Russian Research Institute Research Articles

Apple cultivars of common selection as initial forms when creating competitive adaptive cultivars

For a number of decades, Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (formerly the Orel experimental fruit-berry station) has been studying a large collection of apple cultivars of common selection, which includes: Antonovka Obyknovennaya, Antonovka Krasnobochka, Anis, Babushkino, Borovinka, Grushovka Moskovskaya, Korichnoye Polosatoye, Korobovka, Osenneye Polosatoye, Papirovka, Papirovka Tetraploidnaya, Renet Zolotoy Kursky, Skryzhapel, Suyslepskoye and others (more than 20 cultivars in total) with different dates of fruit maturation. Most of them are highly adaptable and hardy in the conditions of Central Russia. Korichnoye Polosatoye, Anis, Grushovka Moskovskaya, Papirovka and Osenneye Polosatoye are highly resistant cultivars of common selection. Some of them produce quite large fruits: Antonovka Krupnoplodnaya (150 g), Aport (201 g), Titovka (205 g). Antonovka Krupnoplodnaya, Aport, Renet Zolotoy Kursky and Titovka are distinguished by an attractive appearance of fruits. Some cultivars of common selection have a good taste of fruit: Antonovka Krasnobochka, Aport, Grushovka Moskovskaya, Korichnoye Polosatoye, Korobovka, Suyslepskoye and Chernoye Derevo. A number of cultivars of common selection are characterized by an increased content of sugars (Babushkino), ascorbic acid (Babushkino), sum of P-active substances (Ossenneye Polosatoye) — 415 mg/100 g at average values of indicators of biochemical composition in apple cultivars of national selection: sugars — 9,4%, ascorbic acid — 13,1 mg/100 g, sum of P-active substances — 247 mg/100 g. The article gives a brief economic and biological characteristics of 20 new apple cultivars developed at the Institute with the participation of cultivars of common selection (which is 36.5% of the assortment). The authors of the article conclude that cultivars of common selection are of great interest in creating new competitive adaptive apple cultivars.

Characteristics of the nutritional value of grain sorghum varieties by biochemical composition

The article discusses the results of a study of the biochemical composition of sorghum grain of varieties of selection of the Russian Research and Design Technological Institute of Sorghum and Maize. The main parameters that characterize the biological value of grain crops have been studied: protein, fat, minerals, fiber, nitrogen-free extractives, including starch. The varieties containing the greatest amount of protein and sugars were identified, and recommendations were given for their further use in the agro-industrial complex.

Чечевица как объект селекционной деятельности

In the Lower Volga region, there are quite favorable conditions for growing lentils, which makes it possible to expand the area under crops to solve the food program. The study of breeding material and the creation of new varieties of lentil makes it possible to form and supplement the gene pool of high-protein crops. A brief description of the breeding work with lentils in the Russian Research Institute for Sorghum and Maize “Rossorgo” as well as a description of the varieties obtained, included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements, is given. Keywords: LENTIL, VARIETY, YIELD, SEEDS, PROTEIN, SELECTION

Brief results and prospects of apple breeding at VNIISPK

As a result of 65 years of intensive large-scale apple breeding work, the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) created and included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements 56 apple cultivars of different fruit ripening periods. Some of them are already widely known and occupy large areas in industrial and amateur gardens. Among these cultivars, Venyaminovskoye, Veteran, Rozhdestvenskoye and Sinap Orlovsky are approved for use in four regions of the Russian Federation; Kandil Orlovsky, Kulikovskoye, Orlik and Orlovskoye Polosatoye are grown in three regions; 10 cultivars are zoned in two regions of Russia; the remaining 37 cultivars are allowed for use so far in one region of the country. For the first time in Russia and in the world, 17 triploid apple cultivars were created from intervalent crosses. These cultivars are characterized by more regular fruiting and more beautiful and larger fruits. Some of them are immune to scab. In total, more than 20 apple cultivars immune to scab have been created, including the first domestic scab-immune cultivar Imrus (immune russian). The long-term work has shown that only a large interdisciplinary team can create apple cultivars that meet the ever-increasing production requirements. The disadvantage in our breeding work with apples, as well as in other breeding institutions, is that it usually takes too much time to create a cultivar (often more than 25 years). As our experience shows, it took no more than 20 years to create individual cultivars: Rozhdestvenskoye – 16 years, Priokskoye – 18 years, Imrus and Poesia – 19 years, to create Alexandr Boyko, Venyaminovskoye, Kandil Orlovsky, Maslovskoye, Solnyshko, Stroevskoye, and Pamyaty Khitrovo it took 20 years. The greatest number of years was spent on the creation of the following cultivars: Pepin Orlovsky – 48 years, Orlovskaya Zarya – 45 years, Pamyat Voinu and Radost Nadezhdy – 38 years, Kulikovskoye – 37 years, Sinap Orlovsky – 34 years, Den Pobedy – 33 years. This article presents techniques that accelerate the selection process in apples. In the coming years, the goal is to obtain triploid cultivars that are immune to scab and have columnar habit (“three in one”).

Public opinion exists, but is it always detectable?

The article examines the problem of the reliability of the results of public opinion polls, taking into account the fact that the respondents’ answers, due to various reasons, do not always reflect their true opinion. The article presents the results of an expert survey, during which experts assessed the extent of deviations in the results of public opinion polls due to the tendency of respondents to give “conformist” answers, caused by the fear of expressing views that may be punished by the authorities, in various situations: when conducting surveys in the regions of Ukraine, which are controlled by the Ukrainian authorities; if surveys are conducted by Ukrainian research institutions in the territories of Ukraine temporarily occupied by Russia; if survey are conducted by Russian research institutions in the territories of Ukraine temporarily occupied by Russia; when surveys are conducted in the territory of Russia. Both the results of the analysis of poll studies and the results of an expert survey indicate that there is always a problem in public opinion polls of the insincerity of respondents’ answers and a systematic error caused by the bias of the sample in the direction of respondents “loyal to the government” or respondents who consider themselves to be in the “ideological majority”. This problem is significantly exacerbated in the conditions of strengthening authoritarian tendencies in society or an atmosphere of intolerance, including that caused by war. Under certain circumstances, these factors can significantly reduce the reliability of the results of public opinion polls. The magnitude of the shift in survey results caused by the influence of these factors will vary significantly depending on changes in the socio-psychological atmosphere of society, the subject of research and questions, and the level of their sensitivity.

Influence of the main agrotechnical techniques of cultivation on the yield of plague seeds (Setaria Italica (L.) P. Beauv) in the Lower Volga Region

For the arid conditions of the Lower Volga region, plague is a promising forage crop. The article presents the results of assessing the study of the effect of the seeding rate and sowing methods on the yield of seeds of the plague variety Stachumi 3, which made it possible to identify the optimal option for obtaining the maximum yield. The study was carried out on the experimental field of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution of the Russian Research Institute of Sorghum and Corn Rossorgo, which is located in the suburban microzone of the Saratov region and is geographically located in the southern part of the chernozem zone of the Lower Volga region. The climate of the region is sharply continental and dry. The soil of the experimental field is southern chernozem. The results obtained were confirmed by the analysis of variance of a two-factor experiment on the study of six gradations of factor A (seeding rate from 1.25 to 7.50 million pcs./ha) and three gradations of factor B (seeding method with row spacing 70, 30 and 15 cm), according to the data of which revealed significant differences in the influence of the seeding rate on the yield of plague seeds. On average, over four years of study (2013-2016), the highest yield in the experiment was obtained at a seeding rate of 1.25 million pcs./ha with a wide-row sowing method with a row spacing of 70 cm - 2.13 t/ha, when sowing the same the norm with a decrease in the width of the row spacing to 30 cm, the yield decreased by 22.6 %. In the most favorable year in terms of moisture in 2013 (GTC = 1.7), the maximum yield in the experiment was obtained at a seeding rate of 2.50 million pcs./ha and amounted to 3.81 t /ha. The tendency of decrease in the yield of plague seeds with an increase in the seeding rate has been established. The lowest yield in the experiment was obtained with an ordinary sowing method (15 cm) and a seeding rate of 7.50 million pcs./ha - 0.36 t/ha. The main share in the manifestation of the trait over the three years of study was made by factor A (seeding rate) and amounted to 77.6-80.7% of the total sum of squares, and in 2016 the share of the influence of this factor was 29.5 % only. Factor B (sowing method) in 2013-2015 accounts for from 8.0 % to 13.8 %, and in 2016 the share of the studied factor increased upto 62.1 %. The proportional participation of the interaction of AB factors varied insignificantly over the years of the study.

Flowering features of rare fruit plants of the Rosaceae Juss. family

One of the ways to solve the problem of food security is to increase the proportion of non-traditional crops' fruits in the diet with valuable consumer characteristics and a wide range of application in fruit growing, selection, and greening. The seasonal development rhythm - especially the flowering phase - is important in the study of rare fruit plants introduced into culture as it determines the plants' resistance to adverse environmental factors and the ability to produce full-fledged fruits and seeds. The purpose of this research was to study the flowering characteristics of non-traditional fruit crops of the Rosaceae Juss. family to determine the prospects of their use in selection and greening. From 2012 to 2021, 16 species were studied in the arboretum of the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK, Orel, Russian Federation). The flowering calendar compiled on the basis of the conducted phenological observations shows various dates of the objects' flowering onset, which makes it possible to use them as ornamental plants when creating parks and gardens of continuous flowering. Chaenomeles Maulei, Malus niedzwetzkyana, Crataegus submollis and Padus virginiana have the most ornamental blossoming. Of these, Chaenomeles Maule has the longest flowering period (more than 20 days). A consistently high flowering degree (4.5-5.0 points) was observed in twelve objects, which determines the prospects of their application in the selection process as sources of certain economically valuable traits: early flowering (Malus prunifolia and Sorbus aria), long-term flowering (Chaenomeles Maulei, Malus prunifolia and Rosa canina), a high ornamental flowering degree (Chaenomeles Maulei, Malus niedzwetzkyana, Crataegus submollis and Padus virginiana).

Information Literacy in Russia: Survey of DIREKT Project

In this work, we analyze responses of the Russian universities, research institutes and public libraries to survey questionnaire aimed to study the level of understanding and estimate the role of information literacy (IL) in the practices of Russian higher education. The survey was conducted in 2019 among 122 Russian organizations in 30 cities. In this work we study four reference groups: faculty, librarian, student/graduate student and others. We report that 90 % of the respondents emphasize the importance of IL for their organizations, 69 % agree that IL can be easily integrated into training courses of their organization, and 72 % consider such integration necessary. At the same time, only 24 % of respondents confirmed that IL was already well-integrated into the curricula of their organizations in 2019. and 53 % - that this was implemented at the level of individual modules. The majority (80 %) of the survey participants highly appreciate the participation of teachers and librarians of their organization in the development of IL and note the high level of their cooperation. Russian specialists highly estimate their competence in terms of knowledge and skills in the field of IL: 72 % of those who answered this question gave themselves good and very good ratings. Meanwhile, 80 % of the survey participants rated the ability to teach IL only as good and satisfactory.

Respiratory viral infections including caused by coronaviruses in oncological and oncohematological patients

BACKGROUND: Patients with cancer are prone to developing infectious complications. They significantly aggravate the course of the underlying disease and worsen the quality of life of patients. The emergence of infections is largely promoted by immunosuppression associated with the use of cytostatic drugs, high-dose chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in hematological cancer patients. Among infectious agents, respiratory viruses, especially influenza viruses, play an important role. The urgency of this problem has increased many times in connection with the development of the COVID-19 pandemic.
 AIM: To study the features of the course of respiratory infections, including coronavirus (seasonal and COVID-19), infections in cancer and oncohematological patients during hospitalization and in outpatient settings.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study of the frequency and course of infectious complications in cohorts of patients with oncological diseases, who were under dispensary supervision in the polyclinic in Kirovsk, Leningrad region. Retrospective analysis of the frequency and characteristics of the course of coronavirus infection caused by HCoVs (OC43, 229E, NL63, HKU1) in patients treated at the clinics of the Russian research institute of Hematology and Transfusionology. Prospective study of the coronavirus COVID-19 of patients hospitalized at the Russian research institute of Hematology and Transfusionology and at the Kirov interdistrict hospital in Leningrad Region during the period of its conversion to specialized infection diseases hospital.
 RESULTS: Coronavirus infection caused by HCoVs (OC43, 229E, NL63, HKU1), occurs in hematological cancer patients more often in association with other respiratory viruses. In the cases of detection of the SARS-CoV-2 in hospitalized patients, they need to be transferred to specialized infectious hospitals.
 CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory viral infections are risk factors in cancer and oncohematological patients. Outpatient oncological and oncohematological patients require constant dispensary observation and special attention during the COVID-19 pandemic, outbreaks of influenza and other viral infections.

Brief Results of pear breeding at the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding

Pear breeding has been carried out at the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (previously, Orel Fruit-Berry Experimental Station) since 1949. As a result of large-scale breeding work during this period, 3 pear cultivars with summer fruit ripening – Orlovskaya Krasavitsa, Orlovskaya Letnya and Pamyatnaya, 4 cultivars with autumn fruit ripening-Yeseninskaya, Muratovskaya, Pamyat Parshina, Tyutchevskaya and Lira with winter fruit ripening were created and included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements. The article gives brief economic and biological characteristics of 8 new pear cultivars.

Historical aspects of land melioration development in West Siberia

The article presents a historical review of scientific and practical materials about the development of soil melioration projects in West Siberia, emphasizing the need for their comprehensive research support. The article describes the methodology and means for studying and implementing land melioration projects developed by researchers in various fields, representing combined efforts of Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute and A.N. Kostyakov Russian Research Institute of Hydrological Engineering and Melioration.

Russia's World-Class Research Centres: Key Results for 2020

Introduction. Russia's transition to a new quality of economic growth and level of competitiveness depends crucially on the level of scientific and technological development of our country. The national Science Project has a special role to play in accelerating scientific and technological growth. One of the main instruments in achieving Russia's leadership position in the world is the creation of a network of world-class research centres. Monitoring Tools. In conducting this research, methods of analysis, synthesis, and a systematic approach were applied. The main sources of information for analysis and assessment are the annual reporting data of world-class research centres, analytical data from the Russian Research Institute for Economics, Policy and Law in Science and Technology (RIEPL), as well as statistical information from open sources and official websites. Results. The performance of world-class research centres, comprising a network of international mathematical centres and centres carrying out research and development on S&T development priorities for 2020, were analysed. A comparison of the planned and actual results of the implementation of scientific activities, the achievement of targets, the formation of the staffing structure of world-class mathematics centres and world-class research centres is presented. Conclusion. The formation of world-class science centres will create attractive working conditions for Russian and foreign scientists and ensure Russia's presence among the world's top 10 countries in terms of research and development. The contribution of this scientific article can aid the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia in the development of proposals for the implementation of National Project "Science" activities.

Academic Council Meeting of the RIEPL, Timed to Celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the Institute

The article is devoted to the solemn meeting of the Academic Council of the Russian Research Institute of Economics, Politics and Law in Science and Technology (RIEPL), on the occasion of its 50th anniversary. The ceremony of awarding the employees of RIEPL and the election of new members of the Academic Council took place. Participants of the meeting discussed issues devoted to the most topical problems, tasks and trends in the field of science governance.

USE OF THE APPLE GENE POOL OF NORTH CAUCASUS FEDERAL SCIENTIFIC CENTER OF HORTICULTURE, VITICULTURE, WINEMAKING FOR THE BREEDING IMPROVEMENT OF THE SOUTHERN SORTIMENT

The objects of research are representatives of the genus Malus growing in the Kuban zone of the North Caucasus region. The purpose of the research is the breeding improvement of the of apple southern assortment on the basis of the development of the scientific direction “Introduction, variety study and breeding of pome crops in the North Caucasus and the creation of promising domestic varieties with improved adaptability and quality. The history of the creation and development of this scientific direction of the scientific school “Southern Horticulture” in the North Caucasus, the founder of which was Lev M. Sergeev (1886-1980. Under his leadership, the first breeding programs for seed crops (apple, pear, quince) for the North Caucasus region were developed, the priority of which was to improve the characteristics of productivity and quality characteristics of fruits; with his active participation, a network of gossortuchastok was organized in the North Caucasus and by the end of 1947 a zoned assortment of the main fruit crops of the south of Russia was formed. At present, the development of the above-mentioned scientific direction has been continued in the works of L. M. Sergeev, original studies of which are based on the use of a complex of classical and improved methods for creating and evaluating breeding material, modern achievements in molecular genetics, biochemistry, cytology, and are aimed at creating domestic varieties with improved productivity and quality of fruits, with high resistance to abiostressors and the main fungal pathogens of the North Caucasus. In recent years, the gene pool of the apple tree has been significantly updated, numbering 436 specimens of various ecological and geographical origin and ploidy, most of which are from Russia (49 %), Western European countries (18 %), and the USA (17 %). Over the years of research, scientists from North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making have created and submitted for State variety testing 81 new apple varieties, including 25 varieties created in collaboration with scientists from All- Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crops Breeding, I. V. Michurin Federal Research Center and others. 36 apple varieties obtained on the basis of the use of spontaneous and induced mutagenesis, an improved method of polyploidy, directed, repeated and geographically distant hybridization were included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for use in the North Caucasus region.

Academician Semyon Semyonovich Girgolav (1881–1957) (to the 140th anniversary of the birth)

Professor Semyon Semyonovich Girgolav was born on February 2 (14), 1881 in Tiflis (Tbilisi) in a large family of the hereditary honorary citizen of St. Petersburg Semyon Gavrilovich Girgolav. In 1899, he graduated from the Second St. Petersburg Classical Gymnasium with a silver medal and immediately entered the Imperial Military Medical Academy, from which he graduated with honors in 1904. Under the guidance of M. S. Subbotin, S. S. Girgolav prepared and in 1907 successfully defended his doctoral dissertation «Experimental data on the use of an isolated omentum in abdominal surgery». In 1912, Semyon Semyonovich was elected by the Conference of the Academy as a privatdozent of the general surgery clinic, and in 1914, he was confirmed as a senior assistant of the clinic. In the 1920/21 academic year, S. S. Girgolav introduced mandatory practical classes in general surgery for the first time in our country, where students studied and mastered the methods of asepsis and antiseptics, mastered the methods of examining patients with surgical diseases, methods of applying various bandages and transportation splints, techniques for temporary hemostasis, etc. In 1932, Semyon Semyonovich was appointed Deputy Director for the scientific part of the Leningrad Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (now the Russian Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics named after R. R. Vreden). In the pre-war years, the main direction of scientific research of S. S. Girgolav and his staff in the hospital surgery clinic was the study of the regularities of the wound process and wound healing in surgical pathology. S. S. Girgolav applied much efforts and energy to the problems of traumatology. He developed the technique of a number of original surgical operations for acute fractures of long bones, the habitual dislocation of the shoulder joint. Semyon Semyonovich’s scientific heritage is great and multifaceted. He has published more than 140 scientific papers on general, military and thoracic surgery, traumatology, neurosurgery, surgical endocrinology and oncology, combustiology, pathology and therapy of frostbites and burns. Under the supervision of S. S. Girgolav, more than 20 doctoral and 45 candidate theses were prepared and defended. For outstanding services to the Motherland in peace and war, S. S. Girgolav was awarded two Orders of Lenin, three Orders of the Red Banner, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, the Order of the Red Star, many medals and badges of honour. Academician Semyon Semyonovich Girgolav died on January 25, 1957 in Leningrad and was buried at the Bogoslovskoe Cemetery.

Productivity and nutritional value of aboveground biomass of annual crops in companion sowings

In order to develop stable feed agrophytocenoses, the most promising and low-cost direction in feed production is the cultivation of companion sowings. In order to study the productivity of complex cenoses of annual feed crops together with soybean there were field trials laid on the experimental plots of the FSBSI Russian Research and Project-technological Institute of sorghum and maize “Rossorgo” in 2015–2017. The purpose of the current study was to substantiate scientifically and practically the development of highly productive agrophytocenoses of annual feed crops in companion sowings with soybean. The analysis of green and dry biomass productivity values showed that in singlemillet species crops, the productivity was higher than in companion sowings with soybean, this is explained by the lower productivity of the legume component. The highest mean productivity of aboveground biomass for three years of study (18.84 t/ha) was given by Japanese millet in its pure form. Siberian and Italian millet formed mean productivity of 16.13 and 15.60 t/ha, respectively. The current paper has presented data on productivity and has studied feed advantages of single-species and two-species sowings. The introduction of soybean in the composition of companion sowings has increased the protein percentage on 26.75–30.78% in dry biomass of feed mixtures in comparison with single-species crops. Aboveground biomass of complex agrocenoses contained more oil, ash and less fiber. According to the variants of the trial, the oil content varied from 2.15 to 5.40%, with the maximum amount identified in soybean in its pure form (5.40%), and the minimum value of this trait was obtained in Japanese millet in its pure form (2.15%). It is worth noting that it is advisable to cultivate annual crops for feed purposes together with soybean, since the feed value of the cutting mass significantly improves.

The method of ‘main component’ in the grain sorghum breeding for arid conditions of the lower Volga region

In the breeding process of agricultural crops, including sorghum, the use of multivariate statistics methods makes it possible to determine the correlation between morphometric traits, yield elements and biochemical parameters of grain in the model population, as well as to identify the load of hypothetical factors. The purpose of the current study was to identify the correlations between morphometric traits, yield elements and biochemical parameters of grain, which characterize the load of hypothetical factors in the model grain sorghum population. For practical breeding process, there have been analyzed 13 economically valuable traits in 27 grain sorghum varieties, developed by the FSBSI Russian Research and Project-technological Institute of sorghum and maize “Rossorgo”. There has been established a different variation degree of the traits of grain sorghum; a strong variation degree was established for such traits as ‘flag leaf area’, ‘the largest leaf area’, ‘panicle stem’, ‘productive tilling capacity’, ‘weight and number of grains per panicle’ (27.3–35.2%); a weak variation degree was established for such traits as ‘protein percentage’ and ‘starch content’ in grain (2.8–8.6%). The group with an average degree of variation includes the traits ‘plant height’ after 30 days of growing and at ripening period, ‘panicle length’, ‘1000-grain weight’, and ‘grain yield’ (10.1–15.6%). When analyzing the matrix of correlation coefficients, there were calculated the hypothetical factors with a contribution of more than 5% to the accumulated variance. There has been built a correlation pleiad, which made it possible to demonstrate mean (r = 0.51–0.68) and strong (r = 0.76–0.94) correlations. There have been considered six hypothetical factors reflecting the total contribution to the accumulated variance, Z-1 – 40.86%, Z-2 – 13.76%, Z-3 – 11.85%, Z-4 – 8.74%, Z- 5 – 6.69%, Z-6 – 5.99%. The first hypothetical factor is determined by such traits as ‘the largest leaf area’ and ‘flag leaf area’ (0.78–0.80), ‘weight and number of grains per panicle’ (0.84–0.91), ‘grain productivity’ (0.77) and ‘productive tillering capacity’ (- 0.78). The results obtained are used in breeding programs to develop grain sorghum varieties and hybrids adapted to the arid conditions of the Lower Volga region.

New Sources of Eastern Filbert Blight Resistance and Simple Sequence Repeat Markers on Linkage Group 6 in Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.).

Commercial production of hazelnut (Corylus avellana) in Oregon’s Willamette Valley is threatened by eastern filbert blight (EFB), a serious canker disease caused by the pyrenomycete Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller. The fungus also prevents the establishment of hazelnut orchards in eastern North America. Genetic resistance is considered the most effective way to control the disease. A high level of EFB resistance was first discovered in ’Gasaway’. This resistance is conferred by a dominant allele at a single locus on linkage group 6 (LG6). Resistance from several additional sources has been assigned to the same chromosomal region. In this study, new simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed for the resistance region on LG6 and new sources of resistance were investigated. Forty-two new SSR markers were developed from four contigs in the genome sequence of ‘Jefferson’ hazelnut, characterized, and nine of them were placed on LG6 of the genetic map. Accessions representing 12 new sources of EFB resistance were crossed with susceptible selections resulting in 18 seedling populations. Segregation ratios in the seedling populations fit the expected 1:1 ratio for 10 sources, while one source showed an excess of resistant seedlings and another showed an excess of susceptible seedlings. Based on correlation of disease response and scores of SSR markers in the ‘Gasaway’ resistance region in the seedlings, eight resistance sources were assigned to LG6. Linkage maps were constructed for each progeny using SSR markers. The LG6 resistance sources include two selections (#23 and #26) from the Russian Research Institute of Forestry and Mechanization near Moscow, four selections from southern Russia, one selection (OSU 1185.126) from Crimea, one selection (OSU 533.129) from Michigan, Corylus heterophylla ‘Ogyoo’ from the South Korea, and the interspecific hybrid ’Estrella #1’. These new LG6 resistance sources and SSR markers should be useful in breeding new cultivars, including the pyramiding of resistance genes. For the other four resistance sources (Moscow #37, hybrid selection OSU 401.014, C. americana ‘Winkler’ and C. americana OSU 366.060), SSR marker scores on linkage groups 6, 7 and 2 were not correlated with disease response and merit further investigation.

Results of the Scientific and Practical Conference 'Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation: Resources, Results, Prospects' with Foreign Participation

Currently, there is a complex system of science governing in Russia, which incorporates programs and goals defining mechanisms and documents, as well as government tools of support for science for selected challenges and risks. However, Russian science has an issue of low mobility and scarce essential resources. For example, the amount of funding of science and research in Russia does not allow for the technological breakthrough if compared to figures of the countries, leading in scientific and technological development. With the state budget providing two thirds of the gross expenditure on R&D, it remains the main source of funding for science and research. The Government of Russia has still not reached the goals of making research, development, and engineering in Russia attractive to investors, and creating the financial basis of technological breakthrough with the significant ratio of non-budgetary funds. To analyze the existing problems in the field of science and technology in Russia, The Russian Research Institute of Economics, Politics and Law in Science and Technology (RIEPL) hosted a scientific and practical conference "Scientific and Technological development of the Russian Federation: Resources, Results, Prospects." The discussion pertained to topics of science popularization and improvement of the status of science; development of the shared scientific infrastructure; cooperation between universities, scientific organizations, businesses, and government; science diplomacy; regional development of science in Russia; the usage of international scientometrics databases, and statuary and regulatory basis of scientific work. Following the conference, the list of proposals for the development of state policy in the field of science and technology has been prepared. This list can be used by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation to determine transformation directions for the governance system of scientific and technological development.

Development of optimal technological approaches for obtaining PGCs in Pushkin breed chickens for further transformation by the CRISPR / Cas9 system

The CRISPR / Cas9 genome editing system is a very convenient and promising method for creating highly productive chickens of meat direction with improved productive qualities. The biological feature of the amniotes structure creates certain difficulties for the an editing structure introduction into a unicellular zygote. The aim of the study is to optimize technological approaches for obtaining PGCs (Primordial Germ Cells) in Pushkin chickens from the Bioresource collection RRIFAGB “Genetic collection of rare and endangered chicken breeds” (Pushkin, St. Petersburg) for further transformation by the CRISPR / Cas9 system. All experiments on chickens were conducted with the ethical approval of the Russian Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding - Branch of the L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry (Protocol Number: 2020–3). The optimal egg weight varied from 55 to 62 grams for incubation It has been revealed that embryos obtained from large eggs from 62 grams or more developed poorly or did not reach the stage of PGCs selection at all. The eggs were incubated with occasional shaking at 37–38 ° C and 65–70% relative humidity. It was better to select PGCs of Pushkin breed chickens on the 3rd day of incubation from the dorsal aorta of embryos (Hamburger Hamilton stage 14). Cell selection was performed using a microinjector (Narishige IM-11-2, Japan). The cells were cultured for 21 days at 37 ° C with 5% CO2. PGCs have been found to reproduce better in a serum-free medium (MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution, Gibco, Thermo Fisher) of a specific chemical composition than in a medium containing serum (Opti-MEM with Chicken Serum, Gibco, Thermo Fisher). The expression of PGCs various genes characteristic was determined by real-time PCR using conservative primer sets.