Winter Wheat Samples Research Articles

Screening of wheat varieties of the Russian breeding for resistance to brown rust

The results of immunological assessment of varieties of durum and soft winter wheat bred by the Agrarian Scientific Center Donskoy for resistance to leaf rust are presented. The experiment was carried out in Krasnodar Territory in 2016–2019. Screening of 86 selection samples (63 varieties of durum winter wheat and 23 samples of soft winter wheat) was carried out in an artificial infectious environment. To infect plants, a population collected during route surveys of production and selection crops of winter wheat was used. The varieties were assessed according to two criteria: the type of reaction (in points) and the degree of damage (in percent) during the period of maximum disease development. Screening of the samples was carried out during three growing seasons; for the second and third years of the study, resistant varieties were selected with the reaction type of 1.2 points and the degree of damage of no more than 10%. The degree of damage on the susceptibility control reached from 50 to 80%. As a result of the study, the samples of durum winter wheat were ranked as follows: 16 resistant samples, 26 medium-resistant, 20 medium-susceptible, 1 susceptible. Among the samples of soft winter wheat, 6 resistant samples were identified, 11 medium-resistant, 5 medium-susceptible, 1 susceptible. Over 3 years of research, 16 resistant samples of durum winter wheat were identified (465/15, 502/15, 515/15, 537/15, 597/15, 663/15, 681/15, 694/15, 730/15, 742 / 15, 753/15, 979/15, 996/15, 993/12, 1035/15, 417/13) as well as 6 resistant samples of soft winter wheat (134/11, 1415/11, 1765/14, 1074/14, 1813/14, Tanais). As a result of the screening, a high percentage of varieties resistant to leaf rust was found. The sources of resistance that were identified have been recommended to be included in wheat breeding programs for pathogen resistance in the Russian Federation.

Molecular genetic characteristic of soft winter wheat samples in connection with breeding for lodging resistance

The objective of the study was to analyze the genomic structure and allelic composition of the dwarfing Rht-B1, Rht-D1 and Rht8 genes in 37 varieties and breeding samples of soft winter wheat in connection with breeding for lodging resistance in the Republic of Belarus. The molecular cytogenetic marking (C-banding) and DNA typing of genotypes were used. As a result, the analysis of the chromosomal composition of the breeding material showed that 21 winter wheat samples are characterized by the standard karyotype with the genomic structure AABBDD (2n = 42). Five variants of translocations affecting the chromosomes 1B, 3B, 5B, 6B, and 7B were revealed in the karyotypes of the remaining samples. It was found that the chromosomes of the 2nd and 4th homologous groups, in which the main dwarfing genes (Rht-B1, Rht-D1, and Rht8) are localized, did not undergo structural changes. Genotyping showed that 45.9 % of the samples contain one of the dwarfing alleles (Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b, Rht8c) in their genotype. A combination of two commercially significant alleles (Rht-B1b and Rht8c) in the genotype were identified in one of the winter wheat samples. The genotype with a combination of the Rht-B1a, Rht-D1a and Rht8b alleles occurred with the highest frequency (37.8 %) in the analysed breeding material. The Rht-B1b, Rht-D1a, Rht8b; Rht-B1a, Rht-D1a, Rht8a genotypes showed the frequency of 16.2 %. The Rht-B1a, Rht-D1a, Rht8c; Rht-B1a, Rht-D1b, Rht8b; Rht-B1a, Rht-D1b, Rht8j genotypes were identified in 5.4 % of the samples; the Rht-B1a, Rht-D1b, Rht8а genotypes – in 8.1 % of the samples. The analysis of the plant height, taking into account the karyotyping and genotyping data showed that the targeted selection of the most efficient allelic combinations of dwarfing genes is important for the cultivation region. The studies carried out allow us to suggest that the selection by the overwintering level can contribute to the fixation of the Rht8b allele in the breeding material, which is apparently associated with better winter hardiness in the conditions of Belarus.

Cereal viruses – brome mosaic virus: prevalence and diagnostics

Analysis of the prevalence and bioecological characteristics of the brome mosaic virus (BMV), which is a widespread polyphage virus that causes significant economic damage to cereals. Experimental studies were carried out in the laboratory of the All-Russian Science-Research Institute of plant Quarantine (Moscow region), visual examinations of crops and sampling of winter wheat in the tillering phase were carried out in the farms of the Rostov region, the Chechen Republic, in the Moscow region (Russian State Agrarian University -Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy) in 2019- 2020. Route surveys of fields in each region were carried out in the spring. The visually estimated prevalence of viroses on average did not exceed 0.5%. The detection and identification of the brome mosaic virus in plants with symptoms of mosaic and mottling was carried out by the method of classical PCR with visualization of the results by gel electrophoresis. Brome mosaic virus was detected by RT-PCR in winter wheat samples from the Rostov region. No brome mosaic virus was detected in winter wheat plants from the Chechen Republic, Moscow region, although the leaves showed virus-like symptoms.

Characteristics of productivity of soft winter wheat samples from Common Bunt-Resistant Nursery (CBUNT-RES) in the southern Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine

Purpose. Evaluate the introduced samples of soft winter wheat from the international nursery Common Bunt-Resistant Nursery (CBUNT-RES) of different ecological and geographical origin in the southern part of the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine according to a set of productivity indicators in order to define the most valuable samples and describe them.Methods. During 2016–2019 on the base of Ustymivka Experimental Station for Plant Production of the V. Ya. Yuriev Plant Production Institute of NAAS the authors studied, evaluated and described 75 new soft winter wheat samples of various eco-geographical origins by productivity traits. In the field and laboratory conditions, indicators of yield and productivi­ty were determined: 1000 grains weight, plant height and ear length, the number of spikelets and grains in the ear, weight of ear and grain and early-ripening.Results. Plant material with increased parameters of economic and biological characters was identified. During studies, it was found that ‘F08347G8’, ‘F00628G34-1’ (Romania), ‘91-142A61/KATIA1//GRISET-4’, ‘SAULESKU#44/TR810200//GRISET-4’, ‘ATTILA/BABAX//PASTOR/4/…’ (IU067591) (Turkey), ‘INTENSIVNAYA//PBW343*2/TUKURU’, ‘SANZAR-8/KKTS’ (Mexico) were the high-yielding varieties. The samples of soft winter wheat as ‘F08347G8’, ‘F00628G34-1’ (Romania), ‘INTENSIVNAYA//PBW343*2/…’ (IU067637) (Mexico), ‘ATAY/GALVEZ87/6/TAST/…’ (IU067587), ‘DE9/MERCAN-2’, ‘KRASNODAR/FRTL/6…’ (IU067595), ‘SAULESKU#44/TR810200//GRISET-4’, ‘GANSU-1/3/AUSGS50AT34/…’ (IU067598), ‘ORKINOS-1*2/3/AUS…’ (IU067608), ‘KAMBARA1/ZANDER-17’ , ‘TAM200/KAUZ/4/CHAM6//…’ (IU067612) (Turkey) contained a large grain weight (more than 5.0 g), plant productivity in these samples was rather high due to increased amount of grains and the thousand kernel weight.Conclusions. The introduced soft winter wheat samples of various eco-geographical origins were adapted to the Southern Forest-Steppe and can be recommended as a source material in breeding to increasing productive capacity.

The study results of the winter bread wheat varieties of the competitive variety testing according to productivity and grain quality

Materials and methods . The current study was carried out in 2017–2019 on the experimental plots of the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” in order to evaluate winter bread wheat samples of the competitive variety testing according to productivity and quality indicators, as well as to find the optimal values of the traits which promote formation of the largest yields. There have been studied 75 winter bread wheat samples developed in the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. The variety ‘Ermak’ has been taken as a standard one. Results . The wheat samples’ productivity in the competitive variety testing ranged from 8.52 t/ha (the line 1822/15) to 10.51 t/ha (the variety ‘Razdolie’). The productivity of the standard variety ‘Ermak’ was significantly exceeded by 7 samples, their increase ranged from 0.41 to 1.39 t/ha, НСР 05 = 0.41 t/ha. When studying the winter bread wheat samples according to GOST R 52554-2006, they corresponded to the 1–3 quality class due to protein mass fraction. When the protein percentage in grain increased on 1%, the productivity decreased on 0.26 t/ha. Due to gluten content in grain the studied samples corresponded to the 2–3 quality class. When the gluten content in grain increased on 25-27%, there has been formed the largest productivity.

Аdaptive properties and selection value of the collection genotypes of winter wheat by the features of ear productivity.

In the conditions of the global climate change, it is important to find the donors of the adaptive properties among the existing initial material of wheat, because only on the basis of the targeted selection of the parental components for crossbreeding it can be expected to obtain the selection material with the specified parameters of adaptability. The purpose of this research was to assess the collection samples of soft winter wheat by the features of ear productivity and to establish the adaptive peculiarities by these features. The results of a three-year (2014–2016) study of the level of implementation and variability of the ear productivity features – ear length, ear weight, number of ear spikelets, number of ear grains and grain weight from the ear have been presented in the article, and also the indices of homeostaticity (Hom) and selection value (Sc) of the studied wheat genotypes by these features have been calculated. The object of the research was 45 varieties and 9 selection lines of different genetic and ecological and geographical origin. As the result of the conducted researches, the existence of a significant difference between the collection genotypes of wheat has been established both by the level of the ear productivity development features and their variability during the years of the research. The maximum development level of the ear productivity features had 6 species (Hordovyta, Stanichnaya, Legenda, Pereyaslavka, Oksana, Liryka). By the vast majority of the features, the average level exceeded 7 varieties and 2 selection lines (Rosinka Tarasovskaya, Banga, Venera, Volnitsa, Masha, Krasota, Ebi, Kiu-07, 89-I/2). The homeostaticity index characterizes the ability of the genotype to minimize the negative influence of the environmental factors. It has been established that the collection samples of soft winter wheat had different levels of homeostaticity features of ear productivity. Some collection varieties of wheat had a high level of homeostaticity by certain features of ear productivity, but a low or medium development level of the features themselves. Some genotypes were characterized by high values of both homeostaticity and features development level. The greatest value is represented by the genotypes in which high homeostaticity and selection value is combined with a high level of productivity features development – Zdobna, Dobirna, Zapashna, Dbailyva, Fermerka, Krasota, Masha, Stanichnaya, Oda, Legenda, Kyu99, 89-I/2, etc. These genotypes can be used as the donors of a high level of ear productivity with their high homeostaticity. Thus, as the result of the conducted researches, we have established different nature of the manifestation and variability of the ear productivity features of the collection genotypes of soft winter wheat of different genetic origin. The conducted assessment of the homeostaticity and selection value of the productivity features allowed identifying a number of the varieties and selection lines of wheat that can be used in the combination selection as the donors of high ear productivity in the complex of adaptability have been carried out. Key words: soft winter wheat, genotype, ear productivity, homeostatic, adaptability, selection value.

Vacuum steam treatment of soft wheat: Quality and reduction of Escherichia coli O121 and Salmonella Enteritidis PT30

AbstractBackground and objectivesSeveral foodborne outbreaks due to contaminated wheat flour have occurred, resulting in a need for a microbial reduction process. Thermal treatments utilizing high temperatures can compromise wheat end‐use quality. Vacuum steam treatment (VST) is a promising method for reducing pathogens on wheat. This study determined the pathogen inactivation levels on soft red winter (SRW) wheat while maintaining flour functionality.FindingsSoft red winter wheat samples underwent VST for 4 and 8 min at 65, 75, and 85°C prior to milling. SRW flour was evaluated for end‐product quality. Increasing VST temperatures negatively impacted bread quality due to protein denaturation. Cake and cookie quality parameters resulted in little to no significant (p < .05) difference with increasing VST temperatures. SRW wheat was also inoculated with Escherichia coli O121 and Salmonella Enteritidis PT30. The treatments resulted in a maximum average microbial reduction of 5.09 ± 0.50 log CFU/g for Salmonella and 7.34 ± 0.11 log CFU/g for E. coli.ConclusionsVacuum steam treatment could be used by the milling industry to effectively inactive pathogens without compromising soft wheat flour quality.Significance and noveltyVacuum steam treatment process could improve the safety of wheat flour‐based products without adding chemical treatments and while maintaining flour quality.

Assessment of winter bread wheat samples for yield and ecological plasticity

Aim. The aim of our work was to evaluate winter wheat samples on yielding and environmental plasticity for further use as a initial material to create a variety adapted to the Forest-steppe conditions. Methods. Working collection of 30 varieties of Ukrainian and foreign breeding on yield and economically valuable features was characterized in the field condition of Forest-Steppe. Regression analysis was used to determine the coefficient of ecological stability and plasticity. Results. The results of the study of breeding samples indicate the difference in yielding of the genotypes. Varieties that characterized by high environmental plasticity and yield and significantly outperformed the standard variety Podolyanka were Akteur (235 g/m2), Voloshkova (222 g/m2), Smuhlianka (241 g/m2), Lisova Pisnia (283 g/m2), Sarlota (215 g/m2), Perlyna Lisostepu (266 g/m2), Polisska-90 (237 g/m2), Stolychna (290 g/m2). Conclusions. The results obtained indicate that the tested varieties have high potential productivity and respond positively to the improvement of growing conditions, so they can be used as parent components in the creation of high-intensity varieties for Polissia and Forest-steppe.
 Keywords: winter bread wheat, plasticity, stability, adaptability.

Allelic composition of puroindolinium genes and confectionery properties of flour of soft winter wheat samples

Purpose. Identification of soft winter wheat varieties and lines from the Plant Production Institute nd. a. V. Ya. Yuryev, NAAS by allelic state of Pina–D1 and Pinb-D1 genes for targeted use in the breeding for high confectionery properties of flour. Methods. Identification of the Pina-D1 and Pinb-D1 genes allelic state was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using allele-specific primer pairs. Confectionery properties of flour were evaluated by determining the quality indicators: the water absorption capacity (WAC) of the flour, trial baking of cookies and evaluation of its quality. Results. According to the results of PCR analysis, 9 samples had an allelic composition of puroindoline genes (Pina-D1a and Pinb-D1a) characteristic for soft-grained varieties. Flour of the lines 'L137-26-0-2', 'L137-26-0-3' had the best confectionery properties, it had a WAC value less than 55%, cookies diameter 85 mm, cookies height 10 mm, estimation of a surface of cookies 7– 9 points, what meets the requirements for soft-grained wheat. 76% of the samples belonged to hard-grained varieties and had the corresponding alleles of the Pina-D1 or Pinb-D1 genes. In the studied sample, Pina-D1 gene is represented by 2 alleles: Pina-D1a and Pina-D1b. 27 samples had Pina-D1a allele, which also allows them to be used in breeding programs for grain quality when crossed with soft samples, 4 ones had Pina-D1b allele. As to Pinb-D1 gene, all hard grain samples had Pinb-D1b allele, and the 'Erythrospermum S 424-1 / 14' line was heterogeneous for Pinb-D1a / Pinb-D1b. The flour of these samples had typical for hard wheat quality indicators: WAC 68% and more, cookie diameter of 60–72 mm, cookie height of 13–15 mm, the surface evaluation of 1–4 points.Conclusions. The studies allowed to differentiate the breeding material and transfer a soft winter wheat cultivar of a confectionery use 'L137-26-0-3' ('Mazurok') which has an allelic structure of puroindolins genes (Pina-D1a and Pinb-D1a) characteristic for soft-grained varieties and high confectionery flour properties for qualification examination.

Yellow leaf spot of winter bread wheat in the Saratov region

The purpose of the current work was to study the development of tan spot, the causative agent of yellow leaf spot Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died) Drechsler on winter bread wheat in the conditions of the Saratov region of Russia. In 2018–2019 there was carried out an estimation of the resistance of 33 winter bread wheat samples to the causative agent of yellow leaf spot. It was established that the varieties “Gostianum 237” and “Levoberezhnaya 1” were characterized by a high level of resistance in the fields. There were identified such weak susceptible varieties as “Victoria 95”, “Gubernia”, “Mironovskaya 808”, “Donskaya bezostaya”, “Smuglyanka”, “Kalach 60”, “111-96 / Zhemchuzhina Povolzhiya”, “L 329 / Urozhaynaya”, “Gubernia / Zhemchuzhina Povolzhiya”, “Saratovskaya 90/ Ukraina”, “L 503 / M Freeman”, “81-93 / (Saratovskaya 11 / Kharkov 82)”. There was identified a moderate damage in the varieties “Lutenscens 230”, “Saratovskaya 80”, “Saratovskaya 90 / 14431 M”, “Sozvesdie”, “Anastasia”, “Saratovskaya 8 / Yubilyar”. The varieties “Zhemchuzhina Povolzhiya”, “Saratovskaya 17”, “Elvira”, “Saratovskaya 8 / B.Z.D.”, “(26-72 / N 49)/(L 15 / Pia)/Sar. 8)”, “Saratovskaya 8 / Yubilyar”, “L 503 / M Freeman”, “30-99/(Saratovskaya 11 / Kharkovskaya 82)”, “Sharada / L 31-98”, “346-06 / L 1334-5”, “Saratovskaya 90”, “L 329 / Saratovskaya ubileynaya”, “Istok/(Saratovskaya 90 / L 503)”, “Brigantina / Don 74” were found susceptible to the pathogen. It was identified that the proportion of winter soft wheat samples resistant to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis was 42% of the total number of varieties studied. There was studied dynamics of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis development in the winter soft wheat variety “Saratovskaya90”. It was found out that the damage degree of the winter bread wheat variety “Saratovskaya90” greatly depended upon the remoteness of the sowings from the source of infection.

Photosynthetic activity and dynamics of dry mass of plants accumulation of winter soft wheat, depending on growing conditions

The current paper has considered the effect of various growing conditions (insufficient and optimal moisture) on the leaf area of winter wheat plants, photosynthetic potential, net photosynthesis productivity and dry mass of plants. The objects of the study were the winter soft wheat samples (12 genotypes) developed by the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. The study of the samples was carried out by the V. V. Maimistov method (1988), namely a testing of varieties for drought tolerance in the conditions of model drought “zasushnik”; by the A. Nichiporovich method (1955), namely a determination of leaf area, photosynthetic potential and net productivity of photosynthesis; by the B. Yagodin method (1987), namely a determination of dry matter of plants. Mathematical data processing was carried out according to the B. A. Dospekhov method using the program Statistica 10. The purpose of the study was to establish the winter soft wheat genotypes with high resistance of the leaf system of plants to unfavorable environmental factors. According to the study results, there have been identified the winter soft wheat samples “Yubiley Dona”, “Zodiak” and “586/13” which, under conditions of insufficient moisture supply during the growing season (“head formation - waxy ripeness of kernels”), had the maximum values of the following indicators: leaf area (202.0 cm 2 , 193.3 cm 2 and 174.5 cm 2 ), photosynthetic potential (0.528 million m 2 /day, 0.559 million m2/day and 0.560 million m 2 /day) and dry mass of plant leaves (1315.0 g, 1329.0 g and 1280.4 g). Due to the net productivity of photosynthesis (under insufficient moisture supply), the highest values of this indicator were identified in the winter soft wheat samples “1074/11” (20.16 g/m 2 per day), “Univer” (19.43 g/m 2 per day) and “Ambar” (19.33 g/m 2 per day).

The characteristics of winter soft wheat collection samples according to their adaptive properties of the trait “mass fraction of protein in kernels”

The current paper has presented the study results of winter soft wheat samples according to the adaptive properties of the trait “mass fraction of protein in kernels”. The purpose of the research was to identify the winter soft wheat genotypes with high productivity, mass fraction of protein and adaptive properties to growing conditions. The objects of research were winter soft wheat varieties of various ecological and geographical origin. The field trials were carried out in 2016–2018 on the fields of the department for winter wheat breeding and seed production of the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. Protein percentage in kernels was determined by a “SpektraStar 2200” infrared analyzer. On average, over the years of research, the protein percentage in the grain ranged from 12.7% (“Webster”) to 14.8% (“L 19578”). It was determined that the sample “L 19578” (14.8%) belonged to the1st class, 22 wheat samples corresponded to the 2nd class and 8 samples corresponded to the 3rd class according to the “mass fraction of protein in kernels”. It was found that the weather conditions of the year had a decisive effect on protein formation (90.7%). The factor “variety” affects the manifestation of the trait by 6.4%. The interaction between the factors is significantly 2.9%. There have been identified the genotypes responsive to the improvement of growing conditions, in which b i is significantly more than 1, i. e. “Vinnichanka” (b i = 2.82), “Slavna” (b i = 1.88), “Zlatka” (b i = 1.87) and others. There have been identified the genotypes with negative bi values “Ermak” (b i = –0.70), “L 19578” (b i = –1.41), “No. 42 CIMMYT” (b i = –1.99) and others, which indicates their high adaptability to growing conditions. There has been determined a group of varieties for which the bi values did not significantly deviate from 1, they are “Shestopalivka” (b i = 0.54), “Chornyava” (b i = 0.73), “KS 96 WGRC 37” (b i = 1.38), etc. This shows that a change of the trait of these varieties will exactly follow a change in environmental conditions. There has been established that the most stable varieties of environmental conditions were the varieties “Ermak” (Cv = 1.1%; Hom = 11 637.6), “Shestopalivka” (Cv = 1.4%; Hom = 2580.2), “MV 15-09” (Cv = 1.7%; Hom = 1784.9) and others, as evidenced by the combination of the lowest values of the coefficient of variation and high homeostaticity. The calculation of the interaction showed a high correlation between Cv and S 2 i (r = 0.91), with b i (r = 0.55) and with Hom (r = –0.56), which significantly allows using Cv for preliminary estimation of varieties on homeostatic, ecological adaptability and stability.

Identification of short-stem gene Rht-B1 in the winter soft wheat samples

The current paper has presented the estimation results of the collection material of winter soft wheat according to the presence of alleles of short-stem gene Rht-B1. Identification of the samples with short-stem genes is of great necessity in the development of winter wheat varieties of the steppe ecotype with high adaptability to harvesting. Search, identification and development of a new highly productive and short-stem source material of winter soft wheat is of great relevance nowadays. The purpose of our study was to identify alleles of short-stem gene Rht-B1 in the collection samples of winter soft wheat. The study was carried out in the laboratory of the marker breeding of the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” in 2017. There were used the following research methods: a DNA extraction by the CTAB-method, estimation of the quantity and quality of the extracted DNA on a spectrophotometer, fulfillment of polymerase chain reaction and agarose gel electrophoresis, detection of amplicons in ultraviolet by gel photodocumentation system. As a result, due to the use of SSR-markers there were studied 162 short-stem samples of winter soft wheat of various ecological and geographical origin. There were identified 7 winter soft wheat samples with the Rht-B1a allele, such as “Grom”, “Kraplina”, “Stepovichka”, etc. and 13 winter soft wheat samples with the Rht-B1b (Rht1) allele, such as “1765/13”, “1816/15”, “GK Margit”, etc. There were identified 9 winter soft wheat samples with the Rht-B1e (Rht11) allele, such as “GK Margit”, “Minestrel”, “1004/14”, etc. It was recommended to use winter soft wheat samples with the Rht-B1b and Rht-B1e alleles when breeding for short stems.

The study of the ability to androgenesis in the winter soft wheat anthers

The improvement of genetic diversity and acceleration of breeding process are the most important tasks in wheat breeding. In vitro biotechnological methods are of practical interest for breeding process. The current paper has considered the effects of genotypes and nutritious medium on the formation of regenerants. The purpose of the research was to study the ability to androgenesis in winter soft wheat anthers and to identify promising winter soft wheat genotypes. The estimation of the ability to androgenesis was carried out among ten winter wheat samples. 8711 anthers were planted on medium of N6 and PII induction; the 190-2 medium was used for regeneration. As a result of the study, it was found that the process of neoplasms occurrence depends both on the variant of the nutrient medium and on the chosen genotype. It has been proven that the most favorable medium for the cultivation of winter soft wheat anthers is medium N6. It was found that the maximum percentage of neoplasms (5.21%) from winter soft wheat anthers was recorded in the sample “595/13”. It was found that the samples “595/13” (9 plants) and “Niva Dona” (6 plants) developed by the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” showed the highest responsiveness to the formation of calluses and plants-regenerants. There were obtained 6 green regenerants and 3 albino forms from the pollen callus of the sample “595/13” and 4 green regenerants and 2 albino regenerants from the sample “Niva Dona”.

Characteristics of immunity to leaf diseases of winter wheat samples under the conditions of the north-east forest steppe of Ukraine a

To realize the genetic potential of the productivity of bread winter wheat varieties, it is necessary to maintain a certain level of plant resistance to disease. Resistance donors may lose this property as a result of changes in the virulence of the pathogen and defeat of the genetic systems of plant resistance. This makes it necessary to search for new resistance sources and donors to leaf diseases. Our researches were conducted using field, laboratory and mathematical-statistical methods. Phenological observations, accounting, evaluation and harvesting were conducted according to currently accepted methods. 86 bread winter wheat samples from the 4th WWSRRN CIMMYT were studied for resistance to leaf diseases in our research during 2014–2016. The manifestation of variability depended significantly on the genotype for three diseases. The highest genotype influence was obseved in resistance to septoria dise­ase, where it was 81%. On average the highest indicator of resistance (7.7) to powdery mildew during the three years of research was observed in the mid-late ripening samples. The mid-early ripening group was considered to be the most adapted to the powdery mildew pathogen in the Northeastern Forest-Steppe. The highest average indicator of resistance (7.5) to brown rust for the three years of research was found in the early ripening group. The samples of the mid-ripening group were most adapted to the brown rust pathogen. The highest average resistance to septoria disease was also found in the early ripening group. The best adaptation to septoria disease was observed in mid-late ripening samples. 36% of the samples were resistant to three diseases. As a result of the research, a number of CIMMYT samples were isolated from the 4th WWSRRN, which exceeded the standard in resistance to powdery mildew, brown rust and septoria disease. They were characterized by better performance. Valuable forms for breeding work that can be resistance donors to leaf diseases were identified among them.

The change in the leaf conducting system of the winter wheat samples under the conditions of simulated drought

The current paper has considered the effect of the development degree of the leaf conducting systems and the head-bearing internode on kernel weight per head of the winter wheat grown in the conditions of insufficient moisture supply and optimal moisture. The study of out among 13 winter wheat samples developed by the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. The area of the conducting vascular bundle of winter wheat ranged from 0.208 mm2 10-4 (‘Shef’, ‘586/13’) to 0.364 mm2 10-4 (‘Krasa Dona’) (a trial) and from 0.381 mm2 10-4 (‘Etyud’) to 0.350 mm2 10-4 (‘Zhavoronok’) (a control). The maximum development degree of wheat leaf conducting system in the trials was identified in the varieties ‘Krasa Dona’ (4.01 mm2 10-4) and ‘Ambar’ (4.22 mm2 10-4), and in the control these were the varieties ‘Polina’ (2.59 mm2 10-4) and ‘Ambar’ (2.62 mm2 10-4). The maximum values of the area of the leaf conducting system and kernel weight per head were shown by the varieties ‘Krasa Dona’ (4.01 mm2 10-4 and 0.37 g) and ‘Ambar’ (4.22 mm2 10-4 and 0.39 g).

Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) seed storage under controlled conditions

Aim. The aim of this work was to determine the longevity of durum wheat seeds according to the results of seed germination monitoring after seed storage for up to 19 years under controlled conditions in the National Plant Gene Bank of Ukraine. Results and Discussion. 36 accessions of spring durum wheat were investigated. These accessions belonged to var. hordeiforme, var. leucurum, var. melanopus, var. alexandrinum, var. apulicum, var. australe from seven countries; seven samples of durum winter wheat belonged to var. hordeiforme, var. leucurum were from Ukraine. Accessions were received by the Ukrainian genebank from seven countries: Ukraine, Russia, Mexico, France, Portugal, Kazakhstan and Tunisia. Seed accessions for storage were grown mainly in the eastern forest-steppe of Ukraine, stored in the National depositary in this region at unregulated temperature and at 4°C with seed moisture content of 5.5-8.0%. The mode of seed drying, which took place at temperature not higher than 25°C is discussed. The obtained results indicate high seed longevity of durum wheat under these conditions with initial seed germination rate more than 90% even in a storage facility at unregulated temperature. There were no differences in seed longevity between varieties of durum wheat under the studied storage conditions. Conclusions. Seeds of durum wheat remain unchanged for at least 10 years with a high initial germination of seeds, storage in sealed containers with moisture content 5.5-8.0% even at unregulated temperature of the eastern forest-steppe of Ukraine. Durum wheat seeds should be storage at temperature 4°C to increase seed longevity at seed moisture 5.5-8.0%.

Resistance of variety samples from collection nursery of winter bread wheat against Fusarium head blight and group of diseases

Purpose. To analyze variety samples from winter wheat collection nursery for resistance to Fusarium head blight and group of pathogens and to identify sources of resistance. Methods. The experiments were conducted at the Myronivka Institute of Wheat under conditions of artificial infection with pathogens in field infectious nurseries. Common techniques have been used to create artificial infectious backgrounds and to assess damage level of winter bread wheat plants with the pathogens. Results. During 2016-2019, were assessed 170 collection samples of winter wheat of different ecological and geographical origin were assessed among which effective sources of resistance against causal agents of the main diseases (Fusarium head blight, common bunt, root rot, powdery mildew, Septoria leaf blotch, brown rust) have been identified. Depending on weather conditions, the disease progress varied through the years with the most level in optimal 2018 and the least in drought 2017. On artificial infectious backgrounds of the pathogens among the samples assessed there were identified 13 ones being highly resistant against the causative agent of Fusarium head blight and two samples of them were immune (i.e. no damage) against common bunt during the years of the research. The damage of the collection samples with pathogen Fusarium graminearum was from 1.0 % to 3.2 %, whereas the susceptible variety Natula was damaged up to 18.0 %. The rest of these winter wheat samples were resistant to two, three, four, and five diseases in various combinations. The variety samples Ray, Rada, Warwik SRW were distinguished by their resistance to five diseases (Fusarium head blight, common bunt, root rot, powdery mildew, and brown rust); the variety samples Famulus, Zlatina 2, Catalus were resistant to four diseases (Fusarium head blight, common bunt, root rot, powdery mildew) as well as the variety sample ТХ9801170 / Doskonala was resistant to four diseases (Fusarium head blight, common bunt, root rot, brown rust). Resistance to three diseases was detected in the varieties Fermerka (Fusarium head blight, root rot, brown rust), MV-VERBUNKOS (Fusarium head blight, common bunt, root rot), and Dromos (Fusarium head blight, root rot, powdery mildew). Conclusions. The sources of group resistance to Fusarium head blight five major pathogens in various combinations have been identified and they are recommended for use in wheat breeding for immunity.

The defeat of wheat varieties by the pathogen Tilletia caries (DC) Tul.

Goal. To determine the degree of resistance of collection samples of winter wheat to the pathogen of the common bunt Tilletia caries in the conditions of the Right forest-steppe of Ukraine.
 Research Methods. Field. The studies were conducted on the sites of the experimental farm «Glevakha» Vasilkovsky district of Kiev region in 2015—2017. The infectious background of the pathogen of solid bunt was created according to the method of Krivchenko V.I. Sustainability was assessed by counting the number of healthy and diseased ears. The results were differentiated in points on a 9-point scale.
 Results. Against an artificial infectious background of the pathogen of hard bunt, the stability of 115 winter wheat cultivars was evaluated. The collection was obtained from the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of the Institute of Plant Production and included varietal samples from 15 countries: Ukraine, Russia, Moldova, Romania, Austria, Germany, Slovakia, Lithuania, Kazakhstan, Iran, Georgia, Hungary, Bulgaria and the USA. Among the varieties of winter wheat of domestic selection, highly resistant (score 9—8) to the causative agent of bunt was not found, resistance (score 7—6) was shown by the varieties Niva and Syaivo (Ukraine). Varieties of foreign selection that showed high resistance (score 9—8) — Galina, Nemchinovskaya 57 (Russia), F 02065G5-21, F 94578G3-1 / BUCUR // DELABRAD and Miranda (Romania), resistant (score 7—6) were — Course (Russia), Noroc (Romania) and MV-Toldi (Hungary).
 Conclusions. Varieties of winter wheat Niva, Syaivo, Hvulya, Veteran, L 59, Schedrost and Pobeda of Ukrainian selection, Galina, Nemchinovskaya 57, Course (Russia), F 02065G5-21, F 94578G3-1 / BUCUR // DELABRAD, Miranda, Noroc (Romania ), MV-Toldi (Hungary) in the years of research showed a high resistance to the causative agent of bunt T. caries on an artificial infectious background. All of them can be used in the selection of new productive, disease-resistant varieties.

Identification of Stem Rust Resistance Genes in the Winter Wheat Collection from Southern Russia.

The high yield potential of winter wheats cannot be realized due to disease pressure under field conditions. One of the most harmful of such diseases is stem rust, hence the constant search for sources of resistance and the development of new varieties resistant to stem rust is of great relevance. This study deals with the identification of stem rust resistance genes in a collection of winter wheats grown in Southern Russia. This genepool has not been studied yet. A total of 620 samples of winter soft wheat from various ecological and geographical zones were tested under field conditions. To identify the specific genes or alleles responsible for resistance, all samples were genotyped using PCR. As a result, the groups of resistant samples, carrying the Sr2, Sr31, Sr38 and Sr44 genes in various combinations, were identified. Most of the stem rust resistance was provided by the presence of the effective Sr44 gene. This information can be used in the future breeding work for stem rust resistance.