Theory Of Syntax Research Articles

A Structural Analysing Model of Sichuan Vernacular Dwelling

The overall purpose of this paper is to set up a new research model for Sichuan Courtyard Dwellings by space syntax tool. Through analysing the basic concepts of space syntax theory, the paper creatively uses activity space other than functional space as a media to shape a new framework. It will comprehensively be merged with other research methods such as everyday life activity and cultural contexts.

The Analysis of Changsha Spatial Self-Organizing Mechanism in the Period of Republic of China

As an inland city, the spatial form of Changsha has undergone its development for more than two thousand years. Extremely stable development of socio-economical culture made little influence on the form evolution of urban center in Feudal Age. However, from 1904 to 1949, frequent and obvious changes on city’s space configuration appeared along with the socio-economical revolution by reason of opening the port, and the characteristic of spatial replacement of downtown was also especially obvious. Therefore, changes of spatial configuration, as a reflection of free commercial economy after opening port, were studied in this paper to illustrator the self-organizing process of the city space evolution. With respect of studying method, space syntax theory was used to analyze and model the process of spatial organization rather than only using thus history or humanities perspective. After comparing syntactic measurement with five historical periods, the spatial features of self-organizing morphology present three rules: (a) self-similarity of morphological evolution, (b) synergy and disturbance relations by local-global spatial interaction and (c) city business center consistently located in the high integrated spaces. As a result, these rules of spatial self-organizing could be explained by a socio-physical phenomenon of single center configuration with today’s city expansion.

基于鸟类边缘种行为的景观连接度研究——空间句法的反规划应用

To mitigate the biodiversity crisis and human-land conflicts during rapid urbanization,the construction of and other ecological has been adopted as a common approach for decades,which emphasizes their role of urban green as species habitat or recreation sites in densely-populated regions.In the research and planning of urban forests and other ecological landscapes,the connectivity associated with the behaviors of certain species(users) has increasingly attracted attentions.However,there are still many problems unsolved in terms of the modeling and the analysis of behavior-integrating structure,as well as the meaningful ways to parameterize the real landscape connectivity.Based on the blueprint-background transposition idea of negative planning,this paper aims to introduce a new approach to the modeling and the analysis of functional connectivity. Space syntax,a widely accepted principle in the field of architecture and urban planning,has the potentials to facilitate the development of new models on the connectivity integrated with species behaviors.Driven by the theory of syntax on current stage,this paper introduced the language of artificial intelligence into ecology research,based on the hypothesis that the principle of syntax still works after replacing the study objects in human settlement with those in ecological landscape.A case study was used to demonstrate the advantages of this new method of studying connectivity. In view of the similarity in spatial configuration between the landscapes inhabited by avian species and the objects of axial map study,we used the axial map approach of syntax to study the connectivity based on the behaviors of avian species.Firstly,this paper introduced the traditional connectivity quantification methods and species migration models,summarized their limitations based on literature review,and identified the need of improvements on the individual based models to reflect weighted choice among elements and to predict the messages of interaction between species and in upper scale.Secondly,we put forward the idea of introducing the syntax model into the field of edge species-habitat in ecological research,inspired by the idea of negative planning.Finally,as a case study,we applied the axial map approach of syntax in the planning research of urban forests in Hezhou city,made a primary test on the free space of inhabited by avian species and drew the conclusion on the index of integration and intelligibility accordingly.Simulation results were to demonstrate that the model of axial map in the field of behavior-integrating connectivity could reflect the species′ migration choice among differently-shaped elements,which has different weights in direction and distance,and could predict the multi-scale behaviors of the species based on the messages they perceived in vicinity.

Syntactic Islands and Learning Biases: Combining Experimental Syntax and Computational Modeling to Investigate the Language Acquisition Problem

The induction problems facing language learners have played a central role in debates about the types of learning biases that exist in the human brain. Many linguists have argued that some of the learning biases necessary to solve these language induction problems must be both innate and language-specific (i.e., the Universal Grammar (UG) hypothesis). Though there have been several recent high-profile investigations of the necessary learning bias types for different linguistic phenomena, the UG hypothesis is still the dominant assumption for a large segment of linguists due to the lack of studies addressing central phenomena in generative linguistics. To address this, we focus on how to learn constraints on long-distance dependencies, also known as syntactic island constraints. We use formal acceptability judgment data to identify the target state of learning for syntactic island constraints and conduct a corpus analysis of child-directed data to affirm that there does appear to be an induction problem when learning these constraints. We then create a computational learning model that implements a learning strategy capable of successfully learning the pattern of acceptability judgments observed in formal experiments, based on realistic input. Importantly, this model does not explicitly encode syntactic constraints. We discuss learning biases required by this model in detail as they highlight the potential problems posed by syntactic island effects for any theory of syntactic acquisition. We find that, although the proposed learning strategy requires fewer complex and domain-specific components than previous theories of syntactic island learning, it still raises difficult questions about how the specific biases required by syntactic islands arise in the learner. We discuss the consequences of these results for theories of acquisition and theories of syntax.

Testing linguistic theory and variation to their limits: The case of Romance

Through a number of illuminating cases studies which draw in large part on the largely under-utilized data of Romance dialectal varieties, the present article sets out to highlight the importance that Romance data, especially those of non-standard varietites, can play in testing and enriching currents theories of syntax. In particular, we shall show that dialectal varieties, although frequently overlooked in the past, offer an immensely fertile and still relatively unexplored experimental territory in which to profitably investigate new ideas about language structure, change and variation. At the same time, we champion the mutual benefits for theoretical linguists and Romanists of adopting a more integrated and reciprocally-informed approach in their respective treatments of linguistic evidence, highlighting how a familiarity with the key tools and ideas established in both fields has the potential to enrich linguistic and empirical analyses considerably.

Application of GIS in Quantifying the Urban Form-A Case Study of Shanghai

This paper proposes a framework of quantitative analysis of urban form based on GIS and reports an empirical study of Shanghai city to investigate the evolutional characteristics of urban form. By using ERDAS IMAGINE and GIS, the spatial form characteristics of Shanghai has been extracted based on a series of Landsat TM and ETM imagery over the period from 1982 to 2008; by combining fractal dimension theory, compactness ratio theory, space syntax theory etc with the spatial analysis technology of GIS, the urban form characteristics of Shanghai has been analyzed quantitatively in terms of urban external shape, urban internal structure, urban population size and urban transportation. Practice has proved that the combination of GIS with the theories of fractal dimension and space syntax etc can not only help to learn the principals of urban nature but also can explore the intrinsic interactive mechanism of geographic entities by deeply mining the spatial data.

3차원 공간 상에서 Space Syntax를 이용한 게임 객체 배치 연구

본 논문에서는 게임 맵에 대한 공간 분석을 통하여 정량적인 공간 분석 수치를 제공함으로써기획자들로 하여금 게임 객체를 배치하는데 있어서의 합리성을 제공할 수 있도록 하는 것이 본 연구의 기본 목적이다. 본 연구의 의의로는 Space Syntax을 이용한 게임 플레이어들의 행태 분석에 국한된 기존 연구의 한계를 벗어나, 게임 개발 단계인 레벨 디자인에서 Space Syntax를 활용하여 효율적인 게임 객체의 배치가 가능할 수 있도록 한 것이다. 본 논문의 산업적인 가치로는 합리적인 게임 객체의 배치에 따라 기존의 레벨 디자인 단계에서 발생할 수 있는 반복적인 작업들을 줄여 게임 개발 기간 및 개발 기대 비용을 절감할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

구배 기반 가중 접근성을 이용한 역세권 보행 네트워크 분석에 관한 연구

최근보행은 교통의 가장 기본 이동수단으로 대중교통 중심개발, 지속가능한 개발, 녹색교통 활성화 등 새로운 패러다임의 부각으로 그 중요성과 관심도가 높아지고 있다. 기존의 보행 네트워크 분석 연구에서는 보행자의 목적지까지 이동거리와 공간구문론의 통합도를 대표적인 접근성 요소로 사용하고 있지만 단순한 평면상의 네트워크 이동거리는 지형적인 특성이 반영되지 않기 때문에 비슷한 네트워크 구조를 가진 분석 지역들의 경우 비슷한 결과 값을 나타낼 수 있다. 또한 분석 지역의 특성에 따라 보행자들의 이동규모와 이동거리가 다름에도 불구하고 이를 반영하지 못한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 구배를 고려하고 보행자의 이동규모를 고려한 이동거리 분석을 통해 새로운 보행 네트워크 접근성 분석 방법론을 제시하는 것이 목적이다. 강남구에 위치한 논현역, 역삼역, 학동역을 연구지역으로 선정하고, 미국 스포츠의학협회에서 제시하는 대사량 공식을 통해 구배 가중거리 공식을 유도하고 보행자의 이동규모를 추정하기 위해 건물 면적 비율에 따라 역 이용객 수 데이터를 활용해 건물 이용자 수를 추정한 뒤 연구 지역의 1인당 평균 이동거리를 비교하고 분석하였다. 더 나아가 역세권 200m와 500m에 위치한 건물에 대한 보행자의 이동거리 분석을 실시하였으며 이는 보다 연구지역의 특성을 반영하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구는 단순 보행 네트워크 이동거리 분석에서 구배를 고려한 보행 네트워크 이동거리 분석, 더 나아가 보행자의 이동규모를 고려한 보행 네트워크 이동거리 분석을 실시하였고 보다 실질적인 보행자의 특성을 고려한 보행 네트워크 접근성 분석 방법론을 제시하였다. 이는 앞으로 보행 네트워크 분석에서 지형적 특성을 반영하고 보다 실질적인 보행자의 움직임을 고려한 보행 네트워크 분석 방법론으로 활용될 것으로 기대된다. Walking is the most basic personal mobility and its importance and concern is ever increasing with the highlighting of a new paradigm, such as transit oriented development, sustainable development and revitalization of green transport. The existing analytical research on pedestrian network is using a pedestrian's moving distance to a destination and integration in space syntax theory as its representative accessibility factors. However, the uniplanar network moving distance fails to reflect topographic characteristics, so the moving distance could show a similar result value in case of the regions for analysis that have a similar network structure to each other. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to suggest a new analytical methodology on pedestrian network accessibility in consideration of the grade in pedestrian sections and a pedestrian's size. this study, in its analysis of a uniplanar pedestrian network moving distance, analyzed the pedestrian network moving distance in consideration of the grade in pedestrian sections, and even the pedestrian network moving distance in consideration of a pedestrian's size, and suggested the methodology on pedestrian network accessibility analysis in consideration of a more substantive pedestrian's characteristics. It is hoped that the methodology used by this study will be used as the methodology on pedestrian network analysis which can reflect topographic characteristics in the pedestrian network analysis, and take a more substantive pedestrian's movement into account.

Music and language: Comparative studies of syntactic cognition

Music and language are both excellent abilities unique to humans, and they make great significance to human survival and social activities. Language has long been known as a highly modular neurocognitive system independent of other complex cognitive abilities. However, recent researches, especially cognitive and neuroimaging studies have shown substantive overlaps in the syntactic processing of music and language in many aspects. In this article, we first describe the theories of musical and linguistic syntax briefly, and then summarize the recent comparative researches of syntactic forms, syntactic mechnisms, and the relation between syntax and meaning. On this basis, we discuss the significance of research findings and suggest the future study directions. Like language, the processing mechanisms of music engage a wide range of the brain. Exploring the syntactic relevance of music and language will help to further understand the cognitive functions of human brain. Moreover, the findings may provide evidence for the studies of linguistic developing competence and clinical practice in language disorders to a certain extent.

Creating Safer Cities through Urban Planning and Development

Crime has always been one of the major concerns of residents of many cities around the world. It is one of the fundamental threats faced at every level of society - individual, organizational, sub-national, national, international/global. The need to assure a high level of security for the city‘s inhabitants and visitors is one of the most important tasks of local government. It is clear that only a comprehensive strategy with different crime fighting methods can bring positive results. Although theories coming from social sciences dominate this field of research, the authors of the paper emphasize the role of other perspectives, especially those developed by urban planners. The second part of the paper describes the process and results of the empirical research conducted in Vilnius city which was aimed at identifying the most vulnerable to crime open public spaces of the city applying the space syntax theory. The analysis helped to identify several common tendencies and specific proposals for local governments aiming to achieve a higher level of security in their cities and a better quality of life for local population.

Terminology representation guidelines for biomedical ontologies in the semantic web notations

Terminologies and ontologies are increasingly prevalent in healthcare and biomedicine. However they suffer from inconsistent renderings, distribution formats, and syntax that make applications through common terminologies services challenging. To address the problem, one could posit a shared representation syntax, associated schema, and tags. We identified a set of commonly-used elements in biomedical ontologies and terminologies based on our experience with the Common Terminology Services 2 (CTS2) Specification as well as the Lexical Grid (LexGrid) project. We propose guidelines for precisely such a shared terminology model, and recommend tags assembled from SKOS, OWL, Dublin Core, RDF Schema, and DCMI meta-terms. We divide these guidelines into lexical information (e.g. synonyms, and definitions) and semantic information (e.g. hierarchies). The latter we distinguish for use by informal terminologies vs. formal ontologies. We then evaluate the guidelines with a spectrum of widely used terminologies and ontologies to examine how the lexical guidelines are implemented, and whether our proposed guidelines would enhance interoperability.

The Application of Syntactic Priming in Second Language Research

In this report, we provide a brief discussion of syntactic priming and how this methodology has provided insight into issues of syntactic representation, specifically in terms of the autonomy of syntax and the relationship between production and perception in syntactic representation. We present results from studies related to syntactic priming in bilinguals and second/foreign language learners that focus on the ways in which syntactic priming can illuminate the representation of syntax in acquisition and bilingual grammar. Finally, we suggest further paths of research using this methodology.

Rediscovering a Forgotten City: The Case Study of Laranjeiras

The term “forgotten city” was mentioned by researchers to denominate some colonial Brazilian settlements and cities which seem to have the same characteristics that demonstrate they were hidden along the years and that have the same atmosphere as they used to in their past life, i.e., they have the same traditional type of urban configuration produced at the origin of the city. This paper brings into discussion this character of this city, using as an example the city of Laranjeiras, one of the oldest cities of the State of Sergipe, which had a great and rich trade of sugar, besides significant cultural and political activities, being known as “Brazilian Athens” in the 19th century. Then, Laranjeiras decayed and stopped growing along the 20th century. However, it has had a good perspective to develop again with insertion of new different activities recently. The initial Portuguese planning to villages in Brazil followed specific rules and had a systematic assistance, what discards the myth that many Brazilian cities were born and grown up as a spontaneous form without planning. Studying some factors deeply, as spatial configuration, settlement localization and urban grid, it can be possible to point some recognizable elements which demonstrate that some cities were built to be forgotten. The methodology used for the analysis of Laranjeiras presents many historic, economic and cultural aspects related to the spatial-syntactic studies (Space Syntax Theory), bringing to light some interesting thoughts about urban form and social life.

An Analysis of Pedestrian Movement in Multilevel Complex by Space Syntax Theory: In the Case of Shibuya Station

In recent years, the major Japanese railway stations have been rebuilt into building complex with deep underground and high-rise floors by the redevelopment projects. These projects probably raise the attractiveness of stations and increase the numbers of users, but on the other hand, it is expected that its complexity will make it hard for the users to get to their destinations. In this study, spaces to own such a configuration are defined as complicated multilayered space.

On the nature of cross-linguistic transfer: A case study of Andean Spanish

This paper presents the results of a study on cross-linguistic transfer in Andean Spanish word order. In Andean Spanish the object appears in preverbal position more frequently than in non-Andean Spanish, which has been attributed to an influence from Quechua (a Subject–Object–Verb language). The high frequency of preverbal objects could be explained by focus fronting. The main syntactic properties of focus fronting in Spanish are weak crossover and long distance movement. Two elicitation studies designed to test for these properties in non-Andean Spanish, Andean Spanish and Quechua show no evidence of syntactic transfer from Quechua into Andean Spanish. Rather, the analysis of naturalistic data and an elicitation study on question–answer pairs show that there is pragmatic transfer from Quechua into Andean Spanish. The study has implications for theories of syntax and language contact, and especially for the debate on the nature of cross-linguistic transfer.

Introduction

During the last decades, comparative syntax has encouraged incursions into an almost unexplored area of linguistic variation, that of dialect syntax. After inspection of closely related languages, syntactic comparative research also focused onto closely related language varieties, as families of dialects, which provided an almost laboratorial setting for studying syntactic variation under strictly controlled conditions (cf. Kayne 1996, Kayne 2005: 5-8). This new microcomparative approach developed as an important tool for investigating dialect syntax, but also as a highly restrained way of searching for invariant linguistic principles, as envisaged by the end of the past century within the framework of Principles and Parameters Theory (Chomsky 1981) of generative syntax: “Microcomparative syntax is a powerful tool, whose growth is perhaps to be compared with the development of the earliest microscopes, that allows us to probe questions concerning the most primitive units of syntactic variation. And since the invariant principles of UG [Universal Grammar] can hardly be understood in isolation from syntactic variation, this tool promises to provide invaluable evidence that will shape our understanding of those principles themselves” (Kayne 1996: xvii). The study of nonstandard and/or non standardized language continues today to strengthen the relevance of microcomparative data for understanding the properties of natural language and the nature of linguistic variation.

공간구문론 및 지리적 가중회귀 기법을 이용한 지가분석

Existing studies on land values tend to show the use of simple euclidean distances as the accessibility variable and OLS as the analysis method. However, applying such euclidean distance-based accessibility to dense CBD areas has limitations in the incorporating the characteristics of network structure whereas using OLS, the typical method for non-spatial data, tends to exclude spatial effects of spatial data. In this study, we analyzed land values focusing on the revised accessibility variables and the analytical technique that can include spatial effects. First, we adopted space syntax theory in order to consider not simple shortest distances along the streets but distances based on street network structure. Second, we compared OLS with GWR that includes spatial effects. Third, we used different size grid-cells for the spatial units considering MAUP theory and applied them to Gangnam-gu area. Each cell was analyzed for overall influence of independent variables using OLS, and coefficients were presented by GWR which enables local analysis and visualization. As a result, we found that suggested accessibility variables have a meaningful effects for land value analyses, and we were able to verify that GWR produces improved results compared to OLS. Also, we observed that the resulting values vary depending on the sizes of spatial units.

Syntax theory of finite lattice-valued propositional logic

In this paper, we establish the graded syntax theory of lattice-valued propositional logic based on finite lattice implication algebras, define the notions of syntactic consequence operation and formal proof, and develop a kind of graded finite lattice-valued propositional calculus. By generalizing classic provable equivalence relation, we present a kind of generalized provable equivalence relation, and establish the corresponding quotient algebra. Finally, we establish the generalized deduction theorem by syntactic consequence operation, and establish the completeness in Pavelka’s sense based on finite chains.

Rock, Refrain and Remove: Hearing Place and Seeing Music in Brasília

This article investigates relationships between rock music and the concept of place in the modernist, functionalist, planned city of Brasília, Brazil, known at times as ‘Capital of Rock’ and ‘Capital of Hope’. With rock history in Brasília, the city's built environment and its social character as my foci, I theorise the homology of remove as a way to conceptualise substantive relationships between these three, seemingly disparate ‘spheres’. Fieldwork, notably three repeated motifs—the ‘refrains’—subjects use to explain their observations, historical research, and space syntax theory's ‘integration’ provide the material.

Conjunction, cumulation and respectively readings

So-called respectively readings have posed serious challenges for theories of syntax and semantics. Sentences likeGeorge and Martha respectively denounced and were denounced by the governor(McCawley 1998) show that although the conjoined verbal expressions share the same syntactic subject, they do not predicate that subject in the same way; George (not Martha) denounced the governor, and Martha (but not George) was denounced by the governor. Postal (1998: 160–163) and Gawron & Kehler (2004: 193–194) show that this phenomenon poses problems for contemporary theories of grammar and argue that it is particularly acute for theories where subcategorization and predication are linked via unification. As these authors note, the problem is even more severe in respectively readings involving filler–gap constructions. In this paper I argue that the severity of these problems has been overstated and that the data do not entail any special dissociation between predication, subcategorization, or extraction. In this paper I propose an account which is fully compatible with unification-based theories of grammar. Gawron & Kehler (2004) propose an account of respectively phenomena which covers a remarkably wide range of cases. That approach relies on aRespfoperator, which it stipulated to be optionally overt. However, I argue that this analysis is problematic because there are significant semantic differences between respectively readings with and without an overt realization of ‘respectively’. Rather, the data suggest that respectively readings may be special cases of more general phenomena which happen to create interpretations that are compatible with the semantics of the adverbrespectively. This explains why respectively readings can arise without the adverb, and does not require us to posit a disconnect between predication and subcategorization. In fact, a sentence with a respectively reading will not differ in syntactic or semantic structure from sentences without such a reading.