Reader's Understanding Research Articles

A Tranquil Moment: The Harmony of Goats and Nature

This article delves into the serene and symbolic nature of goats, emphasizing their cultural significance and the harmonious relationship between humans and animals. Using a tranquil image of a goat as a focal point, the article explores themes of simplicity, traditional farm life, and the contrast between modern lifestyles and agricultural societies. It highlights how this peaceful moment captured in the photograph can inspire reflections on the role of animals in culture and history, enriching the reader's understanding of human-animal interactions.

Modification Model for the Hand Ball as the Learning Material for Physical Education for Improving Discipline and Cooperative of the Students

This development research aims to develop a modified model of handball games to improve discipline and cooperation of students. With this development research, it is hoped that it can become one of the references for sports physical education and health teachers in providing handball game material in learning at school. This development research uses the ADDIE development model, consisting of the Analysis (analysis), Design (planning), Develop (Development) Implement (Implementation), Evaluate (evaluation) stages. The subject of this research is a high school in Sleman district. The quality assessment of the Baboi Game Handbook developed was carried out by 1 handball game expert, 1 PJOK learning material expert, 1 media expert, and 1 field practitioner PJOK teacher who is a civil servant and certified educator. Field trials were carried out on a small scale and large scale. Small-scale trials were conducted at SMAN 1 Cangkringan, then large-scale trials were conducted at 3 schools, namely SMAN 1 Sleman, SMAN 2 Sleman and SMAN 2 Ngaglik. The data collection instrument used a questionnaire. Data analysis to determine the effectiveness of the game was carried out by t test, on the results of pretest and posttest. The result of the research is the baboi game guidebook. The baboi guidebook was tested on material experts, handball game experts, media experts and field practitioners. The results of the game expert validation get a percentage of 93%, which means very feasible. Furthermore, validation from media experts gets a percentage of 64% which means feasible and validation of sports physical education and health teacher field practitioners gets a percentage of 83% which means very feasible. Thus the baboi guidebook product that has been prepared is declared feasible for use in physical education learning at school. The results of the effectiveness test carried out obtained a percentage of 33.94% effect on students. The advice given is the addition of strategies to win the game and accompanied by pictures of techniques performed to make it more interesting and facilitate the understanding of readers.

Standardizing urethral stricture models in rats: a comprehensive study on histomorphologic and molecular approach.

To create a reproducible and standardized urethral stricture model in rats, evaluating both histomorphologic findings and gene expression data. In studies involving experimental animals, more standardization is needed for the creation of a urethral stricture model. Sixteen male rats were randomized into two groups. The Sham group (n:8) underwent only a penoscrotal incision, while the stricture group (n:8) had their urethras exposed through a penoscrotal incision, followed by electrocauterization to the corpus spongiosum. On the 15th day, blood and urethral tissues were harvested for histologic and molecular analyses. Histomorphologic, immunohistochemical, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses were performed. The stricture group exhibited more severe and intense spongiofibrosis, inflammation, epithelial desquamation, and congestion in vascular structures compared to the controls (p < 0.05). The urethral tissue in the stricture group showed an increased ratio of inflammation parameters, including Collagen 1A1, Collagen 3A1, elastin, Transforming growth factor β1, α Smooth muscle actin, Platelet-derived growth factor α, and Platelet-derived growth factor β. Transforming growth factor β1, Platelet-derived growth factor α, and Platelet-derived growth factor β each correlated highly with the other six parameters (r > 0.60, p < 0.05). Developing electrocoagulation-induced urethral stricture in rats is a simple, reliable, inexpensive, and reproducible. Reporting histologic data with qualitative and semi-quantitative scoring will enhance data standardization, aiding reader understanding and analysis. Transforming growth factor β and Platelet-derived growth factor play key roles in fibrosis during stricture development. Incorporating these cytokines in urethral stricture animal model studies can demonstrate successful stenosis creation.

HERESY AND ORTHODOXY: A TEXTUAL VARIANT IN THOMAS MANN'S DOKTOR FAUSTUS

ABSTRACTThis article draws upon a textual variant in Thomas Mann's novel Doktor Faustus, and proceeds to investigate the issue which it raises: the role of heresy in the novel, and the question of whether the heretical in art is more accessible or inaccessible than the orthodox. Heresy and its opposite, the orthodox or the ‘pious’, as Mann normally describes it, are categories of religious thought, used by Mann in a transferred sense to convey the spiritual and intellectual dilemma of the modern artist. Given that Adrian Leverkühn is a composer, and that the reader therefore needs to take Mann's description (through the narrator Zeitblom) of his music ‘on trust’, the thesis of this article is that an understanding of the sources within the Christian heretical tradition upon which Leverkühn draws for his compositions is necessary for the reader's understanding of the nature of his music and its relationship to the artistic tradition which it both acknowledges and rejects. The article also posits the decisive influence upon Doktor Faustus of the treatment of heresy in Dostoevsky's major novels. It concludes by considering a further associated textual detail with regard to the question of salvation.

Nirergative Verbs in Novels "Laskar Pelangi" by Andrea Hirata and "Perempuan Berkalung Sorban" by Asma Nadia

This study aims to compare the use of niergative verbs in two famous novels in Indonesian literature, namely "Laskar Pelangi" by Andrea Hirata and "Perempuan Berkalung Sorban" by Asma Nadia. Nirergative verbs, which do not require an object in the sentence, play an important role in stretching the story and characters in a narrative. This study analyzes the context of the use of nirergative verbs in the two novels, focusing on their influence on plot development, characterization, and theme. The results of the analysis show differences in the use of nirergative verbs in the two novels. "Laskar Pelangi" tends to use nirergative verbs to describe the character daily lives in the context of their school and neighborhood. On the other hand, "Perempuan Berkalung Sorban" emphasizes the use of nirergative verbs to explore the spiritual aspects and internality of its main characters, creating a more introspective feel. This study also discusses the implications of the use of nirergative verbs on the reader's understanding of the narrative and the message the author wants to convey. This comparison reveals that although both novels use nirergative verbs to achieve different literary effects, they both succeed in creating immersive stories and make significant contributions to Indonesian literature. This comparison provides a deeper insight into the use of non-nergative verbs in Indonesian literature and how their use can affect the narrative and the reader's understanding.

Design and Implementation of SRAM Using Verilog

Abstract: This comprehensive review delves into the intricate realm of the Static Random-Access Memory (SRAM) design and implementation, elucidating its pivotal role in shaping the performance, efficiency, and reliability of contemporary electronic systems, involving applications in ASIC devices. With a primary focus on the integration of Verilog, a hardware description language (HDL), the paper provides an in-depth background on SRAM, meticulously detailing its architecture, operation, and overall significance in electronic systems. The review meticulously addresses challenges inherent in SRAM design, encompassing considerations such as power consumption, speed, and area efficiency. Significantly, it underscores the crucial role of Verilog by delving into its syntax, modules, and procedural constructs, showcasing its application in modeling key SRAM components. The discussion extends to design trade-offs, including size, speed, and power consumption, illustrating how Verilog plays a pivotal role in facilitating optimal parameter optimization. The review seamlessly integrates technical concepts like RTL (Register Transfer Level), and procedural assignments, ensuring a comprehensive exploration of SRAM design intricacies. Additionally, it introduces terms such as testbench, bitcell and power reduction, further enhancing the reader's understanding of the complex interplay between Verilog and SRAM design.

Perbandingan Diksi Dalam Cerpen Klasik dan Modern

The aim of this research is to explain the comparison of diction in classical and modern short stories. Short stories, as the name suggests, are short stories, requiring concise storytelling, without going into special details that are more likely to lengthen the story. This type of research is qualitative research because the data is in the form of a description of the comparison of classic and modern short story diction. In a short story, a piece of a character's life is told which is full of conflict, a touching or enjoyable event and contains an impression that is not easily forgotten. According to Muhardi and Hasanuddin WS (1992: 10-11) in novels and short stories both use the reverse highlighting technique. In short stories, flashbacks often deceive readers because they cannot be digested immediately, sometimes readers have to read more than once to make it easier to digest. Meanwhile, in novels the reverse highlighting technique is easier for readers to recognize. Classical and modern short stories are literary works that have differences. This difference can be seen and studied from the way it is distributed, namely that classical short story literary works develop from social culture, but are not bound by customs and modern short story literary works are usually written in books, bloggers and other intermediary media. The conclusion shows that the diction form of Modern Short Stories is more practical in choosing words, more in line with the general understanding of modern readers. Use words that are more current and widely known. And tend to choose classic words, with the use of words that are less common or ancient; Using appropriate diction and language style can develop children's imagination and knowledge of language.

Effectiveness of Cadmium on Biochemical Shift of Pea Plant Treated with Mycorrhiza and Putrescine

Heavy metals like cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), bismuth (Bi), and arsenic (As) are potent and harmful poisonous sources that cause havoc on health conditions for the population of the world. However, the response of our crop species to these potent heavy metals-related toxicity is still left to be fully understood. It is a matter of great concern, as we are heavily dependent on crop species like rice, wheat, peas, etc. Our study here aims to learn about the defensive mechanism of Pisum sativum L. aided with putrescine and mycorrhiza against the stress created by Cd-related toxicity. We quantified physiological parameters such as the membrane-related injury and stability index. We further measured the total free proline content, lipid peroxidation content, and SOD activity. We executed our quantitative experiments on the stressed pea plants due to the exogenously applied Cd-toxicity in the presence and absence of mycorrhiza and putrescine. Insights of our significant results will improve the understanding of readers of the role of mycorrhiza and putrescine in improvising the tolerance level of a pea plant over Cd-related toxicity.

The Development of Flexible Ensemble in Thailand

Flexible ensemble is the arrangement that allows the selection of instruments for the instrumentation in order to overcome the problem of a small wind orchestra that cannot be performed with a combination of instruments according to the score for a standard big wind orchestra, or in the case of a wind orchestra where the exact number of musicians or types of instruments cannot be determined. Flexible ensemble is therefore another innovation that helps the teaching and performing management of a wind orchestra to be smooth and efficient, both in managing musicians for rehearsals and music performances. The purpose of this article is to provide the reader's understanding of flexible ensemble and to encourage their use and appreciation of its significance in order to produce musical literary compositions in the form of flexible bands with numerous variations in the future.

Management of the Conduction Independent Curriculum at Buddhist College: Case Study

Due to a fact that the concept is new for both learners and educators, there are several roles that must be taken into account when conducting MBKM. Many issues were discovered as a result of observations performed on several campuses, including the following: 1) Students from multiple campuses took part of learning implementation during the MBKM activity, but many of them were involved in these activities and had varied interests. 2) The phenomenon I discovered regarding the MBKM's actions as though it had not been managed. The researchers pose the research question, "How is the management of the conduction of MBKM in Buddhist Colleges?" The data were collected, reduced, and then evaluated using qualitative research data analysis. Due to a number of issues, including a lack of understanding of MBKM literacy, implementation goals and objectives, a lack of resources, and the fact that many lecturers do not completely grasp how to use MBKM, it appears to be too difficult for Buddhist institutions to implement. The table above also provides information on the requirements for joining MBKM for the reader's understanding. The duties of leaders involve not only acquiring this data but also organizing the next program. Before starting the steps, the leader must understand the directions. Planning, organizing, coordinating, and assessing are the managerial functions, on the other hand, according to academics.

İngilizce Metinlerin Sınıflandırması İçin Makine Öğrenimi Kullanımı

Using classification to retrieve information and extract data from text increases the reader's understanding of the content as well. As a result of advances in technology, new methods have been proposed that not only are highly accurate but also are faster than previous methods. Various factors have been used to classify the text to date, including “Sentiment Analysis, Language Detection, Intent Detection, Spam Detection, and Topic Detection”. In English linguistics, one of the most common problems is classifying texts according to their readability level. In this article, authors have reviewed machine learning use in the classification of English text in terms of difficulty and readability level. Moreover, authors attempt to discuss the drawbacks of the deep learning method in terms of accuracy and speed of action.

Multi-omic analyses of m5C readers reveal their characteristics and immunotherapeutic proficiency

5-methylcytosine (m5C) is a post-transcriptional RNA modification identified, m5C readers can specifically identify and bind to m5C. ALYREF and YBX1 as members of m5C readers that have garnered increasing attention in cancer research. However, comprehensive analysis of their molecular functions across pancancer are lacking. Using the TCGA and GTEx databases, we investigated the expression levels and prognostic values of ALYREF and YBX1. Additionally, we assessed the tumor microenvironment, immune checkpoint-related genes, immunomodulators, Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) score and drug resistance of ALYREF and YBX1. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) analyses were performed to investigate the potential functions associated with m5C readers and coexpressed genes. Aberrant expression of ALYREF and YBX1 was observed and positively associated with prognosis in KIRP, LGG and LIHC. Furthermore, the expression levels of ALYREF and YBX1 were significantly correlated with immune infiltration of the tumor microenvironment and immune-related modulators. Last, our analysis revealed significant correlations between ALYREF, YBX1 and eIFs. Our study provides a substantial understanding of m5C readers and the intricate relationship between ALYREF, YBX1, eIFs, and mRNA dynamics. Through multidimensional analysis of immune infiltration and drug sensitivity/resistance in ALYREF and YBX1, we propose a possibility for combined modality therapy utilizing m5C readers.

Study on William Faulkner's Long Sentence Style Based on “The Sound and the Fury”

This paper provides an in-depth analysis of William Faulkner's narrative technique in "The Sound and the Fury," with a specific focus on his use of long sentences and multi-perspective storytelling. Faulkner's innovative approach to sentence structure is examined as a key element in shaping the novel's thematic depth and emotional resonance. Each section of the novel, presented through different characters' viewpoints, is characterized by unique sentence constructions that reflect individual mental states and emotional experiences. The paper explores how these long, complex sentences enhance the reader's understanding of themes such as time, memory, and identity. Additionally, the interaction between Faulkner's elongated sentences and the multi-perspective narrative is analyzed as a crucial device in conveying the fragmented and chaotic nature of the characters' lives and their broader social context. The paper concludes that Faulkner's work, through its stylistic complexity and depth, continues to resonate as a seminal exploration of the human condition.

Self-Assembled Monolayer-Based Hole-Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells.

Ever since self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) were adopted as hole-transporting layers (HTL) for perovskite solar cells (PSCs), numerous SAMs for HTL have been synthesized and reported. SAMs offer several unique advantages including relatively simple synthesis, straightforward molecular engineering, effective surface modification using small amounts of molecules, and suitability for large-area device fabrication. In this review, we discuss recent developments of SAM-based hole-transporting materials (HTMs) for PSCs. Notably, in this article, SAM-based HTMs have been categorized by similarity of synthesis to provide general information for building a SAM structure. SAMs are composed of head, linker, and anchoring groups, and the selection of anchoring groups is key to design the synthetic procedure of SAM-based HTMs. In addition, the working mechanism of SAM-based HTMs has been visualized and explained to provide inspiration for finding new head and anchoring groups that have not yet been explored. Furthermore, both photovoltaic properties and device stabilities have been discussed and summarized, expanding reader's understanding of the relationship between the structure and performance of SAMs-based PSCs.

Interactive Narratives and Immersive Experiences -- A Brief Discussion on the Creative Logic of Interactive Film and Television Works

With the rapid development of the internet and the media industry's drastic changes, interactive film and television have emerged. Interactive narrative art refers to a narrative expression with specific characteristics of a particular medium, which can directly extend and manifest in the fields of visual arts and media. As the era progresses, the field of narrative studies increasingly emphasizes thinking from the reader's perspective, recognizing that a complete narrative and interactive process are jointly constituted by the author's thoughts and the reader's understanding. The rise of interactive film and television has prompted profound reflections in the film and television industry. This paper focuses on exploring how to enhance the audience's visual experience through interactive means and deepen their understanding and reflection. Through case analysis, the paper identifies current issues in interactive film and television and suggests better improvement methods, aiming to provide insights into the narrative experience of interactive film and television works.

Faktografija i fikcija - ogledavanja u romanu Vreme smrti Dobrice Ćosića

The subject of this paper is the analysis of Dobrica Ćosić's novel A Time of Death I-IV (1972-1979), primarily from the perspective of possible worlds theory. One of the most important Serbian novels about the First World War, which critics have frequently defined as an epic novel, was inspiring for our research for at least two reasons: the first lies in the fact that historiographic metafiction is still the most prominent literary current in Serbian novelistic production, and the second is that contemporary readers have returned to Ćosić through intensive film adaptations in the recent years. The analysis and survey of the relationship between the factographic and fictional is precisely what led to the illumination and better understanding of the contemporary readers' attitude towards the so-called NEO-historical novel, which, according to Tihomir Brajović, began with Dobrica Ćosić. An interpretation of the characters in terms of possible worlds theory is at the center of attention, particularly the function of extratextual narrative identities of military leaders, statesmen, politicians, and warriors (Nikola Pašić, Aleksandar Karađorđević, Radomir Putnik, Stepa Stepanović, Živojin Mišić, Petar Bojović, Apis, and Stanislav Vinaver, among others). The specific aim of this paper is to understand the creative process whereby the characters were transformed and shaped as they made the transition from fact to fiction and, in this context, to analyze the documentary and artistic function of different types of texts that are incorporated into the narrative fabric of the novel. In particular, the author's auto-poetic comments are deemed particularly relevant to unlocking the process of metamorphosis of the historical into the fictional. Two more questions are addressed as separate research challenges: (1) the importance of the specific way in which the author constructs the so-called historical characters to form national identity in the novel; and (2) the more general issue of historical truth, with particular regard to the nature of historiographic narrative. The methodological starting point for the interpretation of the characters is provided by the tenets of postclassical (cognitive) narratology, with priority given to Hilary Dannenberg's typology of transworld identities.

Analytical developments in the synergism of copper particles and cysteine: a review.

Cysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, is a vital candidate for physiology. Coinage metal particles (both clusters and nanoparticles) are highly interesting for their spectacular plasmonic properties. In this case, copper is the most important candidate for its cost-effectiveness and abundance. However, rapid oxidation destroys the stability of copper particles, warranting the necessity of suitable capping agents and experimental conditions. Cysteine can efficiently carry out such a role. On the contrary, cysteine sensing is a vital step for biomedical science. This review article is based on a comparative account of copper particles with cysteine passivation and copper particles for cysteine sensing. For the deep understanding of readers, we discuss nanoparticles and nanoclusters, properties of cysteine, and importance of capping agents, along with various synthetic protocols and applications (sensing and bioimaging) of cysteine-capped copper particles (cysteine-capped copper nanoparticles and cysteine-capped copper nanoclusters). We also include copper nanoparticles and copper nanoclusters for cysteine sensing. As copper is a plasmonic material, fluorometric and colorimetric methods are mostly used for sensing. Real sample analysis for both copper particles with cysteine and copper particles for cysteine sensing are also incorporated in this review to demonstrate their practical applications. Both cysteine-capped copper particles and copper particles for cysteine sensing are the main essence of this review. The aspect of the synergism of copper and cysteine (unlike other amino acids) is quite promising for future researchers.

EMOCIONALNI KOVITLAC U ROMANU „PLAVA“ MAGDALENE MIKOVIĆ

Using the example of the novel Blue (Plava) by Magdalena Miković, the paper investigates the way in which emotions as mental states affect our physical health, cognitive development, decision-making, but also the understanding of literary texts. Given the fact that the best approach to explaining the representation of emotions in literary texts is to focus on the literary techniques that manifest emotional states, this paper tries to explain the textual strategies with the help of which the emotional roller coaster is represented, which resulted in a deeper understanding of readers.

GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN INDONESIAN ONLINE NEWS TEXTS

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) can serve as a tool and method to examine the relationship between discourse, society, and culture (Fowler, 1997). Therefore, it can be said that CDA uses language to analyze inequalities in various fields such as economics, politics, social issues, culture, and education. According to Theo Van Leuween, the marginalization of certain social groups can be observed based on their presence or absence in a discourse. Some are excluded from the conversation (exclusion), while others are included in the conversation (inclusion) (Eriyanto, 2009). This research employs a descriptive qualitative method with the note-taking technique. The analysis of news using Theo van Leeuwen's approach reveals the use of various strategies in shaping narratives. The news implements inclusion and exclusion, utilizing passivization, nominalization, and objectification-abstraction to guide the reader's understanding. This approach also involves nomination-categorization and nomination-identification, establishing the identities of actors, victims, and families. Keywords: Gender Discrimination, News, Critical Discourse Analysis, Theo Van Leeuwen

PSYCHOLOGISM IN THE WORKS OF S. LENZ ("THE OLDEST WOMAN")

Objective. The objective of the article is to identify and characterise the peculiarities of the forms and types of psychologism in the works of S. Lenz translated into Ukrainian (on the basis of “The Oldest Woman” translated by Volodymyr Vasyliuk). Methods. The main scientific results are obtained through a component analysis of the manifestations of the psyche of the characters in the story "The Oldest Woman". The main attention is paid to the psychoanalytic interpretation of emotions, states, feelings of the main character, and the means of expressing the psychological character of the work. Results. In national literary studies, the works of the twentieth-century German writer S. Lenz have not often been the object of attention, although the themes and issues of this writer's works are quite relevant. The problem of the psychologism of S. Lenz's short fiction, his mastery of depicting the psyche and psychology of the characters in his works has been touched upon tangentially in academic works. In “The Oldest Woman”, the organisation of the text plays an important role in achieving psychologicalism. The psychological tension is maintained by an inexplicable dramatic change in the main character's state and moods. For the character of the short story "The Oldest Woman", the decisive feeling is fear. Such a contrast in the tone of the narrative also creates a considerable psychological tension both in the text itself and for the reader. Because of the fear of losing her pension, the woman completely and consciously changes her lifestyle. At first, due to the enthusiastic description at the beginning of the novel, it does not occur to the reader that someone like Birta could be afraid of anything. The author does not reveal the reasons for Birta's frailty until the end of the novel. In addition, the description of the protagonist's states, moods, and feelings is constantly accompanied by a vivid artistic detail, which sometimes reveals the essence of the experience. The narrator in the work helps the reader create a psychological portrait of the characters, revealing their characteristics, thoughts, and aspirations. Particularly valuable are the statements and comments on the characterisation of Birt. The reader's perception and understanding of the character's character and main experiences is based on the narrator's vision of her: he shares his admiration for the physical strength of 92-year-old Birta and creates an image of a strong and unwavering, physically enduring woman, which he supports throughout the text with comments, encouragements to the reader to think, imagine, etc.