This study is a qualitative study with a descriptive approach, namely an approach that explores the main topics in this study using descriptive texts. The data used in this study is secondary data that the researcher obtained indirectly from scientific articles, books, scientific journals, and various other sources commonly used in research. The data used was analyzed using smart PLS 4.0 analysis tools. The result in this artcile show that toll road infrastructure development has several positive impacts, including accelerating the distribution of goods and services, strengthening the industrial and manufacturing sectors, improving the tourism sector, encouraging the growth of MSMEs and the regional economy, and so on. In addition to its positive impacts on economic growth, toll road infrastructure development also has several negative impacts, one of which is environmental pollution. To address this issue, every toll road infrastructure development should also protect the environment and adhere to a sustainable development system.

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This paper aims to examine the intellectual landscape and thematic evolution of neuroaccounting, an emerging interdisciplinary field that integrates neuroscience, psychology, behavioral finance, and accounting to understand financial decision-making. Despite its conceptual relevance, neuroaccounting remains underrepresented in scholarly indexing and lacks a systematic bibliometric synthesis. Using a bibliometric analysis of 482 documents published between 1980 and 2025, this study investigates publication trends, citation metrics, document types, keyword patterns, and journal contributions. The research sample includes peer-reviewed articles, book chapters, conference papers, and other scholarly outputs indexed across major academic databases. Findings reveal a steady increase in academic interest, with notable growth in publications and citations from 2018 onward. Core themes such as cognitive biases, heuristics, behavioral finance, and investment decisions dominate the literature, even though “neuroaccounting” is not yet a mainstream keyword. High-impact contributions often originate from decision science and strategy journals, while behavioral finance journals serve as primary publication venues. Network and density visualizations highlight tightly connected thematic clusters centered on decision-making under uncertainty. The study’s implications suggest that neuroaccounting is conceptually robust but still fragmented, requiring further empirical research in real-world settings and broader geographic representation. Limitations include citation lag in recent publications and the evolving terminology surrounding the field. This paper contributes by positioning neuroaccounting as a unifying label that bridges established research domains, offering a foundation for future interdisciplinary collaboration and methodological innovation in accounting and financial behavior research.

IntroductionReal-world data and patient-reported outcomes in diabetes in Emilia–Romagna is a multi-centric observational cohort study aimed at improving diabetes care in the Emilia–Romagna region, by exploring trends and predictors of clinical and psychological parameters in a large population of people with diabetes, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods and analysisThe study has a mixed retrospective/prospective design. The retrospective component involves computerised data linkage of administrative and clinical data from the local health authorities of Romagna and Reggio Emilia, and the University Hospital of Parma, covering a population of approximately 100 000 prevalent cases with diabetes, followed throughout the years 2019–2024. The selection of data items collected in the reference time frame is based on the International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM) standard set for diabetes, including clinical, lifestyle, social and healthcare service measurements. The prospective component includes primary data collection of indicators of psychological well-being through the WHO-5 Well-Being Index, diabetes distress using the Problem Areas In Diabetes-Short Form and depression through the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, measured at 0–6 months in an overall sample of 455 people with type 2 diabetes. Statistical analysis will include descriptive analysis and multivariate logistic regression using a two-step federated approach.Ethics and disseminationThe study has obtained ethics approval from the Ethics Committee of Romagna and the Ethics Committee of Area Vasta Emilia Nord. The results of the study will be published in scientific journals to evaluate quality and outcomes of diabetes care across the region.Trial registration numberNCT06639100.

IntroductionChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by progressive airflow limitation that is not fully reversible and is associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of lungs to noxious particles and gases. The inflammatory and reparative processes occurring in the lungs induce a ‘spill-over’ of inflammatory mediators into the circulation, resulting in an increase in systemic inflammation, which is further increased during acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), leading to the development of extra-pulmonary comorbidities, such as cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment affects up to 61% of people living with COPD. Heightened levels of inflammation have been linked to increased risk of cognitive impairments; however, the exact mechanisms remain unclear, thus hampering the development of therapeutics. This study aims to determine whether patients hospitalised with an acute COPD exacerbation show impaired cognitive function compared with recovery (~day 45), and whether such dysfunction is associated with systemic inflammation and oxidative stress.Methods and analysisA prospective, observational study will be conducted at Austin Health in Victoria, Australia. Eligible participants will be assessed during admission for AECOPD and following stabilisation (approximately day 45). The primary outcome is the difference in cognitive function between admission for AECOPD to recovery using non-verbal cognitive tests. Secondary outcomes are changes in systemic markers of inflammation, oxidative stress and ACE2 catalytic activity. Tertiary outcomes are anxiety and depression scores.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been granted in Australia by Austin Health Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC 56099) with governance approval at Austin Hospital. The results will be published in peer-reviewed scientific journals and presented at national and international scientific conferences. Findings will be disseminated to consumers in publications for lay audiences.

Objective:Predatory journal articles do not undergo rigorous peer review and so their quality is potentially lower. Citing them disseminates the unreliable data they may contain and may undermine the integrity of science. Using citation analysis techniques, this study investigates the influence of predatory journals in the health sciences.Methods:The twenty-six journals in the “Medical Sciences” category of a known predatory publisher were selected. The number of articles published by these journals was recorded based on the information from their websites. The “Cited References” search function in Web of Science was used to retrieve citation data for these journals.Results:Of the 3,671 articles published in these predatory journals, 1,151 (31.4%) were cited at least once by 3,613 articles indexed in Web of Science. The number of articles that cited articles published in predatory journals increased significantly from 64 in 2014 to 665 in 2022, an increase of 10-fold in nine years. The citing articles were published by researchers from all over the world (from high-, middle-, and lower-income countries) and in the journals of traditional and open access publishers. Forty-three percent (1,560/3,613) of the citing articles were supported by research funds.Conclusions:The content from articles published in predatory journals has infiltrated reputable health sciences journals to a substantial extent. It is crucial to develop strategies to prevent citing such articles.

It is with great pride and enthusiasm that I present to you the Second Edition of the Eurasian Journal of Scientific and Multidisciplinary Research (EJSMR). When we launched our inaugural issue in March 2025, it was a landmark achievement, marking the beginning of a platform designed to unite diverse voices in science, medicine, technology, social sciences, and humanities. The first edition reflected our collective vision: to foster high-quality, peer-reviewed, open-access research that transcends disciplinary boundaries while highlighting the scholarly contributions of the Eurasian region within a global context. Reflecting on Our Beginning The first edition brought forward a range of research, from advances in medical and health sciences to innovative perspectives on social development and education. It demonstrated both the richness of ideas emerging from our region and the importance of cross-disciplinary collaboration in addressing complex global challenges. Highlights of This Edition In this Second Edition, we continue this mission with renewed vigor. The contributions span a wide spectrum of disciplines—medical sciences, environmental studies, education, engineering, and socio-economic research—demonstrating that impactful knowledge thrives at the intersection of fields. Each article has undergone rigorous peer review, ensuring that what we present here is not only academically robust but also relevant to policymakers, practitioners, and fellow researchers. Our Commitment Ahead As Deputy Editor-in-Chief, I am encouraged by the growing response from scholars who recognize EJSMR as a credible and inclusive platform. We are committed to maintaining high standards of editorial integrity, broad accessibility through open access, and timely dissemination of knowledge that has both regional significance and global resonance. We also look forward to expanding collaborations with institutions and scholars worldwide, with the aim of making EJSMR a hub where multidisciplinary research meets innovation and impact. Acknowledgements This edition would not have been possible without the dedication of our editorial board, the meticulous efforts of our reviewers, and the trust of our authors. To our readers, we extend our gratitude—your engagement and feedback are vital as we shape EJSMR into a journal of enduring value. Invitation We invite scholars, researchers, and practitioners to continue contributing to EJSMR. Together, let us strengthen this platform as a space where ideas converge, knowledge advances, and research contributes meaningfully to society and the world. On behalf of the editorial team, I welcome you to explore the insights presented in this issue and to join us in shaping the future of multidisciplinary scholarship. Dr. Dipak Chaulagain Deputy Editor-in-Chief Eurasian Journal of Scientific and Multidisciplinary Research (EJSMR)

Tourism development in the Land of Papua holds strategic potential in driving regional economic growth and improving community welfare, particularly for the Indigenous Papuans (OAP). Data collection techniques were conducted through library research, which involves reviewing relevant literature as a theoretical and contextual basis. The sources of this research data are scientific articles published in various scientific journals and indexed in Google Scholar. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The analysis results indicate that to ensure inclusive and sustainable development, active involvement of the Papua People's Assembly (MRP) and indigenous communities is required at every stage of tourism investment planning and implementation. An approach based on local uniqueness and the utilization of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology in mapping regional potential and SMEs is key to formulating effective development strategies. Moreover, tourism development policies need to be designed collaboratively with a socio-legal approach that recognizes customary law and the social structures of Papuan society. Cross-agency coordination and the provision of fiscal incentives to investors committed to empowering local communities are expected to create a fair investment climate. Strengthening indicators of local economic impact and implementing the principle of Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) in tourism projects are important steps in maintaining social and cultural sustainability

This work stems from the curiosity stimulated by a paper by Yttrup and Abramsson, which appeared in the journal Australian Geomechanics in 2003. Their work proposes a kinematic limit analysis method to compute the ultimate strength of steel screw piles in sand when first the bending and then the plastic collapse of the pile helix occurs. It is accompanied by insightful comments drawn from geotechnical design experience. The paper has both academic and professional impact as it is cited in scientific journals and used in engineering practice in Australia and New Zealand. However, the original paper is quite brief in its exposition. Here, Yttrup and Abramsson’s model is critically reconstructed, providing guidance that can help avoid potential pitfalls in its application. A variation of the model is proposed. Then, the calculated results are discussed and compared with experimental results, starting with those of the original paper. This work hopes to contribute to enhancing the appraisal, adoption, and utility of Yttrup and Abramsson’s model in design practice and in subsequent studies.

IntroductionSarcopenia is a prevalent skeletal muscle disorder among older adults that can significantly diminish their quality of life. While acupuncture is gaining traction as a treatment for various skeletal muscle disorders, there is currently insufficient evidence supporting its efficacy specifically for sarcopenia. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture interventions for sarcopenia.Methods and analysisA comprehensive search will be conducted across eight databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Biology Medicine disc, China Science and Technology Journal Database and Wanfang Database) from their inception until December 31, 2025. Additionally, clinical trial registries and other relevant sources will be searched. All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) related to acupuncture treatment for sarcopenia will be included. Data extraction will encompass study details, design, participant demographics, intervention specifics, outcome measures and reported adverse events. The primary outcomes of interest will be muscle strength, muscle mass and physical performance. The risk of bias will be evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 (RoB 2) tool. The study selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment will be independently carried out by two reviewers. A meta-analysis will be performed using RevMan V.5.4 and STATA V.16.0, while descriptive analyses will be conducted as necessary. The certainty of evidence for the outcomes will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required since the data for this study were obtained from public databases. The findings will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal.PROSPERO registration numberCRD420251067492.

Purpose This study aims to recontextualize additive manufacturing (AM) as a platform for functional performance rather than solely geometric innovation. It explores how AM technologies, design strategies and material capabilities converge to enable mechanical, thermal, acoustic, optical and multifunctional applications. Design/methodology/approach The study follows a literature review methodology, examining peer-reviewed articles from top-tier engineering, materials science and multidisciplinary journals. It includes a bibliometric analysis of publication trends and a thematic synthesis of design methods, AM processes and functional outcomes across various domains. Findings The review identifies emerging trends in function-driven AM, including topology optimization with manufacturability constraints, functionally graded materials, architected lattices and hybrid fabrication strategies. It highlights underexplored areas such as acoustic metamaterials, optical functionality and integrated multiphysics systems. The paper also maps specific AM technologies to their functional strengths and limitations. Research limitations/implications While extensive, the review is limited by the availability of English-language publications and may underrepresent emerging work in niche or nonindexed outlets. Future research could further quantify the relationships between process parameters and functional metrics using meta-analytical methods. Practical implications The findings provide a roadmap for researchers and engineers to harness AM technologies in performance-critical sectors such as aerospace, biomedical engineering and energy systems. By aligning AM design strategies with functional goals, the review supports more efficient, sustainable and integrated product development. Originality/value This paper presents a comprehensive, application-focused framework for AM-enabled functional design. It bridges gaps between process parameters, material behavior and end-use performance, offering actionable insights for advancing both academic research and industrial implementation.

This study aims to describe the implications of parenting styles on the emotional development of students in Islamic boarding schools. This study uses qualitative research with a library approach, namely a series of studies related to library data collection methods, or research whose research objects are traced through various library information (books, encyclopedias, scientific journals, newspapers, magazines, and documents). Furthermore, the data collection technique used is a library study. A library study is a data collection technique used to collect data and research sources through books, journals, magazines, newspapers, and so on. The results of this study indicate that parenting styles at home have implications for students' emotional development. Students' emotional development can be fostered through simple measures, such as parents visiting their children less frequently at the Islamic boarding school and giving their children the confidence and courage to meet all their needs at the boarding school. This can make children dependent on their parents and slow the process of developing independence. Furthermore, Islamic boarding schools play a crucial role in fostering independence in their students. This is typically done by assigning responsibility to administrators to assist students, especially new students. In addition to the administrators, the dormitory head also plays a role in guiding the students under his care in developing independence.

The integration of artificial intelligence into personalized medicine Priya Hays, CEO and Science Writer at Hays Documentation Specialists, LLC, discusses the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into personalized medicine (PM), highlighting its potential to enhance healthcare, particularly in genomic medicine and precision oncology. When personalized medicine (PM) emerged as a field with the growth and implementation of omics, such as genomics and proteomics, stakeholders were already becoming aware of the potential of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence to further enhance PM innovation and technologies. Genomic medicine grew concomitantly with the development of next-generation sequencing and vast streams of data that were required for storage and portability. Artificial Intelligence, of which Big Data is a foundation, involves the analysis of huge reservoirs of data to reveal information about patterns in the data, and is increasingly being used in healthcare settings. In precision oncology, AI methods have found fruitful applications in imaging and pathology, improving accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in the analysis of radiographic images and histologic slides. In pathology, through algorithmic and statistical modeling, patterns in the specimens can be identified and aid in clinical decision making through image analysis, whereby abnormal features can be detected, leading to more efficient decision making and accurate and personalized diagnosis. The relationships between Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) methods can be summarized as follows: ML is a subset of AI, and DL, a subset of ML, utilizes artificial networks, such as convolutional neural networks and artificial neural networks, to enable more complex learning processes, particularly in cancer diagnosis. (1)

Sleep disorders (SD) affect approximately 25% of the global population. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formulas have been shown to alleviate SD by modulating endogenous melatonin. This study used data mining, network pharmacology, and meta-analysis to identify key herbal pairs from TCM formulas and the mechanism of action. Literature was retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang Data Information Site, China Science and Technology Journal Database, and SinoMed. R was used for frequency and association rule analysis, SPSS for clustering, and Cytoscape, STRING, Gene Ontology, and KEGG enrichment analyses were utilized to explore targets, protein-protein interactions, and pathways. A meta-analysis using the Metan command was performed to assess the optimal herbal pairs for SD treatment. Data mining identified 77 commonly used herbs, revealing four advantageous herbal pairs: PAEONIAE RADIX ALBA (PRA)-BUPLEURI RADIX (BR), COPTIDIS RHIZOMA (CR)- CINNAMOMI CORTEX (CC), PORIA (PA)-BUPLEURI RADIX (BR), and ZIZIPHI SPINOSAE SEMEN (ZSS)-MARGARITIFERA CONCHA (MC). Network pharmacology showed that (PRA-BR)-SD, (PA-BR)-SD, (CR-CC)-SD, and (ZSS-MC)-SD targeted CACNA1D, GRIN2A, AGT, and ATP1A1 via prion diseases, nicotine addiction, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, and cardiac muscle contraction pathways, respectively. Research shows that CACNA1D could regulate Ca²⁷ inward flow, avoid mitochondrial dysfunction in prion diseases, and reduce ROS generation, thus indirectly maintaining MT levels and sleep. GRIN2A as an amygdala hub gene closely related to daily smoking, combining brain transcriptome analysis and tobacco consumption GWAS data. The sleep regulation mechanism of MT relies on the neuroactive ligand-receptor pathway. As a neuroactive ligand, MT triggers sleep-promoting physiological responses by activating the G-protein-coupled receptors MT1 and MT2 and transmitting "night" signals to the relevant neural networks. Insufficient MT secretion or circadian rhythm disruption might lead to abnormal blood pressure rhythms accompanied by sympathetic overactivation, increasing the risk of insomnia and cardiovascular disease. ATP1A1 is a key molecule in the maintenance of electrochemical gradients in cardiac myocytes through the modulation of the Na⁷/K⁷ homeostasis affects myocardial excitability, calcium kinetics, and contractile function. Meta-analysis and network pharmacology suggest that the PA-BR pair might offer superior efficacy by modulating membrane potential and nicotine addiction pathways, targeting GRIN2A, GRIN1, GRIN3A, and GRIN2B to regulate melatonin levels.

As the development of automated driving technology progresses, vehicles equipped with such technology are widely observed in the market. However, the fuel efficiency and emission characteristics with automated driving functions are unknown. In fact, we do not find any technical papers that have made such an evaluation. Therefore, we developed an evaluation method to estimate fuel efficiency and emission characteristics by using the adaptive cruise control (ACC) system on the test course. In the approach adopted for this study, two vehicles were used as the test, and the preceding vehicle equipped with a driving robot was driven precisely to follow the speed pattern defined by the test cycle. The trailing vehicle was driven using the ACC function. Therefore, we developed the driver model of this robot to accurately track the target vehicle speed for the preceding vehicle in these tests. In particular, we added the operation logic of learning control and robot-less operation. In this result, for the preceding vehicle, we confirmed the correct operation of the pedals and ability to track the target vehicle speed. As a result, we could accurately evaluate the vehicle with ACC function and the usefulness of the method for this study was experimentally confirmed.

Reexamining science journalism through the constructivist lens of Science and Technology Studies (STS), the present paper argues that this perspective promotes a more responsible approach to reporting scientific discoveries in medicine. The dominant anti-constructivist, realist approach often results in what we term "dramatic modalization," which attributes greater facticity and universality to scientific findings than they actually possess at the time of publication, leading to significant moral consequences. To illustrate this, we will first explore the STS perspective as a framework for understanding the construction of facts in practice. Next, through a discourse analysis of two historical cases in medical journalism—the MMR-autism link and the depression-serotonin connection—we will demonstrate that the realist media coverage of these cases engaged in dramatic modalization, resulting in tangible moral repercussions. We hereby propose an alternative STS model for science journalism in medicine, arguing that it offers a more morally responsible approach.

This research discusses the event of the first revelation descending upon Prophet Muhammad SAW in the Cave of Hira as the starting point for the birth of Islamic civilization. The background of this research stems from the social and spiritual conditions of pre-Islamic Arab society, which was in the era of ignorance, characterized by idol worship, social inequality, and the loss of human values. The purpose of this research is to reconstruct the historical, theological, and philosophical meanings of the first revelation and relate them to the relevance of educational and moral values in the modern context. The method used is a qualitative study with a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing primary and secondary literature from interpretive sources, historical texts, and scientific journals. The research results indicate that the command "Iqra'" in Surah Al-'Alaq verses 1-5 is the foundation for the emergence of literacy, education, and scientific traditions in Islam. This value affirms the importance of the integration between faith and science as the foundation of civilization. The implications of this research confirm that the spirit of "Iqra'" must be revived in the modern education system so that young Muslim generations can develop critical, ethical, and moral character amidst the current of globalization.

This study aims to examine the role of Sufism as a spiritual remedy to the existential crisis faced by modern society. The phenomenon of inner emptiness, psychological distress, and moral degradation poses serious challenges in a materialistic and rationalistic era. In this context, Sufism offers a spiritual approach emphasizing self-purification, closeness to God, and the cultivation of virtuous character. Employing a qualitative literature review method, data were collected from classical and contemporary Sufi texts, scientific journals, articles, and prior research findings. The data were analyzed using Miles and Huberman’s interactive analysis model, which includes data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that Sufism plays a significant role in enhancing modern society’s spiritual and emotional resilience. Core values such as sincerity (ikhlas), patience (sabr), asceticism (zuhd), trust in God (tawakkul), and self-reflection (muhasabah) remain relevant for alleviating inner turmoil and providing life with deeper meaning. In educational contexts, integrating Sufism can balance intellectual and spiritual dimensions among learners. This study concludes that Sufism is not merely a personal religious practice but also a cultural and educational approach that addresses contemporary spiritual crises holistically.‎

Children from refugee families resettled in the USA face higher risks of serious mental health challenges compared with their native-born peers. Research shows that refugee youth in high-income countries frequently suffer from trauma-associated disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety. The high prevalence of trauma-associated mental health problems among these youth may be attributed to their own trauma exposure, especially if born in conflict zones, and post-resettlement challenges like poverty, acculturation difficulties, racism and discrimination. However, they may also suffer from the effects of intergenerational trauma, where parental war trauma impacts them. This study aims to adapt and test an intervention addressing intergenerational trauma-related emotional and behavioural health outcomes among US-born children of refugee parents in Omaha and Lincoln, Nebraska. This is a two-arm cluster randomised type I hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial. Guided by the Social Action and Family Systems theories and applying them to the intergenerational transmission of trauma framework, the combination intervention consists of family strengthening model delivered through multiple family groups+peer mentoring programme called TeenAge Health Consultants (TAHC) adapted for delivery in virtual environment (Virtual TAHC). A total of 154 US-born adolescents of parent resettled as refugees (77 per study arm), ages 14-17 and at least one biological parent per youth (dyads) will be recruited from four comparable communities utilising community-based participatory research approach and randomised to usual care or intervention group. The intervention will be implemented for up to 16 weeks, with assessments at baseline, after intervention completion and 6 months follow-up. To determine study feasibility, we will use binary metrics of participant enrolment of 70% or more and retention of 80% or more at 12 months. To assess study acceptability, we will determine participant satisfaction with the study based on the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8). To maximise rigour, our analyses will follow an intention-to-treat (ITT) approach. For primary inferential analyses, we will fit two-level generalised linear mixed models to continuous primary outcomes. The models will include fixed effects for study arm, time and their interaction terms. We will perform time-averaged comparisons of post-baseline repeatedly measured observations across study arms to examine intervention effects over the duration of the postintervention study period. To delineate barriers and facilitators to implementation and implementation strategies, we will apply a more integrative approach, using both inductive and deductive approaches guided by the grounded theory and integrative theory that combines both deductive and inductive approaches. Finally, we will integrate findings from the quantitative and qualitative analysis to provide additional explanation and context for our quantitative findings. Voluntary written informed assent and consent will be obtained from all participants, adolescents and their parents, respectively. All study procedures received approval from Washington University in St. Louis Institutional Review Board (IRB #202307081).Study findings will be disseminated through publications in scientific journals and presentations at national and international conferences. We also plan to provide community education about the study through a dissemination conference at the end of the study. NCT06176638.

Highlights from the Science family of journals.