Russian Idioms Research Articles

“FACE” AS A MEANING OF ‘HIGH SELF-ESTEEM’ IN RUSSIAN AND CHINESE

This paper focuses on the comparative analysis of the linguistic means of expressing ‘high self-esteem’ with the unit ‘face’ on the basis of the analysis of lexemes, phraseological units, proverbs extracted from explanatory and phraseological dictionaries of the Russian and Chinese languages. The methods used in the study include descriptive analytical method, definition, comparative analysis. The authors introduce the results of the research revealing that in both languages one of the meanings of the word “face” is associated with high self-esteem. But the difference is that in the 16-18 centuries in Russian the meaning of ‘face’ included ‘dignity, honor’, which is the key concept of ‘high self-esteem’, however, now this meaning is fixed only in Russian idioms. The word “face” in Chinese can express a whole range of meanings: ‘self-esteem’, ‘the desire to have a positive public opinion of oneself’, ‘the desire to achieve success in order to occupy a higher position in society’ . It not only includes the semantic component ‘dignity’, but also the additional meaning ‘vanity’ . Thus, “face” in modern Chinese is one of the most important means of expressing a person’s high self-esteem.

Comparative analysis of the structure of japanese and russian idioms with the keywords “hand” and “head”

This article is devoted to a comparison of Japanese and Russian idioms with the keywords “hand” and “head” on their structure and formation. The research pays great attention to the study of the idioms in the compared languages in terms of their composition, semantics, syntactic function and particular use.

The processing of Russian Idioms in Heritage Russian Speakers and L2 Russian Learners

The use of idioms differentiates native speakers (NSs) from second language (L2) learners, whereas the use of idioms by heritage speakers (HSs) might resemble both groups at the same time. This study examines the processing of idioms in heritage Russian speakers (N = 16) and L2 Russian learners (N = 16), comparing them to Russian native speakers as a control group (N = 23). Heritage speakers acquire Russian similarly to the first language acquisition in their family. This enables them to have a more natural approach to language than L2 learners. However, heritage speakers are also similar to L2 learners since their Russian language competence is still not native-like due to insufficient language input. To test whether idiom processing in HSs resembles that of L2 learners or rather in NSs, we conducted a self-paced reading experiment. The idioms were divided into three categories based on the cross-language influence factor: having full English equivalents, semi-equivalents, or no-equivalents. Our findings show no significant difference in idiom processing in HSs and L2 learners, whereas their processing significantly differed from that by NSs of Russian. Also, we found different processing for full and semi-equivalent idioms (in the HS and L2 groups). Full and no-equivalent idioms were also processed differently in all the three groups.

ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN PHRASEOLOGISMS OF WATER TRANSPORT DISCOURSE IN SOCIOLINGUISTIC COMPARISON

The purpose of this research is to identify phraseological units of water transport discourse in English and Russian and to compare the sociolinguistic component of these groups of language units. The object of study is phraseological units that have lexemes in their composition, which are the names of water transport infrastructure (sea and river), as well as their parts, details, equipment, functions, people involved in the operation of water transport. The subject of the research is the common and different reasons for the emergence of English and Russian water transport idioms and the peculiarities of their use in English- and Russian-speaking societies. In the process of performing the work, general research methods of analysis and synthesis, elements of the quantitative method, procedures of sociolinguistic, linguocultural and comparative methods as methods of separate paradigms of linguistics, non-paradigmatic descriptive method were applied. In addition, linguistic methods of semantic, phraseological, and etymological analysis were applied. The result of the work is the identification of a number of water transport idioms that entered English and Russian phraseology at different times and in different ways, an attempt to typologize them and the definition of sociolinguistic features of the compared groups of English and Russian idioms. The main conclusions are that among the phraseological units of the water transport discourse, 7 groups are distinguished based on the assignment of key components to different lexical-semantic groups; the correlation of equivalent (28%), background (48%) and non-equivalent (14%) pairs of English and Russian phraseological units of water transport discourse was calculated; 11% of phraseological units of one language do not have phraseological equivalents in another language. A certain group of English idioms that originated in water transport have Russian counterparts that originated in other discourses. The main reason for the asymmetric state lies in the much longer history of the English fleet than the Russian one, in the much greater employment of the population of Great Britain and other English-speaking countries in water transport, as well as the long period of time when the English language, according to the decision of the IMO, has a communicative monopoly in international shipping.

Names Components as Part of Idioms and Proverbs: Language and Culture Peculiarities

The relevance of the research is determined by the comprehensive analysis of idioms and paroemias function-ing in modern Russian language formulating the national character. The aim of the research is to identify the charac-teristic features typical for idioms and paroemias containing names component. The research methodology is based on an interdisciplinary approach and includes general scientific and special methods. The group of general scientific methods includes analysis and synthesis, as well as generalization to systematize theoretical and practical material. The special methods group includes the modeling method to identify specific linguistic and cultural properties of idi-oms and paroemias typical for Russian culture; the method of component analysis to provide semantic features anal-ysis and to give lexical and semantic variants of words with several meanings; a definitional method to obtain lexico-graphic information dealing with the meaning of the language unit. Russian idioms and paroemias with Names com-ponents reflect the specific features of the national Russian character and make it possible to determine the key properties of the Russian mentality. The research deals with the analyses idioms and paroemias with the Names component having been divided into the following group types: mythonyms, chrononyms, hagionyms, literary onyms, historical onyms, anthroponyms. According to the author, all types of idioms and paroemias with the Name compo-nent function in modern Russian and are markers of culturally significant information reflecting the specifics of Rus-sian culture. All in all, the authors rank anthroponyms as the most productive Name components types, while chrono-nyms are not a productive phenomenon.

THE COMPARATIVE ASPECT OF THE VALUE OF CONSENT IN PHRASEOLOGY (EVIDENCE FROM THE ENGLISH, GERMAN AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES)

The article deals with the comparative aspect of the semantics of English, German and Russian idioms, representing the value of consent as the basis for successful interaction and communication. Th e material of research is English, German and Russian idioms, expressing consent and their contexts of use from the British National Corpus, the Corpus of Contemporary American English, the National Corpus of the Russian Language. The results of research show that the basis for agreement in different languages is understanding, mutual understanding, friendly relations, the ability to build communication, trust, the state of mind. In different languages, a figurative variation of consent in idioms and their different use as functional correspondences in translation are found. So, the inner form of similar in meaning idioms imposes restrictions on their use in contexts and accordingly affects the possibility of using them as equivalents.

The effects of transfer on the acquisition of Russian idioms in a first language by students

This study looked into the use of first-language knowledge by second-language learners to understand and create idioms in their second language. The author used idioms that were identical, similar, and completely different in both Kazakh and Russian languages in order to determine which were understood and produced most correctly, which caused the most detrimental transfer, what techniques students used to produce unknown idioms, and what the best-known idioms were like.  In addition to determining the meanings of phraseological units, students were able to understand that they are not subject to changes from the order of their place.The subjects of the study were included 80 advanced Russian language learners. The ability to comprehend 15 identical, 15 similar, and 15 different idioms was assessed using a multiple choice test and a definitions test. The tests were administered in two separate groups of 40 participants. Each group underwent a separate statistical analysis because there was interaction between group and idiom type. Identical idioms were found to be the simplest to comprehend and produce. Similar idioms were almost as well understood but displayed interference. Keywords: idioms, transfer, first language, second language, translation.

Национально-культурные особенности фразеологических единиц с компонентом ворона (на материале четырех языков)

The purpose of the article is to study the national-and-cultural specificity and semantic features of Chinese, English, French and Russian idioms, which contain the lexeme wū / crow / ворона / corneille as a component. The comprehensive analysis of such idioms in different languages carried out in conformity with the anthropocentric paradigm, resulted in identification of significant signs of a crow, which served as the basis for metaphorization in these idioms. The universal metaphors are based on the phenotypic or behavioral characteristics of the bird (black color, flying straight ahead, flying in a flock and an unpleasant hoarse croaking). The metaphor "crow – an unpleasant cry" is noted to be the most productive in Russian and English, while in the Chinese language it is "crows – a flock". Nationally conditioned metaphors and their sources are differentiated: in Chinese and English such metaphors prevail over the universal ones, idioms, which contain the corneille component, arose only in the French language. The connotative potential of the units with ornithonyms that denote a crow is revealed. The asymmetry of evaluation implementation is established: French idioms express only negative connotation; in Russian, most idioms contain a negative connotation, while their minor share has a neutral one. Chinese and English demonstrate various evaluative potential, yet the negative connotation dominates in the idioms; the neutral and positive connotations are explicated in much fewer idioms.

Comparative Analysis of Communicative Values in Phraseology on the Material of the English, German and Russian Languages

The article considers the semantics of English, German and Russian idioms representing communicative values, in particular: mutual understanding and conflict. The syntax and semantic properties of idioms are analyzed in the contexts of use, obtained from the British National Corpus, Corpus of Contemporary American English, Corpus of the Institute of the German Language in Mannheim, the National Russian Language Corpus, the correlation of the dictionary and actual meanings of fixed expressions, the specificity of communicative values in different cultures and ways of their conceptualization are revealed. The results of research show that communication has a certain structure, is aimed at obtaining and transmitting information, reaching consensus, building relationships, can lead to either understanding or misunderstanding and dispute. Communication has two or sometimes more sides, one and more participants of communication. Communication is also influenced by social, personal experience and values of a person. Understanding is a consent, reaching a consensus. Thus, all languages reflect such communicative values as: freedom of expression, building a dialogue, sense transmission in speech. The German language emphasizes the value of building communication, the desire to find a common language, an attempt to interact. In Russian - openness, truthfulness as important elements of communication.

Проблема межъязыковой эквивалентности русских и китайских соматических фразеологизмов с компонентами «глаз», «рука», «нога» и

The article is dedicated to the comparative analysis of Russian and Chinese somatic idioms with components eye, hand, foot («глаз», «рука», «нога»; 眼/目,手,脚/足). Somatic idioms are the core of any phraseological system and are studied in various aspects, both in monolingual and comparative works. The choice of the lexemes eye, hand, foot can be justified with their high frequency in idioms and vast system of symbolic meanings. The goal of the analysis is to compare formal and semantic features of the idioms based on the classification developed by E. F. Arsentieva, thus describing the level of the interlingual equivalency between said items. As a result, we have divided somatic idioms in 4 groups: equivalents (total and partial), analogues (total and partial), idioms with similar form but different meaning and idioms without equivalents. The biggest group is phraseological analogues (118 pairs, of which 82 pairs are partial analogues). Apart from that, we have discovered several similarities and differences between Russian and Chinese idioms. First of all, idioms often contain 2 somatic components, e.g. ears and eyes, heart and hands, etc. (though the combinations of them in compared languages don’t always match). This tendency is especially prominent in idioms with foot that usually include lexemes feet and hands. Secondly, idioms with elements eye and hand demonstrate considerably high level of interlingual equivalency, while idioms with element foot are both less frequent in these two languages and have lower level of equivalency. Thirdly, idioms with somatic lexemes have similar metaphorical meanings: eyes – vision, planning, understanding, reading, intellect, expression of emotions, sleep; hands – work, power, mastery, solving problems, possession, protection, violence, expression of emotions, measurement; feet – movement, direction, fuss, close relationship, obstacle, wealth. As for unique metaphorical models, Russian idioms have the following: eyes – attention, physical condition, measurement, source of information, hands – make and accept proposal, help, freedom, feet – confidence, stability, physical condition, measurement. Chinese somatic lexemes have developed several unique metaphors as well: eyes – appearance, order, hands – appearance, speech genre, feet – expression of emotions, characteristics of a person, critique. The results we have obtained can be used in the methodics of teaching Russian and Chinese as foreign languages, as well as applied for solving translation problems regarding somatic idioms and intercultural communication issues.

Study on Korean Translation of Russian Idioms Related to Human Names

This paper analyzes Russian idioms related to human names culturally and linguistically according to their origins and describes some methods for translating them into Korean. In any national language, idiom is one of linguistic means that enriches the vocabulary and is actively utilizedwith high expressiveness, brevity, and vividness in people’s everyday life. Such idioms often have unique national and cultural qualities because they have been created from the cultural background peculiar to the nation. Thus in teaching and learning foreign languages, it is important to have a correct understanding of the main meaning of the idioms as well as the nation’s inherent history, tradition, and culture and use them in conformity with the linguistic situation and occasions. The purpose of the paper is to classify Russian idioms related to human names according to their origins and to analyze them culturally and linguistically. Another goal is to study some suitable Korean translation methods for representing not only the meaning of the expressions, but also complementary national and cultural meanings contained in them. Idioms related to the human names have stronger national coloring than other phraseological units, and therefore we should apply certain techniques in translating them into other languages. If we translate literally, without taking into account additional national information which these idioms have, we can’t absolutely and perfectly convey the author’s or the speaker’s intention. This can result in misunderstanding of elementary meanings in translation. The conclusion is that when translating idioms related to human names, the translator must be adroit in using various translating methods according to certain meanings of their idiomatic units, complementary cultural information, the author’s intention, overall color of the context, and the readers’ cultural level.

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The novelty and relevance of linguistic research in our time has long been dependent not on the novelty of the object of research, since during the development of linguistics as a science, there are practically no such linguistic phenomena that have not yet been the subject of study, but from a new approach, a fresh point of view, a desire to revise the system well-established concepts and information, giving unexpected and innovative results. This can be said about the monograph under review by A.M. Emirova “Russian phraseology in communicative and pragmatic coverage” (Simferopol: Scientific World Publishing House, 2020. 228 p.), which presents a global description of Russian idioms in a communicative-pragmatic aspect. Until now, the phraseological unit of the Russian language as a structurally-semantic complex object has not been considered comprehensively in terms of performing a communicative function — and this is the relevance of the work, its novelty and theoretical value. The researcher, in fact, created a new system for the analysis and description of idioms — communicative phraseology. The emergence of such a new direction can only be welcomed.

Модели концептуальной метонимизации этического концепта «добро» в русской паремиологии

The work analyzes conceptual metonymical models of the ethical concept of goodness in Russian paremiology. It is shown that the concept of “goodness” can be designated not only through its components such as a good action, good words etc., but also represent its cognitive components such as good relations. It is concluded that it is possible to use a linguistic and cognitive approach in the study of cognitive models of Russian proverbs and idioms.

Linguoculturological analysis of English and Russian idioms with ornithonyms

In the modern conditions of globalization, there are new requirements for university graduates. They should not only know a foreign language, but also a well-formed intercultural competence. The authors distinguish cultural interpretation as one of the ways of forming intercultural competence. Cultural interpretation helps to identify the national and cultural specifics of idioms, in which there is information about the world of a particular country, its lifestyle, and traditions. The internal form of idioms contains a set of cultured ideas about the world picture of a particular society. The idioms with the ornithonym component reflect the specific division of this sphere of reality. This language layer has not been sufficiently studied. The authors give the linguoculturological analysis of the Russian and English idioms with the components “swallow” and “peacock”. Culture codes and sources of cultural interpretation are analyzed from the cultural and linguistic points of view. The Russian and English idioms with the ornithonyms are compared. The authors conclude that the comparative analysis of idioms shows the difference in the linguistic world views and sheds light on the ethnic logic. The research findings can be used in teaching a foreign language to comprehend the culture of native speakers.

The multi-method research of cultural specifics of English, French and Russian idioms with the component “dog”

The multi-method research of cultural specifics of English, French and Russian idioms with the component “dog”

Концепт «сон» в русских и кыргызских идиомах

Концепт «сон» в русских и кыргызских идиомах

Money in Economic Activity and Language of the Old Believers of the South America

The article investigates how lexemes within the lexical field “Money” are used in the Russian dialects of Old Believers spoken in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Uruguay. The study addresses the use of recently borrowed names for monetary units as well as of the original Russian nouns. The dialectal material is compared with the data from the Dictionary of Contemporary Russian Colloquial Language and from a variety of dialectal dictionaries. Special attention is given to the names for Russian monetary units rublʹ and kopejka. The word kopejka has retained some of the original Russian figurative meanings and developed a new one. The fact that kopejka has not fallen into disuse in the figurative meaning is not surprising given that original Russian idioms are very well preserved in the dialects in question, including those with kopejka (the latter are analysed in the article). The study has demonstrated significant similarity between the Old Believers’ dialects in South America and Russian varieties spoken in Russia with respect to the semantic field “Money”. At the same time, the analysis has revealed several properties which are unique to the Old Believers’ dialects. These include deviations in lexical meaning, in collocational and stylistic properties, and in usage.

The Linguistic Picture Of The World, Embodied In The Chinese And Russian Idioms Of Animals

The linguistic map of the world is a set of achievements in the knowledge of the world by the nation, which is fixed in the language in the process of the development of the language and the nation. Animals always accompany people in production and life. And in every language, a large number of idioms associated with animals have accumulated. These idioms not only reflect each nation's understanding of the animals themselves, but also reflect the wider world of language. This article made an attempt to explain the meaning of animal idioms in the Chinese and Russian languages, and also analyzed the universal linguistic picture of the world and the national linguistic picture of the world in China and Russia.

Daniil Kharms’ Phraseology as Translated into English, Serbian, and Irish: Semantics and National/Cultural Peculiarities

This article examines the meaning and use of idioms with reference to parallel texts, nominations of gestures and speech formulas, and the national/cultural peculiarities of an author’s phraseology. The article refers to translations of Daniil Kharms’ Incidences into Serbian, English, and Irish. The author studies the meanings of idioms used by Kharms and their modifications, the actualisation of certain semantic components as part of the translation process, and the rendition of the national/cultural peculiarities of idioms. The choice of a translation equivalent for an idiom depends of the author’s ability to use idioms and their modifications. Kharms does not use idioms very often, but there are idioms in his texts whose use is untypical from the point of view of semantics: this makes the search for an equivalent in the language of translation challenging. The author analyses the culture-specific nature of Russian idioms in the text, including situations where the equivalent in the translation is also culture-specific (e. g. in the case of the Russian idiom хоть святых вон выноси). The article also focuses on the shades of meaning in international idioms and the appearance of translator’s false friends in case of dated idioms (cf. поставить себя на какую-л. ногу, i. e. ‘start behaving in a certain way’ vs. поставить кого-л. на ноги). Additionally, the work considers the influence of the linguistic worldview on translation transformations, such as the specification of urban landscape in the Irish translation, i. e. the use of the language of the rural population.

Derived Meanings of the Verbs "Нести-Носить" In Russian Proverbs

Turkish and Russian languages, which belong to separate language families in terms of origin, differ structurally. For this reason, it is often difficult for Turkish learners of Russian to comprehend Russian grammar rules and find contexts to apply these rules. Moreover, semantic memorization of many concepts in the process of learning Russian poses a major challenge for Turkish students, who do not have an actual verb of motion category and prefixes in their native language. To this end, the present study will focus on the verbs of motion “нести-носить”, derived thorugh the use of prefixes, and will intend to evaluate them from formal and semantic aspects in the light of examples selected from Russian idioms and from the Turkish point of view. Key Words: Russian, Idioms, Нести–Носить, Verbs of Motion, Connotation DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/6-07-12