Results Of Bacteriological Examination Research Articles

Groundwater potentiality and evaluation in the Egyptian Nile Valley: case study from Assiut Governorate using hydrochemical, bacteriological approach, and GIS techniques

BackgroundThe expected deficit of the Egyptian share of the River Nile budget with the construction of the Renaissance Dam in Ethiopia necessitates a proper utilization of the water resources in the Nile Valley. The present study aims at characterizing the chemical and bacteriological compositions of the groundwater in the Quaternary and Eocene fractured limestone aquifers in Assuit Governorate as a suggested scheme for the groundwater quality evaluation in the Egyptian River Nile basin.ResultsWe analyzed 92 samples collected from shallow boreholes within 15 km on both sides of the River Nile for major, minor, and trace ions and compared the results to the national and international standards for drinking water. Some chemical data were collected from Assiut Drinking Water Station while some other samples were analyzed chemically and bacteriological in the Laboratories of Science and agriculture faculties and the laboratories of Assiut Drinking & sanitation Company. The groundwater composition is seasonally variable depending on the variation in the local surface water (level composition). The results of bacteriological examination show that the highest most probable number of total coliform was found 5.9 MPN/100 ml and the minimum value of MPN of total coliform was found 1.1 MPN/100 ml. Groundwater potentiality and evaluation for drinking and domestic uses depend on several parameters which must be taken into consideration.ConclusionsThe current research concluded that the GIS-based water potentiality spatial model (WPSM) indicated that the northwest part and southeast part represented the highest and lowest potentiality respectively for drinking water purposes. The suggested scheme in this study could be a valid tool to evaluate the water quality in the River Nile basin and similar settings worldwide.

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME VIRULENCE GENES IN KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE ISOLATED FROM BROILERS

In the present study, a total of 160 samples (lung, air sacs, liver and kidneys, 40 samples each) were collected from clinically diseased broiler chickens. Clinical signs were weakness, gasping, ruffled feather, nasal mucoid discharge, poor growth, facial oedema and conjunctivitis, while postmortem findings were signs of septicemia, pneumonia, air sacculitis, nephritis, sinusitis and liver and lung abscesses. Isolation and biochemical identification of K. pneumoniae were done. Results of bacteriological examination revealed that K. pneumoniae isolates were recovered from 160 samples with overall prevalence (14.4%). The isolation rates from lung, air sacs, liver and kidneys were 30 %, 12.5%, 10% and 5%, respectively. The isolates of K. pneumoniae were found to be virulent by using PCR assay incorporating magA, fimH and traT genes primers and were found to be resistant to some antibiotics by using PCR assay incorporating tetA(A), blaTEM and mphA genes primers. Antibiogram for 20 recovered K. pneumoniae isolates against 10 commercially used antibiotics in broiler chicken farms revealed that K. pneumoniae isolates were completey resistant to oxytetracycline (100%) and ampicillin (100%) followed by erythromycin (90%), streptomycin (80%), cefotaxim (70%) and gentamycin (65%) and moderate resistance to neomycin (45%) and chloramphenicol (30%). On the

Experience in medical thoracoscopy: a 4-year retrospective study

ObjectiveThe aim was to document our experience in rigid medical thoracoscopy in the diagnosis of pleural effusion of undetermined origin in a 4-year retrospective study regarding its safety, complications, and diagnostic yield.Patients and methodsData of 134 patients who underwent medical thoracoscopy in Alexandria Main University Hospital, Chest Department, for diagnosing pleural effusion of undetermined origin were reviewed to assess the diagnostic yield, safety, and complications of rigid medical thoracoscopy.ResultsWe reviewed records of 134 patients [62 (46%) males and 72 (54%) females]. Their mean age was 54±13.43 years. On combining histopathological and bacteriological examination results of thoracoscopic pleural biopsies, all patients were finally diagnosed, except for 13 (10%) patients who remained idiopathic; 97 (72%) patients were diagnosed as having malignant pleural effusion and 24 (18%) patients were diagnosed as having benign pleural effusion. The commonest complication encountered was postprocedural pain (35%), followed by subcutaneous emphysema (19%). Overall, the procedure was safe even in elderly patients. No procedure-related mortality was reported.ConclusionMedical thoracoscopy, in our experience, is a safe and well-tolerated procedure even in elderly patients with high diagnostic yield.

Criteria for Differentiation of Non-Bacterial and Haematogenous Osteomyelitis: A Case-Control Study With Prospective Verification of the Outcomes

Background. Patients with haematogenous and non-bacterial osteomyelitis have similar clinical symptoms (pain in the nidus area, soft tissue swelling, fever) and laboratory signs (increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, leukocyte count, C-reactive protein concentration). The criteria for distinguishing these two states are not determined.Objective. Our aim was to determine diagnostic criteria to differentiate haematogenous and non-bacterial osteomyelitis.Methods. The study included data of patients under the age of 18 years with non-bacterial or haematogenous osteomyelitis hospitalised to two clinical centres from 2009 to 2016. The diagnosis was established and re-verified according to archival data (medical history) and after two years of observation (at least once a year). Clinical, anamnestic and laboratory data (haemoglobin, leukocytes, leukocyte formula, platelets, ESR and C-reactive protein, CRP) as well as the results of radiation diagnostics (X-ray, CT scan, MRI or osteosyntigraphy) obtained at the disease onset were taken into account as potential diagnostic criteria.Results. Out of 145 patients with non-bacterial or haematogenous osteomyelitis, the diagnosis was re-verified in 138, of them non-bacterial osteomyelitis — in 91, haematogenous osteomyelitis — in 47. The following criteria had the highest diagnostic value for establishing cases of non-bacterial osteomyelitis: detection of bone destruction foci surrounded by osteosclerosis area [sensitivity (Se) 1.0; specificity (Sp) 0.79]; absence of fever (Se 0.66; Sp 0.92); the number of bone destruction foci > 1 (Se 0.73; Sp 1.0); CRP 55 mg/L (Se 0.94; Sp 0.73); negative results of bacteriological examination of the material from the bone destruction focus (Se 1.0; Sp 0.67).Conclusion. Diagnostic criteria for differentiation of non-bacterial and haematogenous osteomyelitis have been described. Further research on the efficacy of using these criteria to reduce the risk of diagnostic errors, decrease the diagnostic pause, reduce the risk of non-bacterial osteomyelitis complications is needed.

Differential T cell responses against DosR-associated antigen Rv2028c in BCG-vaccinated populations with tuberculosis infection

The IFN-γ release assays (IGRAs) based on region of difference 1 (RD1) antigens have improved diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. However, IGRAs with these antigens could not distinguish latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) from active tuberculosis (ATB). DosR regulon genes are thought to be important for Mtb dormancy, and their products have higher immunogenicity in LTBI than ATB individuals, suggesting protective immunity mediated by DosR regulon-encoded antigens and potential utility of them for differential diagnostics of Mtb-infected populations or development of therapeutic vaccines against tuberculosis (TB). Among them, Rv2028c is a dormancy-related antigen that has demonstrated potential use in TB control, but its immunological characteristics in the BCG-vaccinated Chinese population are unknown. In this study, a total of 148 individuals, including 98 patients with ATB, 20 cases with LTBI and 30 healthy controls, were tested for Rv2028c-specific T cell responses by using an IFN-γ ELISA assay. The results showed that the T-cell responses in LTBI individuals were almost always higher than those in ATB patients, regardless of the site of infection or the results of bacteriological examination in the patients. This allowed for good differentiation between these two groups of Mtb-infected individuals even in the BCG-vaccinated high TB-incidence setting that pertains in China. In addition, the diagnostic efficacy for ATB was enhanced by combining the results from Rv2028c and RD1 antigen-based IFN-γ ELISA assays. In conclusion, Rv2028c-specific T-cell responses might contribute to natural protection against dormant Mtb infection, and the determination of these responses can aid discrimination between healthy LTBI individuals and ATB patients in the Mtb-infected populations.

Efficacy of presepsin, procalcitonin, Il-6 and C-reactive protein for diagnosis of system and local infection in patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis

Introduction: Sepsis and organ failure are results of progress of infected acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) and their development significantly worsens its prognosis. Early diagnosis of infection can improve results of their management. Aim of study was to establish the efficacy of presepsin (PSP), procalcitonin (PCT), Il-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP) for diagnosis of local and system infection during ANP. Method: In 70 patients with ANP levels of PSP, PCT, Il-6 and CRP at admission and during treatment were determined and compared with bacteriological assays, complications and mortality rates. Results: The positive results of bacteriological examination were obtained in 43 cases. In patients with ANP and system inflammatory response syndrome without infection the concentration of the PSP increased to 332±38 pg/ml (healthy control - 184±16 pg/ml, p< 0.05). There was direct dependence of PSP concentration from severity of infection: at local infection its level reached 677±30 pg/ml, sepsis - 988±47 pg/ml and severe sepsis - 2668±102 pg/ml. PCT concentgration over 2.5 ng/ml differentiated septic cases but changes in patients with local infection were insignificant (p˃0.05). High rates of Il-6 and CRP were common in patients with system inflammatory response syndrome of both infectious and noninfectious origin. ROC AUC value of PSP for all types of infection complications reached 0.956±0.007 (p<0.001) and was significantly higher (p˂0.05) than ROC AUC of PCT, Il-6 and CRP. Conclusion: PSP concentration is early highly sensitive and specific marker for all kind of infection complications during ANP and exceeds diagnostic utility of PCT, Il-6 and CRP.

The possible relationship between Campylobacter spp./Arcobacter spp. and patients with ulcerative colitis.

The role of bacterial infection in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC) is under investigation. This study aims to (i) determine the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. and Arcobacter spp. in patients with UC, (ii) identify the antibiotic susceptibility of isolated agents, and (iii) investigate the role of these microorganisms in the pathogenesis and/or activation of UC. Eighty patients with UC and 40 healthy individuals were included in the study. Stool samples were used for cultural examination. Direct plating, membrane filtration, and enrichment methods were used for isolation. 16s rRNA sequence analysis was used for definitive identification of isolates that were identified phenotypically. In the UC group, 20 (25%) patients had proctitis, 40 (50%) patients had left-type involvement, and 20 (25%) patients had extensive involvement. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from four (5%) patients in the UC group and isolates were identified as C. curvus, C. concisus, C. sputorum, and C. jejuni. C. concisus and C. jejuni were found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. C. jejuni was also resistant to tetracycline. All samples were negative for Arcobacter spp. The samples from the control group neither showed the presence of Campylobacter spp. nor Arcobacter spp. Given the clinical, endoscopic, and bacteriological examination results, it is believed that Campylobacter spp. are agents that cause flare-up clinically by being superimposed on the primary disease, rather than agents that initiate the disease in patients with UC. Arcobacter spp., which are known to cause acute gastroenteritis, were not found to be associated with UC.

Etiological structure of bacteriosis of animals in the Dnipropetrovsk region for 2014–2016

The epizootic situation with regard to some infectious diseases in the Dnipropetrovsk region remains as complicated and strained. Timely and accurate diagnosis determines the effectiveness of the realized preventive measures of infectious diseases and establishes the peculiarities and changes of the epizootic situation in certain areas. The laboratory examinations, including the bacteriological method, have the crucial importance for the correct assessment of prevention and antiepizootic measures. Objective of this review: was to determine the etiological structure of infectious diseases in the Dnipropetrovsk region for 2014–2016, based on the results of bacteriological examinations. As the material for the examinations were the data of the veterinary reports of the State district veterinary medicine laboratories of the Dnipropetrovsk region and the results of our own examinations conducted on the basis of the Dnipropetrovsk Regional State Laboratory of the Veterinary Medicine (DRSLVM). As of 2014 year, in the Dnipropetrovsk region, the live-stock capita in all categories of farms was: horned cattle – 130.527, small cattle – 44.739, pigs – 520.801, horses – 1,781, poultries – 15,342,087, including chickens – 14.816.157, waterfowl – 525.930. During 2014–2016 by means of laboratories of veterinary medicine in the Dnipropetrovsk region have been conducted 18,474 examinations on the infectious diseases of the animals. 142 positive results were received in total. According to the results of the bacteriological examinations in the Dnipropetrovsk region, for the years 2014–2016 were registered diplococcosis, malignant edema, pasteurellosis, colibacteriosis, salmonellosis, pullorosis, staphylococcosis, streptococcosis and swine erysipelas, poultry pseudomonosis, aeromonosis of fish, parafoul brood (caused by Bacillus paraalvei) and proteose of bees. 4,472 examinations were conducted on colibacteriosis and 78 positive results were obtained. 21 cultures were obtained from the pigs, from poultries – 44 cultures, from embryos – 6 cultures, from small cattle – 3 cultures, from fur animals – 2 cultures, from dogs – 2 cultures. Cultures of Escherichia coli, isolated from pigs are represented by the serological variants: O139, O26, O9, O78, O1, O8 and atypical variants, and from poultries – O115, O119, O78, O15, O86, K88 AB and atypical variants. For salmonella, 7,578 examinations were conducted and 16 positive results were obtained. Among the diseases of bees, laboratory tests have been recorded parafoul brood and proteose of bees. Conclusion: сausative agents of 13 infectious animal diseases have been identified in the Dnipropetrovsk region by means of bacteriological investigations. Most commonly isolated pathogens of intestinal infections (colibacteriosis and salmonellosis).

Xenogenic bone with chitosan/norvancomycin sustained-release system for treatment of infectious bone defects in rabbits

Objective To investigate the effects of xenogenic bone with chitosan/norvancomycin sustained-release biomaterials in treating infectious bone defects in rabbits. Methods Xenogenic bone with chitosan/norvancomycin sustained-release biomaterials was made by electrospinning technique. Rabbit infectious bone defect models were made by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. A successful model was evaluated with the standard of more than three points in Norden score assessment. All models were divided into two groups by random number table method, with eight models in each. The control group was treated with surgical debridement, and the experimental group was implanted with bone particles of xenogenic bone with chitosan/norvancomycin sustained-release system after debridement. Postoperatively, general conditions, X-ray, histological results of HE staining, and bacteriological examination results of the rabbits were observed. Results X-ray showed significant bone defects, sequestration, periosteal reaction, and soft tissue swelling after one month of modeling, with Norden score of (3.84±0.52)points. The general conditions were good and the sinus tracts were healed in experimental group after two months of treatment. The control group demonstrated generally poor conditions with swollen sinus and purulent discharge. Two rabbits were died of sepsis. The pathological scores of tibial were (0.41±0.08)points in experimental group, and (3.27±0.26)points in control group by gross observation. The pathological score of experimental group was significantly lower than control group(P<0.05). The bone defects were basically repaired in experimental group. The longest diameter of bone defect in experimental group was (0.11±0.02)cm, significantly smaller than (0.48±0.06)cm in control group (P<0.05). There were no obvious signs of osteomyelitis and the bone defects were well repaired in experimental group. Periosteal reaction, soft tissue swelling, a substantial number of bone destruction, and sequestration were observed in control group. The Norden score was (1.32±0.23)points in experimental group, lower than (5.21±0.48)points in control group(P<0.05). HE staining showed a large amount of trabecular bone formation, bone cell formation, and fibrous hyperplasia in experimental group, with no obvious signs of infection. On the other hand, infiltration of inflammatory cells, necrotic tissue, and sequestration were observed in control group. The histological score was(0.61±0.10) points in experimental group, lower than (4.21±0.41) points in control group (P<0.05). The negative rate of bacterial culture in experimental group was 33%, lower than 100% in control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Xenogenic bone with chitosan/norvancomycin sustained-release biomaterials has excellent effect in infection clearance and bone defect reparation in treatment of infectious bone defects in rabbits. Key words: Osteomyelitis; Chitosan; Anti-bacterial agents; Drug delivery systems

The specific features of lacunar microbiome in the patients with chronic tonsillitis and gastroesophageal reflux disease

The authors studied 1036 outpatient medical records of patients with chronic tonsillitis (CT) and the results of bacteriological examination of their lacunar content, depending on concomitant gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The incidence of confirmed comorbidity was 17.8%. The following specific features of the lacunar microbiome in the patients with CT and concomitant GERD were identified: the obvious predominance of enteroflora (24% vs. 4.8% in the patients with isolated CT) with a significant predominance of Enterobacter cloacae in 50% of all enteroflora, Enterococcus – in 27%, E. Coli – in 16%, all resistant to the principal antibiotics; the predominance of mixed microflora, characteristic of the pharynx and gastrointestinal tract, over monoflora. Another peculiarity was the presence of Streptococci resistant to multiple antibiotics in 25% of all cultures: in particular, to Azithromycin and Clarithromycin in 40% of cases, to Levofloxacin and Moxifloxacin, Clindamycin and Lincomycin – about 20%.

Sazlıdere Baraj Gölünde Yaşayan Balık Türlerinde Aeromonas salmonicida Varlığının Araştırılması

Objective: The aim of this study was, to examine the presence of Aeromonas salmonicida in lake water and fish species living in Lake Sazlıdere, a region where fish hunting was also conducted, in Istanbul. Material and Methods: In this study, between April 2014 and March 2015, samples from Lake Sazlıdere were collected for once a month. Samples were divided into three groups including, swabs materials from fish surface (n=48), viscera (n=46) and lake water (n=60). The samples inoculated on to the Furunculosis Agar and Tryptic Soy Agar including Coomassie Brilliant Blue (C-TSA) and incubated at 25°C for 7 days. Presumptive colonies were examined with biochemical tests for the identification of A. salmonicida. Concurrently with bacteriological examination, all of the samples were examined for the presence of vapA gene with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results: According to bacteriological examination results, A. salmonicida were not isolated from any of the samples. As a result of PCR, of 60 water samples 3 (5.0%) were positive for vapA gene, while A. salmonicida specific DNA was not detected in the viscere and swab samples. Conclusion: It has been determined that infections caused by A. salmonicida, especially furunculosis disease, under this light do not constitute a risk in Lake Sazlıdere at the time of the study. However, the information obtained from fishermen and the results of PCR, when evaluated together with chemical contamination in general, indicate that continual investigations should be continued in this area, not within a certain period of time.

Evaluation of a multiplex real-time PCR for detection of four bacterial agents commonly associated with bovine respiratory disease in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid

BackgroundPasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, Histophilus somni and Trueperella pyogenes are four bacterial agents commonly associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD). In this study a bacterial multiplex real-time PCR (the RespoCheck PCR) was evaluated for the detection in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of these four bacterial agents.ResultsThe analytical sensitivity of the multiplex real-time PCR assay determined on purified DNA and on bacterial cells of the four target pathogens was one to ten fg DNA/assay and 4 × 10−1 to 2 × 100 CFU/assay. The analytical specificity of the test was, as evaluated on a collection of 118 bacterial isolates, 98.3% for M. haemolytica and 100% for the other three target bacteria. A set of 160 BALF samples of calves originating from ten different herds with health problems related to BRD was examined with bacteriological methods and with the RespoCheck PCR. Using bacteriological examination as the gold standard, the diagnostic sensitivities and specificities of the four bacterial agents were respectively between 0.72 and 1.00 and between 0.70 and 0.99. Kappa values for agreement between results of bacteriological examination and PCRs were low for H. somni (0.17), moderate for P. multocida (0.52) and M. haemolytica (0.57), and good for T. pyogenes (0.79). The low and moderate kappa values seemed to be related to limitations of the bacteriological examination, this was especially the case for H. somni.ConclusionIt was concluded that the RespoCheck PCR assay is a valuable diagnostic tool for the simultaneous detection of the four bacterial agents in BALF of calves.

Prevalence and Incidence of Smear-Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Hetosa District of Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State of Central Ethiopia

BackgroundThe real burden of smear-positive (PTB+) and bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis (BCTB) in Ethiopia is not known. Thus, the aim of this community-based study was to measure the prevalence and incidence of tuberculosis in the Hetosa District of Oromia Region, Ethiopia.MethodsFirst, a population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted on a total of 33,073 individuals aged ≥ 15 years to determine the prevalence of PTB+ and BCTB cases. Then, in order to determine the incidence, a prospective follow-up was carried out on 32,800 individuals found to be either free from symptoms suggestive of TB (SSTB) during the baseline survey or had symptoms suggestive of TB but yielded negative bacteriological examination results. We identified 1,041 presumptive TB cases at the baseline survey, and 1,468 in the follow-up study. Each participants with cough of more than two weeks were provided spot and morning sputum samples for acid-fast bacilli sputum microscopy and culture.ResultsAt the baseline survey, 43 BCTB cases were identified. Thirty six of these were both smear- and culture-positive while seven were only culture-positive. In the follow-up study, however, 76 BCTB cases were diagnosed and 70 of these were found to be both smear- and culture-positive while six were culture-positive only. The adjusted prevalence of PTB+ and BCTB in the study area was 109 and 132/100,000 persons, respectively. Moreover, the incidences of PTB+ and BCTB were 214 and 232/100,000 persons per year (py), respectively. The ratio of the passive to active case finding was 1:0.96 (45/43). For every TB case identified through the existing passive case diagnosis, there was an almost equal number (0.96) of undiagnosed infectious TB cases in the community. A family history of TB contact was independently associated with a high risk of TB (TB prevalence, AOR, 13; 95% CI: 6.55–15.33) and (TB incidence, aIRR 4.11, 95% CI: 2.18–7.77).Conclusions and recommendationsThe prevalence and incidence of smear-positive and bacteriologically confirmed TB cases were high in the study area. For every case of smear-positive TB receiving treatment, there was an almost equal (0.96) number of undetected infectious bacteriologically confirmed TB case in the community. The high proportion of undetected infectious TB cases in the community could possibly be due to the sub-optimal performance of Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) in detecting 70% of infectious TB cases, as well as attaining a cure rate of 85% in the study area. Family history of TB contact has substantaially increased the risk of developing the disease, and there is a need to improve ways of identifying TB cases and intensify mechanisms of tracing contacts among household members of PTB+ cases.

Studies on Tuberculosis in Slaughtered Animals at Menufia Governorate

Bovine tuberculosis is highly infectious zoonotic disease of economic and public health importance. This study aimed to detection the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis by bacteriological examination and Real time PCR. A total of 75 animals (61 cattle and 14 buffaloes) were routinely examined in the slaughterhouses of Menufia governorate, Egypt during the period of 2015 and 2016 for detection of tuberculosis. The suspected tuberculous lesions collected from cattle were from respiratory, from digestive, from head, mixed lesions and generalized lesions. While in buffaloes, the tuberculous lesions were from respiratory, from digestive, mixed lesions and from head lesions. The bacteriological examination revealed that the isolation rate of Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) was 86.9% and 57.1% in cattle and buffaloes, respectively. The real time PCR technique was applied to confirm the results of bacteriological examination and revealed that 90.2% and 85.7% M. bovis isolates in cattle and buffaloes respectively were positive with high sensitivity and specificity more than culture.

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria Staphylococcus spp. isolated from samples of raw sheep's milk

From samples of raw sheep's milk were determined results of bacteriological examination from two herds in region of Eastern Slovakia in three years lasting study. The occurrence of Staphylococcus spp. 41.6% (124) was determined from 298 samples. The seven species of staphylococci were on a regular basis isolated: S. epidermidis (34), S. chromogenes (26), S. aureus (16). Alternately have been recorded S. warneri (16), S. schleiferi (15), S. haemolyticus (9) and S. xylosus (8). All isolated pathogens were tested by in vitro test on Mueller-Hinton agar by disc methods on resistance to 10 types of antibiotics. Highest value of resistance was determined to Penicilin 21.0%, Neomycin 10.5% and Novobiocin 9.7%. Lower resistance was in to Oxacilin 7.2% and Amoxicilin 6.5%. Minimal resistance was founded to Cefoxitin 0.8%, Linkomycin 2.4%, Erytromycin, and Streptomycin 3.2%. Was founded total resistance (21.0%) to all antibiotics in S. epidermidis (34) during the three years, S. chromogenes (26) showed resistance to 8 types of antibiotics (12.9%), S. aureus (16) to 6 antibiotics (10.5%) and S. warneri (16) to 4 antibiotics (5.6%). It was confirmed that sheep's milk remains a major source of staphylococci. Bacteria in comparison with isolates from cows' raw milk, showed lower values of resistance, but were resistant to more than two antibiotics. Recorded occurrence of resistance in staphylococci may be connected with a minimum use of antibiotics in the treatment of mastitis and other diseases in sheep herds. Reported resistance to the tested antibiotics became the basis for the recommendation to use preparations to treat mastitis in sheep principally by the detection of resistance to antibiotics contained.

THE UROPATHOGENS STRUCTURE AND PREVALENCE IN THE URINARY TRUCT INFECTION IN CHILDREN

The purpose was to monitor the bacteriological urine studies in children with urinary tract infection (UTI) in departments of multidisciplinary hospital. 1 838 results of bacteriological examinations of urine samples of children with urinary tract infection were analyzed for 7 years (2007-2013). The obtained data were processed using the methods of parametric analysis. The urine microbial spectrum differed between ambulatory patients and the patients hospitalized in specialized departments, and it also depended on department profile and patient's age. The most frequent uropathogen was E. coli (33,3 ± 7,5) - (65,0 ± 7,5) %. But, a decreasing tendency of E. coli importance in the urinary tract infection has been observed. The leading role in children's UTI etiology in various departments of multidisciplinary hospital also plays Enterococcus faecalis, which is the second most common uropathogen in hospitalized patients with UTI and has paramount importance in the development of UTI in newborns - to (75,0 ± 6,8) %.

БАКТЕРИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ РАНЕВОГО ОТДЕЛЯЕМОГО У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ЛОКАЛЬНОЙ И РАСПРОСТРАНЁННОЙ ФОРМОЙ ХРОНИЧЕСКОГО ОСТЕОМИЕЛИТА

The aim of our research was to analyze the results of bacteriologic examination in patients with local and disseminated chronic osteomyelitis. We performed retrospective analysis of the results of bacteriologic examination of wound exudate in 80patients who were admitted to the clinic of Irkutsk Scientific Center of Surgery and Traumatology for operative treatment of shinbone shaft fractures complicated with local and disseminated chronic osteomyelitis. We used common methods of mono- and bilocal osteosynthesis which resulted in different terms of fracture union and bone defect replacement. Bacteriologic examination of exudate from bone and soft-tissue wounds was performed in all patients at their admission to the clinic. In patients with local chronic osteomyelitis and with usual terms of fracture union, the most common were pure cultures (93.%) with dominant S.aureus (60%). In patients with delayed fracture union, the most common were microorganism associations (55.5±11.7%). In patients with disseminated chronic osteomyelitis with usual terms of defect replacement, pure cultures were registered in 90% of cases. In patients with delayed defect replacement pure cultures were found in 57,2% of cases. Comparative analysis showed that in patients with delayed fracture union and defect replacement, bacterial associa-tions were more common than in patients with usual terms of defect replacement. Preoperative bacteriologic examination showed that S.aureus was the dominant flora of wound exudate in patients with local and disseminated chronic osteomyelitis. Bacterial associations in wound exudate of patients with delayed fracture union and defect replacement is associated with significant circulation failure in affected extremity and is an unfavorable factor for reparative process disorder at chronic osteomyelitis.

Nonspecific vulvovaginitis of mixed etiology: local treatment – the treatment of choice

The article presents the comparative study of local therapy nonspecific vaginitis in 60 patients of reproductive age. The study included patients with a diagnosis of vulvovaginitis of mixed etiology confirmed according to clinical and laboratory diagnostic methods. Participants were randomized into 2 equal groups of 30 women. Main group patients appointed tergynan vaginal tablets for 10 days for the night vaginally. The comparison group treated with combination drug (miconazolum + ornidazolum + neomycin + prednisolonum, in the form of vaginal tablets) for 8 days. Treatment of sexual partners in both groups was carried out in accordance with generally guidelines. Analysis of the results of a comparative study showed greater efficacy of tergynan treatment. Vulva itching of average severity stopped to disturb most women in both groups an average for the 4th day of treatment. In similar terms it was regression of the basic clinical symptoms in the vast majority (90.0%) main group patients, and in particular the disappearance of burning and odor. In the comparison group improvement comes after almost two days by storing complaints burning and pathological secretions almost to the 6th day of observation. The results of bacteriological examination one month after therapy completion have confirmed the effectiveness of the treatment in the majority (90.0%) of women in main group and in 80.0% patients in control group. The results allow to recommend the use of a 10-day course of combined drug tergynan (ternidazolum + nystatin + neomycin sulfate + prednisolone sodium metasulphobenzoate) as a more effective not only in the empirical, but local and causal therapy of vulvovaginitis mixed etiology. The authors conclude that topical treatment for nonspecific vulvovaginitis is effective and safe, and can be considered as first-line therapy.

New Treatment for Percutaneous Sites in Patients with a Ventricular Assist Device: Nihon University Crystal Violet Method.

Infection of the percutaneous site of a ventricular assist device (VAD) is a challenging complication. We report our experience with crystal violet Solbase (Nihon University crystal violet method) for prevention of driveline or cannula infections in VAD patients. The crystal violet method was used in 10 patients (prophylaxis in nine and treatment in one). Eight patients had an extracorporeal VAD (Nipro) and two had an implantable VAD (Heart Mate II). The infection-free period was 4-623 days (mean: 144.2 ± 222.9 days). All eight patients with an extracorporeal VAD died, while the two patients with an implantable VAD (Heart Mate II) survived. Infection was improved in a patient with MRSA, and the results of bacteriological examination were always negative in the patients receiving prophylaxis. The two patients with an implantable VAD had no infection for 2 and 20 months after implantation. These findings suggest that the Nihon University crystal violet method is effective for prevention and treatment of driveline or cannula infections in patients with a VAD.

DYNAMICS OF CLINICAL LABORATORY TEST INDICES IN PATIENTS WITH POSTOPERATIVE STERNAL AND COSTAL OSTEOMYELITIS

Aim. To study the dynamics of the results of traditional clinical laboratory tests in process of surgical treatment of patients with the postoperative sternal osteomyelitis. Materials and methods. Complex clinicolaboratory examination of 57 patients with the postoperative sternal osteomyelitis after cardiosurgical interventions was carried out. Bulk blood analysis, leukocytic formula, C-reactive protein, aminotransferase, whole blood serum protein and whole bilirubin levels at admission to the hospital and in the postoperative period were studied. These analyses were fulfilled using up-to-date hematological and biochemical analyzers. Results. Already at the stage of hospitalization, all patients had significant rise in C-reactive protein level, ESR indices were higher than the referent values. At the same time, leukocytosis was detected only in 9 out of 57 patients (15 %). After the surgery, indices of all investigated nonspecific inflammatory markers significantly increased. Against this background, erythrocyte, hemoglobin and especially serum protein number significantly lowered. Twenty four cultures of five bacterial types were isolated from the wound in 21 patients. There predominated Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aerugenosa . The same patients indicated a maximum level of nonspecific inflammatory factors. Conclusions. C-reactive protein is the most informative marker of inflammation in patients with the postoperative sternal osteomyelitis. The serum protein level is significantly decreased after surgical intervention. For patients with positive results of bacteriological examination, the terms of hospitalization were essentially longer.