled contraceptive preferences. Those using emergency contraception and fertility awareness-based methods had some of the highest levels of unfulfilled contraceptive preferences, while pills, condoms, partner vasectomy, and IUDs were identified as the most preferred methods. Reasons for not using preferred contraceptive methods fell largely into one of two buckets: system-level or interpersonal/individual reasons. Our findings highlight that avenues for decreasing the gap between contraceptive methods used and those preferred to be used may lie with healthcare providers and funding streams that support the delivery of contraceptive care.

Analysing Inequity in Accessibility to Services with Neighbourhood Location and Socio‐Economic Characteristics in Delhi

The lack of comprehensive spatial data for neighbourhoods in cities in the global South has posed a significant challenge for examining socio‐economic inequities in accessibility to services. By combining the primary (survey data) and secondary data sources with new spatial data sources (Earth observation data, Google Maps), we create a spatial database of 4,145 residential locations in Delhi, aggregating them into 1 km grid‐shaped neighbourhoods. The neighbourhood's economic status is evaluated using a composite index of the built environment, land price, and household income. Social characteristics are examined through the percentage of the scheduled caste (SC) population, considering their historical marginalization in Indian society. Using the E‐2SFCA method, we calculate accessibility to four key services and employ the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model to explore inequities in accessibility based on neighbourhood location and socio‐economic characteristics. Findings reveal inequity in accessibility to services at the neighbourhood level is primarily driven by spatial location rather than income or percentage of SC population. Moreover, the influence of socio‐economic characteristics on accessibility varies across locations. The spatial data mapping approach employed in this article can be applied to numerous rapidly urbanizing cities in the global South lacking block or neighbourhood‐level spatial data.

Examining Financial Hardship and Caregiver Subgroups in Kinship Foster Placements: A Machine Learning Approach

Children placed with kinship foster parents can experience less disruption and stronger family ties than children in non-kinship placements. However, financial hardship can restrict kinship caregivers from taking in relatives’ children. This study investigated (1) kinship caregivers’ financial standing compared to a national subsample of caregivers and (2) whether certain factors moderate the likelihood that a kinship caregiver will be able to provide care for additional non-relative children without additional financial assistance from the Department of Social Services (DSS). This study utilized primary data from 345 relatives across North Carolina and nationally representative secondary data on 6394 individuals’ financial circumstances. One-sample t-tests and chi-square goodness-of-fit tests revealed that caregivers who participated in our study generally fared better financially than caregivers at the national level. Model-based recursive partitioning results showed that if an additional child is placed in the home, the caregiver’s perceived capacity to provide care without extra DSS support decreased by approximately 19%, with a greater decrease (35%) among a subgroup of caregivers with low financial well-being status. The heterogeneity in caregivers’ experiences, capacities, and financial needs buttresses the need for nuanced interventions and programs targeting these caregivers, enabling them to provide more stable care for children placed in their homes.

Analysis of the Economic and Social Impact Study of the Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Agricultural Sector: A Multidisciplinary Study

Introduction: Agriculture is an important sector in the global and national economy. Artificial intelligence (AI) has great potential to increase the efficiency and productivity of the agricultural sector. This research aims to analyze the economic and social impacts of implementing AI in the agricultural sector.
 Methods: This research uses a multidisciplinary study method, combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data was collected through surveys, interviews, and secondary data analysis.
 Results: The application of AI in the agricultural sector can increase efficiency and productivity. AI can help farmers in various aspects, such as land processing, fertilization, pest control, and harvesting. The application of AI can create new jobs in the agricultural sector. However, the application of AI can also have several social impacts, such as unemployment and the digital divide.
 Conclusion: The application of AI in the agricultural sector has great potential to increase efficiency, productivity, and employment. However, it is important to consider the social impacts of implementing AI and formulate appropriate policies to address it.

Impact of Transformational Leadership on Organizational Performance in Public Sector Agencies in Somalia

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of transformational leadership on organizational performance in public sector agencies in Somalia.
 Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.
 Findings: Several studies have investigated the impact of transformational leadership on organizational performance within public sector agencies, revealing significant insights. Transformational leadership, characterized by inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, and idealized influence, has been found to positively influence various aspects of organizational performance. These include improved employee job satisfaction, increased employee commitment, enhanced organizational citizenship behavior, and greater organizational effectiveness. Furthermore, transformational leaders in public sector agencies tend to foster innovation and creativity among employees, leading to improved service delivery and better outcomes for stakeholders. Additionally, transformational leadership has been linked to higher levels of employee engagement and motivation, resulting in increased productivity and performance within these organizations.
 Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social exchange theory, agency theory and social learning theory may be use to anchor future studies on assessing the impact of transformational leadership on organizational performance in public sector agencies in Somalia. Public sector agencies should invest in leadership development programs that focus on cultivating transformational leadership competencies among managers and executives. Public sector agencies should revise hiring and promotion criteria to prioritize candidates with demonstrated transformational leadership qualities.

Influence of Authentic Leadership on Employee Innovation and Creativity in Technology Companies in Pakistan

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the influence of authentic leadership on employee innovation and creativity in technology companies in Pakistan.
 Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.
 Findings: The study explores the impact of authentic leadership on fostering innovation and creativity among employees within technology companies. Authentic leadership, characterized by transparency, ethical behavior, and genuine concern for employees, is found to significantly influence employee innovation and creativity. Leaders who exhibit authenticity create an environment of trust and psychological safety, encouraging employees to express new ideas and take risks without fear of retribution. Such leadership fosters a culture that values diverse perspectives and encourages experimentation, leading to increased innovation and creativity within the organization. Employees under authentic leaders feel empowered to think outside the box, collaborate effectively, and pursue novel solutions to complex problems. Consequently, technology companies benefit from enhanced adaptability, competitiveness, and long-term success as a result of nurturing authentic leadership practices within their organizational structure.
 Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Transformational leadership theory, social learning theory and self-determination theory may be use to anchor future studies on assessing the influence of authentic leadership on employee innovation and creativity in technology companies in Pakistan. Develop and implement leadership development programs that focus on cultivating authentic leadership qualities among managers and executives in technology companies. Advocate for the inclusion of authentic leadership principles in corporate governance guidelines and regulations.