Reader's Understanding Research Articles

Individual differences in holistic word processing and the role of phonological processing in sentence comprehension

BackgroundRecent research has documented individual differences in the reading profiles of skilled native English readers using a behavioural marker of holistic visual word processing (orientation sensitivity). A more holistic word reading profile is associated with a weaker correlation with phonological decoding for word identification. Interestingly, that is different from typical patterns in skilled reading in English. The current study aimed to further assess the underlying distribution of orientation sensitivity as a continuous measure in an unrestricted undergraduate population and to extend past findings to understand the role of phonological decoding in reading comprehension as a function of orientation sensitivity.MethodsA group of 137 SUNY New Paltz undergraduates completed an orientation sensitivity test to assess the overarching distribution. A subset of 55 SUNY New Paltz undergraduates completed additional reading‐related tests (phonological decoding and reading comprehension) on an online platform (findingfive.com). The relationship between orientation sensitivity and reliance on phonological decoding on reading comprehension was assessed using regression.ResultsResults found that the distribution of orientation sensitivity was not normal and skews to the right, but is not bimodal, thus warranting the use of regression instead of group statistics. Lastly, those with relatively greater orientation sensitivity had a weaker relationship between measures of phonological decoding and a reading comprehension measure, as predicted.ConclusionsThe results extended the finding of differences in reliance on phonological decoding to reading comprehension as a function of orientation sensitivity. These results help refine our understanding of orientation sensitive readers and potential alternative route to successful reading found in the general population.

Stilistika Al-Qur’an: Memahami Bentuk-Bentuk Komunikasi Metafora dalam Surat Ali Imran

This research aims to delve into the stylistics of the Al-Qur’an, particularly the use of metaphorical communication (isti'arah) in Surat Ali Imran. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method to collect data from the Al-Qur’an, exegesis, and relevant literature. The research findings identify and analyze various forms of isti'arah employed in Surat Ali Imran, conveying metaphorical messages with linguistic uniqueness and brilliance. The analysis reveals that isti'arah serves as an effective tool for conveying religious concepts and enriches the reader's understanding through strong symbols and analogies. The research conclusion affirms that the presence of isti'arah in Surat Ali Imran enhances the Quranic language's beauty and adds depth to the comprehension of religious concepts. This metaphorical language style serves as a window that showcases the wisdom and grandeur of the Al-Qur’an, inviting readers to contemplate and understand divine messages more profoundly. Thus, this research provides valuable insights into the use of isti'arah in conveying metaphorical meanings in the Al-Qur’an, enriching Quranic readers' religious and linguistic understanding.

MEANS OF TRANSLATION OF THE TERMINOLOGY AND PROPER NAMES IN THE FANTASY COMICS

The main purpose of the article is to study lexical and lexical-semantic translation transformations in selected fragments of such research materials as the comics “Lore Olympus” and “Solo leveling”, as well as to identify the advantages of the transformations that were used most often, because, despite the rapid development of this industry in Ukraine, literature of this genre is only beginning to gain popularity, so the results of the study may be useful for translators who are starting to work with fantasy comics. The article analyzes modern theoretical sources dedicated to the studying of the concepts of “comics” and “fantasy” and provides definitions of these concepts. Thus, a comic book is a product in which a combination of text and images is arranged in a certain sequence in order to convey a message to the reader, and fantasy is a genre in which the fairy tale and the real are combined, or the fairy tale exists in a world that is very close to reality. Based on the analyzed information, the authors of the article stated that one of the features of fantasy comics is the presence of proper names, quasi-realias, and specific terms in comics. Translators primarily used the transcoding techniques (transliteration, transcribing, mixed transcoding, adaptive transcoding). The modulation techniques could be traced in the translation of both proper names and quasi-realias. In addition, the tracing turned out to be a common method of translating the quasi-realias. These three types of translation transformations were identified as the ones that occurred in the analysis of the majority of cases. In addition, they were used in combination with other transformations (which, however, were a smaller part of the total number of transformations), namely: the generalization, the specification, the clarification, the omission, the addition, and the grammatical substitution of number. The advantage of the transcoding is the ability to translate proper names in a such way as to preserve certain features of the original language or the language spoken by the comics characters. The advantages of the translation by the modulation and the tracing are the ability to reproduce terms and quasi-realias with the native language, as well as to simplify the text for the reader's understanding.

Perkembangan Usia Dini (Masa Kanak-Kanak Awal)

Early age is the initial phase of a child's development which will determine development in the next phase. Child development in the early phase is divided into 4 aspects of functional abilities, namely gross motor skills, fine motor skills and vision, speech and language, and social emotions and behavior. If there is a deficiency in one aspect of this ability, it can affect the development of other aspects. This research uses a critical review method, which involves careful examination and evaluation of various sources of information, such as scientific journals, articles and other media. The main goal of this approach is to improve the reader's understanding and interpretation skills in the context of early childhood development, as well as offering a critical assessment of the material reviewed. In addition, a critical review requires identifying important topics in the literature, analyzing the methodology used, and evaluating the strengths and limitations of the sources studied. Socialization development is the development needed in training children's socialization of their environment. Cognitive development in early childhood is called the pre-operational stage. At this stage stable concepts are formed, mental reasoning appears, egocentrism begins to strengthen, and belief in magical things is formed. According to Jean Piaget, moral development, early childhood is characterized by 'morality through coercion'.

THE STUDY OF ECCENTRICITY SPECTRUM AND ENERGY IN PATH AND CYCLE GRAPHS

The eccentricity matrix is one of matrices to represent graphs. The eccentricity matrix is used as a basis for calculating the eccentricity spectrum and energy. This article aims to study the concepts of eccentricity spectrum and energy in simple graphs. For special cases, we also discuss eccentricity spectrum and energy of paths and cycles. All studies in this article focus on providing some examples to facilitate the reader's understanding of the concepts studied. In addition, this article also corrects the mistakes in the lemma about eccentricity spectrum of paths and theorem about eccentricity energy of odd-order cycles from reference articles. Corrections are made by indicating where the errors are in the referenced articles, providing counter examples, correcting inaccurate lemmas and theorems, and giving short proofs. At the end of the article, an open problem is also included to provide an overview of research ideas that can be developed from the concepts of eccentricity spectrum and energy.

Techniques and methods for obtaining access to data protected by linux-based encryption – A reference guide for practitioners

This research presents an overview of the typical disc and folder-level encryption that a digital forensic investigator may encounter when investigating a Linux operating system. Based on prior first-hand experience and significant follow-up testing and research, this work examines the operation of such encryption from the user's perspective, discusses how the encryption operates “under the hood”; and explores methods and techniques that can be used to access and retrieve data from such encrypted devices, both during at-scene/live forensic investigation and also post-scene. Worked examples are presented, to aid the reader's understanding. This research also presents considerations, approaches and steps that can be used by an investigator, in order to maximise the potential for data acquisition, and most crucially discusses lessons learnt to facilitate getting the best evidence in such cases. A breakdown of the binary structure of the key files associated with fscrypt is also presented, for reference. Current limitations and gaps in knowledge are also discussed.

The m6A reader ECT1 drives mRNA sequestration to dampen salicylic acid-dependent stress responses in Arabidopsis.

N 6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a common epitranscriptional mRNA modification in eukaryotes. Thirteen putative m6A readers, mostly annotated as EVOLUTIONARILY CONSERVED C-TERMINAL REGION (ECT) proteins, have been identified in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), but few have been characterized. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis m6A reader ECT1 modulates salicylic acid (SA)-mediated plant stress responses. ECT1 undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation in vitro, and its N-terminal prion-like domain is critical for forming in vivo cytosolic biomolecular condensates in response to SA or bacterial pathogens. Fluorescence-activated particle sorting coupled with quantitative PCR analyses unveiled that ECT1 sequesters SA-induced m6A modification-prone mRNAs through its conserved aromatic cage to facilitate their decay in cytosolic condensates, thereby dampening SA-mediated stress responses. Consistent with this finding, ECT1 overexpression promotes bacterial multiplication in plants. Collectively, our findings unequivocally link ECT1-associated cytosolic condensates to SA-dependent plant stress responses, advancing the current understanding of m6A readers and the SA signaling network.

CONTRIBUIÇÕES PARA A FORMAÇÃO DO LEITOR LITERÁRIO POR MEIO DO LIVRO DE IMAGEM

This article is an excerpt from a Master's degree research, whose main objective was to understand the contribution of picture books to the formation of young readers of Children's Literature. Thus, its content contains some lines from one of the Dialogical Meetings held between the researcher and an illustrator about the gestation process of one of her works – Max Emiliano – with the intention of reading the illustrations towards a more in-depth understanding of the narrative present in the image book. To achieve this purpose, the methodology used was the analysis of a work based on dialogue with the illustrator and comparison with the theoretical framework of the philosophy of language with the thoughts of some researchers of Literature and illustrated books. As a result, teaching how to read images/illustrations at school, through Children's Literature books, contributes to the formation of readers from a young age, as it sensitively and aesthetically broadens their perspective. This process of attributing meanings to the image tends to expand throughout life as a result of each person's reading and imagery experiences and favors a more complete formation and development of the literary reader's understanding.

Prediction for recurrent non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.

Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) has a high recurrence rate, which places a significant burden on both patients and the healthcare system. Hence, it holds significant importance to predict the recurrence risk following treatment for individuals diagnosed with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). As new generation technologies continue to emerge, an increasing number of recurrence risk prediction tools are being developed and discovered. This article provides an overview of the primary recurrence risk prediction tools currently available, including the liquid biopsy, tissue biopsy, and risk prediction tables. Each of these tools is described in detail and illustrated with relevant examples. Furthermore, we conduct an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of these tools. This article aims to enhance the reader's understanding of the current progress in recurrence prediction tools and encourage their practical utilization in the fields of precision medicine and public health.

Sang Hyang Semara Ratih as The Creation of Painting

This independent project thesis raises the title Sang Hyang Semara Ratih as the creation of a painting. In the Hindu mythological story Sang Hyang Semara Ratih, which is the lamp of the gods and goddesses as a symbol of love full of desire and loyalty and sacrifice. The story is told in Lontar Cundamani II. In this quote, it is told that heaven is being attacked by the giant Nilarudraka, a powerful giant who wants to rule over heaven. The gods were all defeated, none of them could fight him. Finally the gods came to Bhagawan Wraspati to ask and predict who would be able to beat the giant. Finally the results of the prediction showed that the giant Nilarudraka would only be defeated by the elephant-headed children of Lord Shiva. From the contents of this thesis, the author also reveals the creation of works of art, which the author creates and shows, namely the visuals of the Hindu Mythological object Sang Hyang Semara Ratih which contain many philosophical meanings in it. The conclusion of Sang Hyang Semara Ratih's thesis as the creation of this painting aims to provide an understanding for readers to recognize the meaning of the symbols contained in Sang Hyang Semara Ratih.

A research on the consensus mechanisms

A distributed and decentralized ledger widely used in the computer science and financial fields called blockchain has provided safe and fast transactions for multiple parties. Also, check the transaction by each node on the blockchain. The consensus mechanism is the core of the blockchain. It lets all the nodes reach an agreement for those transactions, which ensures security and accuracy and make Bitcoin valuable and popular. Two of the most mainstream Consensus mechanisms are Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS), and Proof of Authority (PoA) is the new one that will apply in the future. Many discourses talk about consensus mechanisms, most of which are review papers. Those papers mainly show a specific aspect of a consensus mechanism or introduce the primary notion, but they rarely explain the corresponding relationship between theories and cryptocurrency. So, the purpose is to give a clear structure, connect the consensus mechanism to its application and simplify the reader's understanding. This paper aims to provide an overview of the consensus mechanism, including its general definition, concepts of different mechanism variants, and advantages and disadvantages. For the structure below, the essay introduces the notion of consensus mechanism and how PoW, PoS, and PoA work. Then summarize the papers based on these three consensus mechanisms, describing the theories of many consensus mechanisms and comparing the advantages and disadvantages. The essay also creates a comparison table about these three consensus mechanisms to embody the content above the stem better.

Reiteration and ambivalence in Maha Al Otoum’s <i>Upper Rooms (2019)</i>: A translation-based stylistic study

This study provides a stylistic analysis of the poetry of Maha Al Otoum, a Jordanian poet and academic. As a translation-based study, it focuses on the phenomena of reiteration and ambivalence in her Upper Rooms, exploring how these techniques contribute to the text's unity, harmony, and coherence. Reiteration emphasizes the rhythm and energy of the text both verbally and nominally, contributing to its cohesion. Artistically employed, ambivalence combines seemingly discordant elements to achieve aesthetic goals and enrich the text’s interpretation. This stylistic focus allows the reader to appreciate the depth and nuance in Al Otoum's poetry and understand how these techniques contribute to her distinctive poetic voice. Delving into this sort of poetry dissecting the distinct style and pulling back the curtain on a particular poetic craft, Al Otoum (2019) provides depth to its meaning(s), pushing readers towards a closer, more in-depth reading of the text. In conclusion, the critical stylistic analysis of Al Otoum's poetry reveals how she employs such two key phenomena as reiteration and ambivalence to enrich her work, shape her poetic voice, and stimulate a deeper reader understanding and appreciation of her text. This comprehensive study provides a fresh perspective on Al Otoum's oeuvre and the stylistic choices she makes as a poet.

Pramlintide an Adjunct to Insulin Therapy: Challenges and Recent Progress in Delivery.

Dysregulation of various glucoregulatory hormones lead to failure of insulin monotherapy in patients with diabetes mellitus due to various reasons, including severe hypoglycemia, glycemic hypervariability, and an increased risk of microvascular complications. However, pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy enhances glucagon suppression and thereby offers improved glycemic control. Clinical studies have shown that pramlintide improves glycemic control, reduces postprandial glucose excursions, and promotes weight loss in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Although clinical benefits of pramlintide are well reported, there still exists a high patient resistance for the therapy, as separate injections for pramlintide and insulin must be administered. Although marketed insulin formulations generally demonstrate a peak action in 60-90 minutes, pramlintide elicits its peak concentration at around 20-30 minutes after administration. Thus, owing to the significant differences in pharmacokinetics of exogenously administered pramlintide and insulin, the therapy fails to elicit its action otherwise produced by the endogenous hormones. Hence, strategies such as delaying the release of pramlintide by using inorganic polymers like silica, synthetic polymers like polycaprolactone, and lipids have been employed. Also, approaches like noncovalent conjugation, polyelectrolyte complexation, and use of amphiphilic excipients for codelivery of insulin and pramlintide have been explored to address the issues with pramlintide delivery and improve patient adherence to the therapy. This approach may usher in a new era of diabetes management, offering patients multiple options to tailor their treatment and improve their quality of life. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: To our knowledge, this is the first report that summarizes various challenges in insulin and pramlintide codelivery and strategies to overcome them. The paper also provides deeper insights into various novel formulation strategies for pramlintide that could further broaden the reader's understanding of peptide codelivery.

School Reading Lists and Understanding Written Information for Life and Work

School reading lists are an essential factor influencing understanding the content and form of various types of texts: artistic, non-artistic, and electronic texts of an everyday nature among Czech technical secondary school pupils. The research aims to determine by analysing eight key school documents whether recommended school lists of texts for study at secondary technical schools are published electronically on schools' websites in the Moravian-Bohemian and Olomouc Regions of the Czech Republic. A partial goal is to determine whether school reading lists contain different types of texts and whether pupils at technical secondary schools understand information with a professional, artistic, media, etc., focus. A quantitatively oriented questionnaire survey through the lens of 523 pupils from 5 Czech secondary technical schools investigated what factors influence the reader's understanding of printed and electronic texts. The research results showed that Czech secondary school pupils like working with informal texts on social networks, frequently require help understanding texts of an administrative nature, and rarely work with texts from everyday life at school. The average to below-average level of reading and digital literacy among Czech 15-year-old pupils was also highlighted by the PISA 2018 international research.

Analyzing Context Clues in Novel Based on Bauman's Theoretical Framework

Context clues are valuable tools employed by authors to assist readers in comprehending unfamiliar or complex vocabulary. These clues, whether intentionally or inadvertently provided, facilitate the reader's understanding and interpretation of the word in question. Drawing upon Bauman's theoretical framework, the present study sought to investigate the diverse contextual cues utilized by the author within the literary work entitled "Jet Black and the Ninja Wind." The primary objective of this investigation was to gain a comprehensive understanding of the semantic nuances associated with unfamiliar lexical items employed in the literary work "Jet Black and the Ninja Wind." Additionally, this study aimed to identify and analyze the predominant types of contextual cues prominently present within the book above. In this study, a descriptive qualitative approach was utilized by the researcher. The data collection method employed in this study involved the utilization of documentation as a means to gather relevant information. The human instrument, the researcher herself, was utilized as the primary instrument in this research endeavor. The data analysis process in this study consisted of three distinct stages: data condensing, data displaying, and conclusion drawing. Investigator triangulation was also employed in this study to corroborate and substantiate the findings derived from the comprehensive analysis of the collected data. After conducting an extensive examination of Jet Black and the Ninja Wind, 56 unfamiliar terms were identified. These terms were subsequently categorized into four distinct groups, taking into consideration contextual clues that suggested each group possessed a particular semantic significance. The categorization of context hint types encompasses inference/general cues, synonym/restatement clues, antonym/contrast clues, and definition/explanation clues. In the literary work entitled "Jet Black and the Ninja Wind," the author predominantly utilized various types of context clues, including but not limited to synonym/restatement clues, inference/general hint clues, definition/explanation clues, and antonym/contrast clues.

Stylistic co-existence and the chronotope in Stone Fruit and onwards towards our noble deaths

ABSTRACT In this essay, I will examine the co-existence of different styles of drawing in Stone Fruit by Lee Lai (Lai, 2021). I will argue that this graphic novel uses two styles of drawing to produce different space times which can be better understood through a discussion of Bakhtin’s idea of the Chronotope. (Bakhtin 2011) I will compare this use of drawing to the drawing styles present in Onwards Towards Our Noble Deaths by Shigeru Mizuki (Mizuki and Allen, 2011) and argue that these comics use style to activate different chronotopic space times in order to deepen the reader's understanding of the interpersonal relationships between characters. I will consider the implications for both the drawn and drawing body in these comics, in the context of the history of naturalistic forms of representational drawing in manga and the practice of genre-splicing and ‘swiping’ in alternative comics. I will examine ways in which the movement between two styles of drawing form a structuring element of these narratives and argue that this movement is essential to communicating the meaning of these comics.

Exploring the Satire in Literature: Taking the Luncheon as a Case Study

William Somerset Maugham is a renowned English writer, known for his plays, novels, and short stories. One of his famous short stories, The Luncheon, tells the tale of a forty-year-old lady who admires the author's works and wins his favor by expressing her desire to meet him for lunch at a high-class eatery. Maugham ironically reveals the gluttony of the middle-class people and their hypocrisy. Based on textual analysis, the paper intends to explore the significance of the employment of satire and its application. In this paper, the author mainly focuses on two ways of satire, including irony and parody to discuss the function of satire in literature, arguing that satire cannot merely present vivid characteristics of characters in literature but also reveal authors intents of its employment. Additionally, the review paper also analyzes the application of satire in the literature of the past as well as satire in modern literature. The paper can contribute to providing a comprehensive analysis of Maugham's use of satire in The Luncheon and its impact on the reader's understanding of the story themes and characters.

Precise control of aggregation morphology: Effective strategy to tune the properties of ovotransferrin particles

Different aggregation morphologies of ovotransferrin (OVT) aggregates were successfully obtained through precise control, and the effects on structural, physical, liquid–liquid and gas–liquid interfacial characteristics as well as mechanisms were explored for the first time. It was observed that the surface hydrophobicity of OVT fibrils was higher than OVT spheres due to the acid-heat treatment. The exploration of liquid–liquid interface behaviors indicated that OVT fibrils possessed higher adsorption capacity at the interface, revealing the higher surface activity at the oil-water interface. During adsorption process, fibrils exhibited higher diffusion rate, while spheres were easier to penetrate and rearrange at the interface. The interfacial film composed of fibrils possessed more elastic solid-like behaviors owing to the higher surface activity of individual fibrous aggregates and rapid fibril-fibril interactions. The analysis of gas–liquid interface characteristics presented that OVT spheres possessed lower interfacial tension and higher interfacial viscoelasticity, and showed significantly higher FC and FS values in comparation to fibrils. These findings will facilitate the reader's understanding of the relationship between protein aggregate structure and properties, and lay a foundation for broadening the application of OVT and even other proteins.

Retrospect and Prospect: Nanoarchitectonics of Platinum‐Group‐Metal‐Based Materials

AbstractNanoarchitectonics, a concept encompassing nanoscale microstructures and atomic arrangements in materials, enables the precise modification of materials for desired applications by controlling their physical and chemical properties, as well as surface charge or energy. Particularly in metal materials, where surface reactions play a critical role, nanoarchitecture becomes the most influential factor affecting activity, selectivity, and stability. Focusing on platinum‐group metals (PGMs) due to their inherently high efficiency in energy and environmental applications, this article provides a comprehensive review of synthetic methods for the morphological control of metal nanomaterials. The morphological control is classified into atomic arrangements in 0D, 1D, and 2D nanocrystals, as well as nanoporous structures, and the mechanisms of major reactions are covered in detail. Each chapter is supplemented with a table featuring several examples, facilitating the reader's understanding of the structural controls of PGMs. Finally, the article outlines future challenges in achieving novel metal nanoarchitecture. The hope is that this review provides valuable insights into the synthesis of PGM‐based nanomaterials and serves as a guide for designing and synthesizing innovative metal nanostructures for diverse applications.

Response of Readers in the Novel The Call of The Wild

This research is to investigate readers' responses to the novel The Call of The Wild, focusing on its intrinsic elements. Employing a voluntary sampling strategy within the Telegram Reader Group, ten participants were selected to collect the data through a questionnaire, which was analysed in line with Jauss' theory. Qualitative descriptive methodology was employed, to understand readers' reactions to the novel's key components, including theme, plot, setting, character, and characterization. The research's implications are multifaceted: it enriches our comprehension of how readers interpret intricate literary elements, demonstrating the interplay between authorial intent and reader understanding. This research underscores the value of intrinsic elements in shaping reader engagement, offering insights applicable to authors, educators, and enthusiasts. The research's design showcases the feasibility of voluntary sampling in online reader communities and introduces a systematic approach to analysing reader responses through tailored questions. Overall, this research contributes to our understanding of reader interactions with literature, spanning realms from narrative interpretation to research methodology.