Following the publication of this paper, it was drawn to the Editor's attention by a concerned reader that, in addition to the duplication of data comparing Fig. 4B with Fig. 6F (showing the results of Transwell assay experiments) and within Fig. 6C (showing the results of scratch‑wound assay experiments), a data panel in Fig. 2C was also featured in a paper written by different authors that had already been submitted to the journal Cancer Science. Owing to the fact that the contentious data in the above article were found to be strikingly similar to data that had already been submitted for publication elsewhere, the Editor of International Journal of Molecular Medicine has decided that this paper should be retracted from the Journal. The authors were asked for an explanation to account for these concerns, but the Editorial Office did not receive a satisfactory reply. The Editor apologizes to the readership for any inconvenience caused. [International Journal of Molecular Medicine 42: 2437‑2446, 2018; DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3862].

Efficacy of acupuncture-based adjunctive therapies in alleviating spasticity and motor function in patients with post-stroke spasticity: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

This study aims to provide an in-depth explanation of the definition, functions, and objectives of the discipline of legal history. As a branch of knowledge that bridges the past with the present, legal history is often overlooked, even though it plays a crucial role in the formation, interpretation, and reform of law. This study uses normative legal research methods with a library research approach. Data were collected through the analysis of documents, textbooks, scientific journals, and other relevant literature. The results of the study indicate that (1) the understanding of legal history is not limited to the chronology of legal events, but is a critical study of the evolution of norms, institutions, and legal thought in its social, political, and economic context. (2) The functions of legal history include the educational function (providing understanding), the pragmatic function (assisting in interpretation and formation of law), and the critical function (revealing the ideology and power behind the law). The main goal of studying legal history is to understand the identity and character of a legal system, avoid past mistakes, and provide a strong foundation for future law reform. This study concludes that legal history is an essential analytical tool for academics, practitioners, and policymakers to understand the law in a comprehensive, dynamic, and contextual manner

This study discusses the role, objectives, and components of Guidance and Counseling (BK) services in elementary schools. BK functions to help students develop their potential, character, and social and academic abilities. The service objectives include addressing personal, social, academic, and career planning issues in a targeted manner. This study uses a qualitative literature review approach. Data sources were obtained from scientific journals, books, and official documents accessed through Google Scholar, Garuda, and DOAJ. Data were collected using a systematic literature search and snowballing techniques, then analyzed using content analysis to identify key themes related to the implementation of Guidance and Counseling services. Based on the literature analysis, Guidance and Counseling services in elementary schools are implemented through four main components: basic services, responsive services, individual planning, and system support. These four components support each other to create holistic student development. These findings emphasize the importance of collaboration between teachers, principals, and parents to build a conducive learning environment and support the successful implementation of BK.

In a global context marked by food security challenges, sustainability concerns, and the need for local adaptation, traditional poultry systems play a strategic role in the rural economies of Africa. These low-input systems rely heavily on orally transmitted local knowledge and are rooted in technical and cultural autonomy. This study aims to characterize traditional poultry practices, assess their impact on zootechnical productivity, and identify potential improvement levers through a combined approach integrating traditional wisdom and scientific innovation. The methodology is based on a comprehensive literature review of peer-reviewed articles from major academic databases including SCOPUS, Web of Science, Chemical Abstracts Services, Google Scholar, and African Journals Online. Findings reveal that traditional poultry systems are predominantly characterized by free-range management, feeding based on locally available resources, phytotherapeutic health care, and natural reproduction. These practices contribute to strong resilience and the preservation of local chicken strains, with women playing a central role in their transmission and implementation. However, zootechnical and productive performances remain limited: low annual egg production, slow growth rates, high juvenile mortality, rudimentary infrastructure, and the absence of formal genetic selection, vaccination, and veterinary services. As such, traditional poultry systems offer a foundational platform on which simple improvements (such as enriched feeding, sheltering, and basic vaccination) can be introduced without disrupting sociocultural norms. A well-balanced integration of empirical knowledge and validated technical innovations could help reconcile productivity with sustainability. Traditional poultry farming thus represents a resilient, culturally embedded, and economically viable production model. To enhance its impact, it is essential to document, preserve, and improve this knowledge through participatory and context-specific approaches. This area offers a strategic opportunity for policies that promote inclusive, sustainable, and equitable poultry value chains.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the characteristics and trends of published articles on schistosomiasis through bibliometric analysis. Method: The VOSviewer visualization methodology was used to conduct a bibliometric study. The data included articles from the Web of Science database, nations, institutions, journals, keywords, co-authorship, co-citations, international collaborations, and citation rates. Results: A total of 23379 articles from 1970 to 2023 were included in the study. It has been determined that there has been a continuous increase in publications on schistosomiasis over a ten-year period. When analysing the top ten institutions supporting schistosomiasis research, the USA, the UK, England, China, Brazil and Portugal were the countries that supported schistosomiasis research the most. VOSViewer showed a strong collaboration between countries for schistosomiasis research. Most of the articles were in the field of parasitology, tropical medicine, immunology, Public environmental occupational health and infectious diseases. Network visualization using VOSViewer showed that the keywords used in schistosomiasis-related publications were divided into three clusters, with the keywords “prevalence”, “mouse” and “protein” standing out. Conclusion: Over a period of ten years, a steady increase in publications on schistosomiasis has been found, demonstrating that schistosomiasis is still an important public health problem. Organisations and researchers in the USA, UK, Brazil and China lead the scientific production on schistosomiasis. Globally, developed countries were seen to be leading the way in controlling schistosomiasis.

This study analyzes the position of mixed marriages in Islamic law and its implications for the status of children and inheritance. Using normative/doctrinal research methods through legislative and conceptual approaches, this study examines primary sources such as the Qur'an, Hadith, classical-contemporary fiqh literature, as well as ulama fatwas, and secondary sources in the form of scientific journals and national regulations. The results of the study show that mixed marriage is considered invalid in Islamic law, especially for Muslim women who are married to non-Muslim men, and the majority of contemporary scholars also reject the ability of Muslim men to marry women of the book in the modern context. This invalidity has an impact on the non-existence of a husband-wife relationship, the loss of rights and obligations of maintenance, the severing of inheritance relationships, and the fate of children who only follow the mother because religious differences are barriers to inheritance. These findings affirm the importance of religious conformity in Muslim marriages to maintain faith, family order, and the protection of children's rights from the perspective of Islamic law.

This study aims to analyze the role of Scouting extracurricular activities in character building of students at SMAN 8 Gowa through a descriptive qualitative approach with a literature review method. Data were obtained from various secondary sources in the form of scientific journals, books, and previous research relevant to character education and Scouting activities. The analysis was conducted using content analysis and thematic analysis techniques to identify patterns of values, social interactions, and Scouting symbols that contribute to the formation of student character. The results of the study indicate that Scouting activities are effective in instilling the values of discipline, responsibility, cooperation, leadership, and social awareness through structured activities such as routine training, field activities, and camping. In addition, the process of character building takes place through symbolic interaction as explained in George Herbert Mead's Symbolic Interactionism theory, where symbols, rules, and group dynamics play an important role in developing the "I", "Me", and "generalized other" aspects of students. Thus, Scouting activities have a significant contribution in strengthening character education in the school environment.

Early Childhood Education (PAUD) honorary teachers in West Sumatra face serious welfare challenges, with incomes far below the Provincial Minimum Wage (UMP). This condition affects work motivation, limits access to professional development, and reduces the quality of early childhood education services. This study aims to analyze the current welfare conditions of PAUD honorary teachers, identify the factors contributing to low welfare, and offer strategic solutions involving the government, PAUD institutions, the community, and the teachers themselves. This research employed a literature review method by examining scientific journals, educational department reports, statistical data, government regulations, and supporting theories such as Human Capital and Work Motivation. The findings indicate that low welfare is caused by limited regional government budgets, reliance on parental fees, weak legal status of PAUD teachers, limited certification opportunities, and insufficient CSR and community support. Recommended solutions include increasing government funding, expanding ASN/PPPK recruitment opportunities, strengthening institutional management, collaborating with private sectors, and enhancing teacher competence through continuous training. In conclusion, improving the welfare of PAUD teachers is an urgent step to strengthen the quality of early childhood education services and support the achievement of national education goals from an early age.

This study aims to analyze the forms of social inequality in law enforcement in Indonesia and how economic, power, educational, and gender factors influence access to justice. The phenomenon of legal inequality indicates that the Indonesian legal system has not fully implemented the principle of equality before the law. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method with a library research approach. Data were collected through analysis of various secondary sources such as scientific journals. The results show that inequality in law enforcement is still influenced by economic factors, where the poor have difficulty obtaining adequate legal assistance, while influential groups have the financial capacity to influence the legal process. In addition, low legal literacy, geographical inequality, and gender bias also exacerbate inequality in the legal system. Discriminatory practices by law enforcement officers against lower-class communities also weaken public trust in legal institutions. This study emphasizes the importance of structural reform in the legal system so that justice can be accessed equally regardless of social class.

ABSTRACT This study aims to explore and synthesize the contributions of general practitioners (GPs) in promotive and preventive healthcare, emphasizing their role in strengthening primary health systems and community well-being. Using a qualitative descriptive approach through literature study, data were collected from scientific journals, books, and official reports published between 2015 and 2025. The analysis followed an inductive process involving data identification, reduction, categorization, and interpretation to derive key themes related to preventive practices and health promotion. The findings reveal that GPs play a vital role in health education, early detection of diseases, immunization, lifestyle counseling, and chronic disease prevention. However, challenges such as limited consultation time, workload pressures, and lack of institutional incentives hinder optimal implementation. The results also highlight the importance of interprofessional collaboration, digital health integration, and patient-centered approaches in enhancing preventive efforts. Theoretically, this study reinforces behavioral and health promotion models, while practically, it offers guidance for policymakers and educators in developing systems that empower GPs to lead preventive health strategies. Overall, the research contributes to a deeper understanding of the GP’s role as a central figure in preventive medicine and underscores the need for systemic and educational reforms to optimize health promotion and disease prevention in primary care. Keywords: General practitioners, health promotion, disease prevention, primary healthcare, qualitative study.

This research aims to examine the challenges faced by Reformed theology in the context of contemporary Christian education. The digital age and rapid social change present new complexities that demand adaptation and appropriate response from Christian education. The methodology used is a literature study with a qualitative approach, analyzing various relevant sources such as scientific journals, books, and articles. The findings show that Christian education is faced with challenges such as secularization, religious radicalism, technological influence, and pluralism. Through critical analysis, this study identifies several strategies to deal with these challenges, including character strengthening, development of relevant curriculum, wise use of technology, and promotion of interfaith dialogue. The study also highlights the importance of adapting to changing times and the emphasis on fundamental Christian values in facing these challenges.

The technological transition we are currently experiencing with electronic devices and appliances such as televisions, cell phones, and other wireless connections such as headphones. They are part of our daily lives and all emit radiofrequency (RF) waves that are dispersed into the environment. Male infertility and genetic diseases are causes for concern according to studies and pose health risks. Objective: to analyze the literature related to “Electromagnetic wave devices and health risks” based on a bibliometric review. Method: A bibliometric analysis was conducted in Web of Science Journal Citation Report, using the search syntax “Electromagnetic wave devices and health risks” in all fields of the search engine. The search date was August 26, 2025. Results: 35 publications were found, mainly articles (28), literature review articles (5), and conference proceedings (2). These were categorized in Web of Science mainly in Multidisciplinary Materials Science (12), Electrical and Electronic Engineering (8), Physical Chemistry (7), Applied Physics (6), and Nanoscience Nanotechnology (2). The main publishers are Elsevier (12), IEEE (6), Springer Nature (6), Mdpi (4), Royal Soc Chemistry (2), among others. Nanoscience Nanotechnology (2). The main publishers are: Elsevier (12), IEEE (6), Springer Nature (6), Mdpi (4), Royal Soc Chemistry (2), among others. Production by year: 2025 (9), 2024 (8). and 2023, (6). 2022, (5). and 2021, (7). The countries with the highest production are China, (14). India, (5). USA, (5). Italy, (4). England (3), among others.

IntroductionRacialised older adults living with dementia face various challenges and barriers in receiving culturally sensitive care in hospital settings. Stigma, discrimination and healthcare provider bias toward racialised older adults living with dementia infringe on their right to access quality care services in acute hospital settings and can negatively affect their quality of life. Despite the growing need to integrate culturally sensitive dementia care into acute hospital care, little research has been done in this area. Therefore, the aim of this scoping review is to summarise and map what is known about the hospitalisation experience of racialised older adults with dementia in receiving care and identify research gaps.Method and analysisWe will use Arksey and O’Malley’s framework and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews checklist to conduct and write the review. The search strategy will use keywords and index terms across selected databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Medline, PsycINFO and Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and hand-searching the reference lists from chosen literature. Grey literature will be searched using Google and the Alzheimer Society websites to find further evidence and literature. Two researchers will screen the titles and abstracts independently by referring to the inclusion criteria. Data from the extracted studies will be reported in tabular and narrative form that answer the scoping review’s questions. Research gaps and recommendations for future research will be identified and summarised. The review’s results will be shared with stakeholders, policymakers, healthcare professionals and community organisations working with the racialised community and dementia care.Ethics and disseminationThis scoping review does not require ethics approval because it collects data from publicly available resources. The results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed scientific journals, professional conferences and with community organisations and healthcare providers.Registration detailsThis review is registered in the Open Science Framework registration link: osf.io/7rfje

This research aims to analyze the role of knowledge management in improving organizational performance. This research uses a qualitative method with a literature review approach, examining various national and international scientific journals published between 2019 and 2025. Data was obtained thru documentation techniques from secondary sources such as Google Scholar, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink. Analysis was conducted using content analysis and thematic synthesis methods to identify patterns of relationships between knowledge management dimensions and organizational performance. The research results indicate that effective knowledge management implementation has a positive impact on improving organizational performance, both in terms of operational efficiency, innovation, and competitive advantage. The four main dimensions of knowledge management that play the most significant role are knowledge creation, knowledge storage, knowledge sharing, and knowledge application. Additionally, organizational culture, transformational leadership, and employe commitment are key supporting factors for the successful implementation of knowledge management. Thus, it can be concluded that the systematic and integrated management of knowledge is an important foundation for organizations to achieve superior and sustainable performance in the digital age.

The evolution of the global digital financial system is generating two main forms of digital currencies: a centralized currency system, such as Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC), and a decentralized cryptocurrency system, like Bitcoin and Ether. This study aims to analyze the conceptual differences between the centralized (CBDC) and decentralized (Bitcoin and Ether) models and each operating mechanism. The study also examines how both models impact the stability of the economy and adherence to Shariah principles. Using the qualitative approach and exploratory design, the study examines materials on CBDC, Bitcoin, and Ether. The study collects data from central bank reports, monetary policy documents, academic articles, and technical papers published by relevant institutions. The content analysis method should identify similarities and differences between the currencies in terms of system architecture, infrastructure, technological efficiency, energy, governance and compatibility with Shariah principles. According to the study, CBDC, Bitcoin and Ether represent three distinct paradigms: Bitcoin's decentralized system, through proof-of-work, produces rather limited functionality to emphasise individual freedom and privacy, while Ether innovates the system via a switch to proof-of-stake and smart contracts, which leads to greater functionality. CBDC, on the other hand, maintains a centralized system to ensure monetary stability, but with a compromise on users' privacy. Hence, while maintaining the value of blockchain transparency and traceability without sacrificing economic stability, the study proposes a hybrid approach in order to improve transaction efficiency. The study suggests implementing a regulatory sandbox involving authorities, economists and Shariah experts as an initial test measure of this innovation to ensure security for users and compliance with the principles of Shariah in the development of a healthier digital financial ecosystem.

Early Childhood Education (PAUD) plays a fundamental role in shaping children's character, moral values, and intellectual potential from an early age. However, many PAUD institutions in Indonesia still face serious challenges in management, where attention is focused more on operational sustainability than on improving educational quality. This study aims to describe the actual condition of PAUD institutions, analyze the causes of weak management, and identify the impact of operational orientation on educational quality. The method used is a literature study through analysis of various sources such as books, scientific journals, research reports, and government policies related to PAUD implementation. The results of the study indicate that weak management is caused by limited human resources, low managerial competence, minimal funding, weak planning, and a lack of supervision and community support. The impact is seen in the decline in educational quality and low public trust in PAUD institutions. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen quality-based management that emphasizes improving educator competence, community involvement, effective management of infrastructure, utilization of educational technology, and implementation of continuous evaluation. Professional and adaptive PAUD management is key to realizing superior, high-quality institutions that are relevant to the developmental needs of early childhood in the modern era.

BackgroundThe information in this article corresponds to a compilation of data from scientific journals, ornithological collections and virtual libraries (xeno-song, eBird and Biomap), as well as our contributions during more than 15 years of studies in Tolima. Together, this information allows us to understand the diversity of birds in the region. In addition, this article includes data on localities and the altitudinal and geographical distribution of each species. The results indicate the presence of 800 bird species in Tolima, of which 24 are endemic, 69 are near-endemic and 82 are migratory. Furthermore, 42 species face some degree of threat, two are classified as having deficient data and four have been introduced.New informationThis list constitutes a reference for studies of birds of the Upper Magdalena Valley. It is a necessary tool for conservation plans in this region of the country.

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Relevance: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most aggressive and deadly malignant tumors, characterized by treatment complexity and high resistance to immunotherapy. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is traditionally used as a diagnostic marker for HCC. Recent studies reveal its key role in carcinogenesis and in forming a tolerogenic microenvironment that suppresses the anti-tumor immune response. Despite numerous publications, contradictions remain in assessing AFP’s functions and prognostic value, necessitating an analytical review. This study aimed to summarize current data on AFP’s role in tumor immune evasion mechanisms and to evaluate its potential as a target for novel immunotherapeutic approaches for HCC treatment. Methods: A systematic search and analysis of publications on AFP and HCC were conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar, and several specialized medical and scientific journals (including Cancer Research) from 2017 to 2025. Keywords included: “alpha-fetoprotein”, “hepatocellular carcinoma”, “immunosuppression”, “tumor immune evasion”, “AFP immunomodulation”, “immune response in HCC”. Selected articles met relevance and novelty criteria. Results: The review revealed that AFP plays a central role in HCC progression through its immunosuppressive effects and activation of tumor immune evasion mechanisms. Contradictions in prognostic data reflect the complexity and multilayered biological functions of AFP. Conclusion: AFP is not only a key diagnostic marker for HCC but also plays an active role in establishing immune tolerance. Its ability to suppress antitumor immune response makes AFP a promising therapeutic target, especially in combined immunotherapeutic approaches aiming to improve treatment efficacy.