Theory Of Syntax Research Articles

Subject Verb Agreement in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and Saudi Dialect of Arabic (SA): A New Minimalist Account

Subject Verb Agreement in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and Saudi Dialect of Arabic (SA): A New Minimalist Account Khalaf M. J. AlShammiry Abstract Using Chomsky’s theory of syntax, the Minimalist Program (MP) (1993, 1995, 2000), this paper presents a new analysis for the ongoing debatable word order variation in both Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and the Saudi dialect of Arabic (SA). It has been noticed that in SVO order, the subject agrees partially with the verb; whereas in VSO order, the subject fully agrees with the verb. In SA, the subject always fully agrees with the verb in both word orders. Previous studies have debated whether the preverbal subject is a subject or a topic or a focus. I argue that the noun in the MSA and SA is a subject which is either base generated in the case of the MSA or moved from inside the clause in the case of SA; making use of the distinction between al-jumlaalismiyya “ the nominal sentence” and al-jumlaal-fi?liyya “the verbal sentence” in Arabic, Abd Al-bidee (1996) and among others, I ague that there is a Head Phrase (HP) at the left periphery of the clause where the subject surfaces to check the nominal head feature of the HP and to mark the clause nominal. For this argument, I assume that the clitic onto the verb is either an agreement marker or a subject and the number feature is weak in MSA and strong in SA. In addition, before the syntax, the noun is split into an expletive and a noun or a clitic and the TP in SA has two specs. The two supporting pieces of evidence for my argument are the subject of the embedded clauses and the structure of the wh-questions in MSA. The contribution of the paper lies in the fact that it investigates the agreement issue in a dialect that is, to my knowledge, heretofore uninvestigated; and adds to our understanding of the syntax of the agreement asymmetry in MSA and SA. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/jflcc.v4n2a8

Subject Verb Agreement in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and Saudi Dialect of Arabic (SA): A New Minimalist Account

Subject Verb Agreement in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and Saudi Dialect of Arabic (SA): A New Minimalist Account Khalaf M. J. AlShammiry Abstract Using Chomsky’s theory of syntax, the Minimalist Program (MP) (1993, 1995, 2000), this paper presents a new analysis for the ongoing debatable word order variation in both Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and the Saudi dialect of Arabic (SA). It has been noticed that in SVO order, the subject agrees partially with the verb; whereas in VSO order, the subject fully agrees with the verb. In SA, the subject always fully agrees with the verb in both word orders. Previous studies have debated whether the preverbal subject is a subject or a topic or a focus. I argue that the noun in the MSA and SA is a subject which is either base generated in the case of the MSA or moved from inside the clause in the case of SA; making use of the distinction between al-jumlaalismiyya “ the nominal sentence” and al-jumlaal-fi?liyya “the verbal sentence” in Arabic, Abd Al-bidee (1996) and among others, I argue that there is a Head Phrase (HP) at the left periphery of the clause where the subject surfaces to check the nominal head feature of the HP and to mark the clause nominal. For this argument, I assume that the clitic onto the verb is either an agreement marker or a subject and the number feature is weak in MSA and strong in TA. In addition, before the syntax, the noun is split into an expletive and a noun or a clitic and the TP in SA has two specs. The two supporting pieces of evidence for my argument are the subject of the embedded clauses and the structure of the wh-questions in MSA. The contribution of the paper lies in the fact that it investigates the agreement issue in a dialect that is, to my knowledge, heretofore uninvestigated; and adds to our understanding of the syntax of the agreement asymmetry in MSA and SA. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/ijll.v4n2a9

The Do-So-Diagnostic: Against finite VPs and for flat non-finite VPs

AbstractThe

Efficiency Accessibility of Eco-Friendly Circulation Network by Bicycle Way and Pedestrian Way Approach to Green University Maejo University, Chiang Mai Province

Research is a morphological spatial study. Purpose was to find an accessibility efficiency of circulation network based on green university concept, Space Syntax theory and Geo-Informatics System (GIS) to analyze eco-friendly circulation networks of pedestrian way and bicycle way. It found that circulation networks are linear and curve linear patterns. An Intanin road is the main road that has the highest accessibility efficiency of global integration value ([HH]), local integration value ([HH] R3) and connectivity integration value measured 2.8330, 4.0373 and 28, respectively. The correlation of connectivity and [HH], connectivity and [HH] R3 are quite low. These values show that people have difficulty in understanding and remembering the route of circulation networks. However, the circulation network has the advantage of having very high correlation of [HH] R3 and [HH] measured 0.8716 which mean that people have great alternatives of route choice in circulation network. Otherwise, it found that an accessibility efficiency of circulation network and existing pedestrian routes of user have not related with an existing university pedestrian network. Results from, characteristic of university pedestrian network are fragment and cannot linkage.

<南柯錄> 서문에 나타난 문장론과 소설론의 양상과 의미

<南柯錄> 서문에 나타난 문장론과 소설론의 양상과 의미

A MONDATSZERKEZETEK SZEMANTIKAI INTERPRETÁCIÓJA

A generatív nyelvelméletnek több modellje jött létre, mindegyikben kölcsönhatás van a szintaktikai forma és a jelentés szerkezete között. A modellek többek között abban különböznek egymástól, hogy a nyelvtan egyik komponense, a szemantikai komponens melyik szerkezetet interpretálja. A mondattan elméletének aspektusaiban a mélyszerkezethez kapcsolódik, ez a szerkezet határozza meg a thematikus viszonyokat. A hetvenes években a felszíni szerkezetet is, majd végül csak a felszíni szerkezetet interpretálja, ugyanis a jelentésnek vannak olyan aspektusai, melyek a felszíni szerkezetben alakítják a mondat jelentését (fókusz, koreferencia, előfeltevés). A modell alakulása során új fogalommal gazdagodik a modell, a Logikai Forma fogalmával, mely a mondat jelentésének részleges ábrázolása. A nyolcvanas évek kormányzás és kötés elméletének elveit részelméletek tartalmazzák, ezek egy része a jelentéssel kapcsolatos. A magyar mondat genaratív leírása tartalmazza a grammatikai jelentéssel kapcsolatos szabályokat is.

Against ellipsis: arguments for the direct licensing of ‘noncanonical’ coordinations

Categorial grammar is well-known for its elegant analysis of coordination enabled by the flexible notion of constituency it entertains. However, to date, no systematic study exists that examines whether this analysis has any obvious empirical advantage over alternative analyses of nonconstituent coordination available in phrase structure-based theories of syntax. This paper attempts precisely such a comparison. We compare the direct constituent coordination analysis of non-canonical coordinations (right-node raising, dependent cluster coordination and Gapping) in categorial grammar with an ellipsis-based analysis of the same phenomena in the recent HPSG literature. We provide a set of empirical evidence, consisting of cases in which non-canonical coordinations interact with scopal operators of various sorts, which systematically falsifies the predictions of the latter, ‘linearization-based’ ellipsis approach to coordination. We propose an alternative analysis in a variant of categorial grammar called Hybrid Type-Logical Categorial Grammar. The proposed framework builds on both the Lambek-inspired variants of categorial grammar and a more recent line of work modelling word order via a lambda calculus for the prosodic component. The flexible syntax–semantics interface of this framework straightforwardly captures the interactions between non-canonical coordinations and scopal expressions, demonstrating the broader empirical payoff of the direct constituent coordination analysis of non-canonical coordinations pioneered by Steedman (Language 61(3):523–568, 1985; Linguist Philos 13(2):207–263, 1990) and Dowty (Categorial grammars and natural language structures, 1988) hitherto not explicitly recognized in the literature.

The puzzling degraded status of who free relative clauses in English

There is a puzzling asymmetry in English with respect to free relative clauses introduced by what and who, with the former (e.g. [What Glenn said] didn't make much sense) intuitively being much more acceptable than the latter (e.g. [Who Glenn married] didn't make much money). In this squib, we explore this degraded acceptability of who free relative clauses, and from the results of an experimental study we identify syntactic features of the sentence that influence the level of acceptability. We discuss the difficulty in finding an independently motivated solution to the puzzling asymmetry within current theories of syntax, semantic and processing. Finally, we touch on a broader theoretical question relating to the robust cross-linguistic process by which elements of the set of wh-words in a language are able to extend their function from introducing interrogative clauses to introducing other clausal constructions.

Application of space syntax theory to the sustainable development of Tunghai university campus environment

For the past thirty years, the space syntax theory has been widely used in topics related to constructing the pedestrian zone models, criminal analyses, traffic-related pollution controls, and way-finding processes. Space syntax allows the explanation for people's behavior and social activities from the spatial structure point of view. Most of the space syntax studies emphasize on the relationship between the urban form and the spatial structure. It is often used for assessing development projects or architecture configurations. Researchers are dedicated to developing the theory and method of the spatial data analysis (SDA). The “spatial analysis” is a critical feature of the geographic information system (GIS) and this feature makes it different from various other ways of handling the space information. In this study, the space syntax theory was used for the analysis of the interior environment of the Tunghai University campus and the downtown roads surrounding it so as to find the hot spot of the target base. A suggestion was also proposed for planning a road sign system for the elderly to walk here so that the elderly can walk on the flat and smooth regions in the campus with distinguishing features. This approach achieved the purpose of a sustainable campus and it can also enhance the way-finding efficiency. The walking route which is obtained by the analysis and suitable for the elderly is described as follows. From the entrance gate of the first campus along the Beauson Road to arrive at the Luce Chapel; along the Duxin Road and pass through the President's residence and the Sunlight Lawn; come down two blocks and turn left so as to arrive at the University Milk Restaurant and the Green Heart; turn right and along the Li-shin Road to the second campus so as to pass through the Dairy Farm, Department of Fine Arts, Department of Music, and College of Management; now arrive at the entrance gate of the second campus. This route is one of the routes which are suitable for the elderly to walk along. The follow-up research will invite elderly groups for real testing so as to verify the suitability of this route.

Almost first-class language embedding: taming staged embedded DSLs

Embedded domain-specific languages (EDSLs), inheriting a general-purpose language's features as well as look-and-feel, have traditionally been second-class or rather non-citizens in terms of host-language design. This makes sense when one regards them to be on the same level as traditional, non-EDSL library interfaces. However, this equivalence only applies to the simplest of EDSLs. In this paper we illustrate why this is detrimental when moving on to EDSLs that employ staging, i.e. program reification, by example of various issues that affect authors and users alike. We believe that if EDSLs are to be considered a reliable, language-like interface abstraction, they require exceptional attention and design scrutiny. Instead of unenforceable conventions, we advocate the acceptance of EDSLs as proper, i.e. almost first-class, citizens while retaining most advantages of pure embeddings. As a small step towards this goal, we present a pragmatic framework prototype for Java. It is based on annotations that explicate and document membership to explicit EDSL entities. In a nutshell, our framework identifies (annotated) method calls and field accesses as EDSL terms and dynamically constructs an abstract-syntax representation, which is eventually passed to a semantics-defining back end implemented by the EDSL author.

UTILIZING MOBILE SENSING TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF URBAN SPACE ON USERS BEHAVIOR

Abstract. Space syntax theory was used by many researcher to determine the correlation between people behaviour and urban configuration. However, The data collected for these studies using traditional data collection methods such as questionnaire and interviews, this is associated with inaccurate and biased in data. Wireless devices and smart phones and their sensing capabilities now can be involved in solving several issue. Many mobile applications have been developed with which people are able to keep track of their daily life details. In this research mobile sensing is used to track the location and activities of users in university campuses, the collected data is correlated to space properties to interfere the open space effects on student activities in a university campus. The paper utilize Mobile GPS and accelerometer sensors to sense people behaviour in urban configuration.

On Nuclear Stress Rule in Chinese

This paper discusses the syntactic function of Nuclear Stress Rule (NSR) in Chinese; it is argued that the NSR is a central mechanism developed in the theory of prosodic syntax under which the interface effects between prosody and syntax are derived. It is shown that the NS not only carries the normal sentential stress but also manifests wide scope focus information. In answering questions and confusions raised in recent years, this paper provides some new facts with new analyses motivated by the Government-based Nuclear Stress Rule in Chinese.

공간구조론을 적용한 종합병원 외래부 유도사인 배치 및 평가에 관한 연구 - G.D.Weisman의 길찾기 요소를 중심으로

Purpose: Signs that are installed at unnoticeable places or that disconnect before the destination can bring errors of location information delivery. Therefore, this study aims to find out the spatial relation between structure of space and signs in the perspective of visual exposure possibility, operating arrangement and assesment by applying spatial structure theory. Methods: Effectiveness of organization of guidance signs was evaluated after the four way-finding factors(Plan Configuration, Sign System, Perceptual Access, Architectural Difference) that G.D.Weisman suggested were interpreted by spatial structure theory(J-Graph analysis, Space Syntax, Visual Graph Analysis) under the premise that it is closely related to the structure of space. Results: 1) Because the south corridor that connects each department of outpatient division is located in the hierarchy center of the space, and walking density is expected to be high, guidance signs need to be organized at the place with high integration value. 2) The depth to the destination space can be estimated through J-Graph analysis. The depth means a switch of direction, and the guidance signs are needed according to the number. 3) According to visibility graph analysis, visual exposure can be different in the same hierarchy unit space according to the shape of the flat surface. Based on these data, location adjustment of signs is possible, and the improvement effect can be estimated quantitatively. Implications: Spatial structure theory can be utilized to design and evaluate sign systems, and it helps to clearly understand the improvement effect. It is desirable to specify design and estimation of sign systems in the order of J-Graph analysis<TEX>${\rightarrow}$</TEX>Space Syntax Theory<TEX>${\rightarrow}$</TEX>visibility graph analysis.

The morphological characteristics of medieval temple towns of Tamilnadu

Medieval temple towns of Tamilnadu in South India evolved under the predominant influence of religion and bear this symbolic imprint in their urban form. In this study we present the spatial configuration of seven medieval temple towns of Tamilnadu: Madurai, Tiruvannamalai, Chidambaram, Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam, Tirunelvelli, and Tiruchengode. All seven towns selected for this study are glorified Saivite centers bearing individual characteristics of sociospatial formation and yet as a total reflect the significant features of the Hindu urban genotype. We use the space syntax theory that offers a quantitative and comparative approach, to identify temple towns as a unique urban genotype. All seven urban settlements are analyzed separately and compared with each other in order to arrive at the instrumental and symbolic characteristics of their urban space. The main characteristics found in these cities are: a high degree of axiality; more spatial synchrony in a regular settlement pattern; a high level of connectivity with integration cores centered on the temple forming highly intelligible structures. The strong significance of the Hindu urban genotype is established through the rank ordering of urban streets and landmark elements, thus reinforcing the symbolic structuring of the integration core.

The Next 700 Challenge Problems for Reasoning with Higher-Order Abstract Syntax Representations

Over the past three decades, a variety of meta-reasoning systems which support reasoning about higher-order abstract specifications have been designed and developed. In this paper, we survey and compare four meta-reasoning systems, Twelf, Beluga, Abella and Hybrid, using several benchmarks from the open repository ORBI that describes challenge problems for reasoning with higher-order abstract syntax representations. In particular, we investigate how these systems mechanize and support reasoning using a context of assumptions. This highlights commonalities and differences in these systems and is a first step towards translating between them.

Yet Another Puzzle of Ground

Abstract We show that any predicational theory of partial ground that extends a standard theory of syntax and that proves some commonly accepted principles for partial ground is inconsistent. We suggest a way to obtain a consistent predicational theory of ground.

공간구문론을 이용한 일본 소규모 단독주택의 공간특징 분석 - 국내 아파트 평면과의 비교를 중심으로 -

공간구문론을 이용한 일본 소규모 단독주택의 공간특징 분석 - 국내 아파트 평면과의 비교를 중심으로 -

A VIEW OF THE NEURAL REPRESENTATION OF SECOND LANGUAGE SYNTAX THROUGH ARTIFICIAL LANGUAGE LEARNING UNDER IMPLICIT CONTEXTS OF EXPOSURE

The current study aims to make an initial neuroimaging contribution to central implicit-explicit issues in second language (L2) acquisition by considering how implicit and explicit contexts mediate the neural representation of L2. Focusing on implicit contexts, the study employs a longitudinal design to examine the neural representation of L2 syntax and also considers how the neural circuits underlying L2 syntax vary among learners who exhibit different levels of performance on linguistic and cognitive tasks. Results suggest that when exposed to a L2 under an implicit context, some learners are able to quickly rely on neural circuits associated with first language grammar and procedural memory, whereas other learners increasingly use extralinguistic neural circuits related to control mechanisms to process syntax. Thus, there may be multiple ways in which L2 is represented neurally, at least when learned under implicit contexts.

경로이용행태를 가중한 공간의 3차원 시지각 특성 분석기술

The probability of visual perception occurrence varies in case the expectation of using each unit space of which the whole space consists because the size of space subject to analysis is very large or the organization is complicated in the analysis of spatial visual configuration. Therefore, it is necessary to compensate space analysis and index measurement by applying weight to the point of view for the probability of experiencing space. This study proposed a method of analyzing visibility ratio by applying the integration of space syntax theory as weight, and grasped the effect in comparison with the visibility ratio when weight was not applied.

A Quantitative Research of Spatial Feature of Core Area in Qujiang

Based on the spatial syntax theory, this research focused on deteriorate of spatial feature of a core area in Xi’an Qujiang in which space alteration heavily influenced by architecture heritage. After comparing the quantified feature degree in 2000 and in 2012 and explaining the social phenomenon, the problem of failure to create a striking core area in Qujing which highly invested has been resolved from the space-configuration perspective. Not only buildings, landscape and consumer items, but also the space-configuration can influence people’s assembling and parting and further control the appearing of spatial feature. As a result, improving spatial feature by the way of adjusting space configuration has been proposed.