Rational Research Articles

Discussing the Conditional Probability from a Cognitive Psychological Perspective

Probability signifies the most obscure and the least achievable content among other mathematics areas; particularly, the conditional probability concept that should not be left behind any standard course of probability from primary to university level. Moreover, understanding the conditional probability becomes more serious when the discussion fits into the field of teacher education, wherein the prospective mathematics teachers need not only to learn it but also to promote their pupils’ conditional probability reasoning. From this aspect, the current study aims at exploring the prospective mathematics teachers’ conditional probability reasoning from a cognitive psychological perspective that focuses on how their minds work. Accordingly, the generic inductive approach has been employed. Hence, a purposive sample of the university students who study in a four-year mathematics teacher preparation program has been selected. After analyzing the school curriculum of probability, an authentic conditional probability situation has been utilized. Following this, the students’ interpretations have been translated, coded, and categorized using NVivo software. As a result, the generalizer (58.8%), conservative (11.8%), correlational (23.5%), and the rational thinker (5.9%) have been defined as the primary models of conditional probability reasoning. Furthermore, while the generalizer and conservative thinkers both share the anchoring and adjustment bias, the illusion of validity has been operated by only the conservatives. Besides, the one-step, availability, causality, and gambler fallacy, were the correlational thinkers' assigned biases. On the other side, the rational thinkers have reached a high level of contextual knowledge, with understanding the idea of sample space reduction.

Evaluating Public Administration Approaches towards Tax Non-Compliance in Europe

Those engaging in tax non-compliance have been conventionally explained as rational economic actors partaking when the benefits outweigh the costs, and thus public administrations have sought to enforce compliance using a deterrence approach which increases the risk of detection and penalties. However, many have been found to not engage in tax non-compliance when the benefits exceed the costs. The result has been the emergence of a voluntary compliance approach viewing taxpayers as social actors who engage in tax non-compliance when there is a lack of vertical trust (in governments) and horizontal trust (in others). Using a probit regression analysis of data from special Eurobarometer surveys conducted in 2007, 2013 and 2019, the finding is that although the likelihood of participating in tax non-compliance is largely not associated with the level of penalties and risk of detection, it is significantly associated with the level of vertical and horizontal trust, with participation in tax non-compliance increasing with lower vertical and horizontal trust. The implications for theory and for how public administrations tackle tax non-compliance are then discussed.

Reconfiguración de la religiosidad del joven en la sociedad contemporánea y su relación con el pensamiento complejo

La presente investigación parte de la indudable dificultad de analizar en el joven de estaépoca, el valor religioso por su participación en la cultura liberal que le proporcionan los centroseducativos que lo acercan a la racionalidad científica, a través de la cual ve y analiza al hombre,a la sociedad y a Dios. La secularización será su método para contemplar y aceptar la religión,crear en ello una cultura juvenil que lo libere de formas, impuestas y autoritarias, descubriéndosecomo protagonista de su propia cultura religiosa. Se realizó una investigación ex post facto dealcance longitudinal a través de cinco periodos de tiempo. El objetivo consistió en describir losfactores macrosociológicos involucrados en la dinámica y las relaciones entre los jóvenes y lareligiosidad. Con un enfoque cuantitativo, participaron 167 sujetos en un diseño de cinco gruposequivalentes por la experiencia fenomenológica de la Jornada. Se concluye que la reconfiguraciónde la religiosidad propuesta en este estudio; lleva al joven a una responsabilidad de sí mismo enuna sociedad masificada y anónima. Lo compromete a ser transformador en bien de los mismosjóvenes en una sociedad depresiva. Lo proyecta hacia el futuro para alcanzar un liderazgo en losdestinos de la sociedad en la que vive a través del devenir en un pensamiento complejo de lasrelaciones hombre-comunidad-religión.

Elementos de la gestión organizacional: la racionalidad instrumental y sus límites. Algunos modelos explicativos.

Este artículo trata de los problemas de gestión administrativa y su relación con la racionalidad instrumental en las organizaciones, especialmente las empresas. A partir de la crítica a la racionalidad como ideal tipo, se observa que la existencia de diversas interpretaciones de la conducta racional en las organizaciones productivas, tanto en la administración de las cosas como de las personas, deberían ser el paradigma de la lógica del sistema capitalista. Desde diferentes puntos de vista, teniendo en cuenta los factores internos y externos, se suele dar una explicación que justifica la acción racional en la persecución de los objetivos y su acción cambiante. Se trata de un intento de aproximación a los diferentes órdenes que se promocionan al socaire de los cambios y las «modas» intelectuales, tratando de dar satisfacción a la curiosidad científica sobre cuestiones epistemológicas relacionadas con las orientaciones que condicionan las organizaciones dentro del sistema socioeconómico dominante.

Optimization of glycine and thiotriazoline compound analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography

Украина занимает одно из первых мест в Европе по показателям цереброваскулярной заболеваемости и смертности от инсульта. Поэтому создание новых лекарственных средств для лечения этих патологий – актуальная задача современной фармации, а создание нового комбинированного препарата на основе глицина (нейротрасмиттерной аминокислоты) и тиотриазолина (антиоксиданта) целесообразно и актуально. Для нового комбинированного лекарственного средства предложена рациональная лекарственная форма – таблетки. Для созданных комбинированных таблеток необходимо разработать методы стандартизации. Чаще всего для стандартизации готовых лекарственных форм и аптечного, и заводского изготовления используют физико-химические методы исследования. Наше внимание привлек метод высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии, который позволяет одновременно провести стандартизацию действующих веществ в одной навеске. Для разработки методики ВЭЖХ прежде всего необходимо подобрать оптимальные условия проведения анализа действующих веществ. Цель работы – подбор оптимальных условий одновременного определения глицина с тиотриазолином в модельной смеси методом ВЭЖХ. Материалы и методы . В ходе исследований использовали глицин, тиотриазолин. Исследования проводили с использованием модульной системы ВЭЖХ BISCHOFF со спектрофотометрическим детектором Lambda 1010. Использовали колонки Prontosil 120-5-CN, Hypersil ODS-C18-5u. В качестве элюента использовали воду, 0,05 % водный раствор трифторуксусной кислоты Bu 4 NHSO 4 3,4 г/л в воде, Bu 4 NHSO 4 3,4 г/л, 0,02 М Na 2 HPO 4 в воде, Bu 4 NHSO 4 3,4 г/л, 0,05 % раствор трифторуксусной кислоты в воде. Результаты. Согласно полученным результатам, среди различных использованных элюентов и фаз в дальнейшем для совместного определения глицина с тиотриазолином и в модельной смеси, и в комбинированных лекарственных формах целесообразно использовать в качестве элюента тетрабутиламмоний в условиях ион парного хроматографирования на обратной фазе с одновременным использованием кислого буфера – 0,05 % раствора трифторуксусной кислоты. Выводы. В ходе исследований подобраны оптимальные условия одновременного определения глицина с тиотриазолином в одной навеске. Установили, что определение действующих веществ необходимо проводить в условиях ион парного хроматографирования на обратной фазе при использовании элюента тетрабутиламмония с одновременным использованием кислого буфера – 0,05 % раствора трифторуксусной кислоты.

Assessment of utilization and rationality of analgesic drugs in perioperative setting in a tertiary care teaching institute

Assessment of utilization and rationality of analgesic drugs in perioperative setting in a tertiary care teaching institute

Rule of the unwise: Emotions and rationality in ethnonationalism

Rule of the unwise: Emotions and rationality in ethnonationalism

Minimum cost design of RCMRFs based on consistent approximation method

In this paper, a procedure for automated optimized design of reinforced concrete frames has been presented. The procedure consists of formulation and solution of the design problem in the form of an optimization problem. The minimization of total cost of R/C frame has been taken as the objective of optimization problem. In this research, consistent approximation method is applied to explicitly formulate constraints and objective function in terms of the design variables. In the presented method, the primary optimization problem is replaced with a sequence of explicit sub-problems. Each sub-problem is efficiently solved using the Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) method. The proposed method is demonstrated through a four-story frame and an eight-story frame, and the optimum results are compared with those in the available literature. It is shown that the proposed method can be easily applied to obtain rational, reliable, economical and practical designs for Reinforced Concrete Moment Resisting Frames (RCMRFs) while it is converged after a few analyses.

Common Reasons for Drug Noncompliance in Patients Who Are Attending Outpatient Clinics in Prince Mansur Military Hospital, Taif

Background: Barriers to medication adherence in patients can have significant differences that made researchers confute to conclude that medication adherence is required to be more explored, and then, beneficial interventions develop to decrease these barriers. Some of the main barriers to patient compliance with pharmacological therapy the barriers to medication adherence included four concepts, namely, lifestyle challenges, patient incompatibility, forgetting of medicine use, and no expert advice. These concepts are always present in the disease process and reduce the patients' efforts to achieve normal living and adhere to the medication. Medication non-adherence when patients do not take their medications as prescribed is unfortunately fairly common, especially among patients with chronic disease. Most non-adherence is intentional patients make a rational decision not to take their medicine based on their knowledge, experience and beliefs there are many reasons for non-compliance with in patients for medication. Barriers to medication adherence in patients can have significant differences that made researchers confute to conclude that medication adherence is required to be more explored, and then, beneficial interventions develop to decrease these barriers. Aim of the study: To investigate the reasons of drug noncompliance among patients who are attending out patients clinics in Prince Mansur military hospital. Method: Cross sectional study conducted at outpatient clinics in Prince Mansur military hospital, Taif city. Sample population consists of Saudi out patients aged 20-70 years attending to outpatient clinics in Prince Mansur military hospital. Our total participants were (250). Results: Majority of the study suffer from chronic diseases (82.3%) the Diabetes, hypertension, high fat and cholesterol were their percentage was respectively (54.7%, 48.6% and 31.2%) not heave chronic diseases (17.7%). Conclusion: There are numerous studies on Common reasons for drug noncompliance in patients over the years the factors related to compliance may be better categorized as factors as the approach in countering their effects may differ. The study also highlights that the interaction of the various factors has not been studied systematically. Future studies need to address this interaction issue, as this may be crucial to reducing the level of non-compliance in general, and to enhancing the possibility of achieving the desired healthcare outcomes. Drug noncompliance not only includes patient compliance with medication but many factors for example also with diet, exercise, or life style changes.

PENINGKATAN PROSES DAN HASIL BELAJAR KOGNITIF PEMBELAJARAN IPA PESERTA DIDIK DENGAN PENDEKATAN RATIONAL INQUIRY DI KELAS III SD PEMBANGUNAN AIR TAWAR UNP PADANG

The aim of this research is to improve the learning process and the cognitive learning achievement of the students in Natural Science subject in class III through rational inquiry approach.This was a classroom action research. The result of the research showed that the use of rational inquiry approach can improve the students’ learning process in Natural Science subject in class III of SD Pembangunan Air Tawar UNP Padang. The improvement can be seen from (1) the lesson plan made in the second cycle was better than in the previous one, (2) the quality of learning process improved from 58.46 % in the first cycle into 71.28 % in the second cycle. The students’ ability in learning process improved from 68.44 % in the first cycle into 88.18 % in second cycle. The average score of the students’ cognitive learning achievement improved from 54.59 % in the first cycle into 74.09 % in second cycle. Key Words : Process, Cognitive Learning Achievement, Rational Inquiry,Natural Science Subject

A Behavioral Interpretation of the Nav Discount Puzzle in Listed Real Estate Companies

Executive Summary The net asset value (NAV) discount is a long standing puzzle in the listed real estate context. In this paper, we extend the literature's rational and noise trader explanations by exploring the influence of specific irrational behaviors. Based on behavioral biases identified in the stock and real estate markets, we hypothesize the existence of a relation between lagged NAV growth and the NAV discount. The findings provide initial evidence of trend-chasing behavior between the dual real estate markets. The results have broader implications for the perception of the relation between public and private real estate markets.

Revoluciones liberales y culturas jurídicas

Mediante la reflexión sobre las revoluciones liberales es posible verificar la existencia de diversas culturas jurídicas, las cuales en el marco de la cultura europea generan variadas instituciones jurídicas para la consolidación de los Estados nación. Estudiar la historia de las culturas jurídicas en las revoluciones liberales nos ayudará a comprender que toda cultura tiene sus creencias, normas y valores, los cuales están en un flujo constante y no cambian tan rápidamente como las normas formales de un nuevo orden jurídico. Estas limitaciones culturales permiten conectar el pasado con el presente y el futuro, lo que ayuda a explicar el hecho de que la historia importa, pues no podemos comprender el presente sin comprender la trayectoria de las instituciones en nuestras sociedades.

Effets stratégiques de la qualité des éléments de preuve dans une procédure accusatoire

Dans une procédure accusatoire, il incombe aux parties de prouver les faits relatifs à leurs prétentions. La recherche de preuve étant coûteuse, chaque partie n’investit dans cette activité qu’en fonction des bénéfices qu’elle en attend. Nous analysons l’effet d’une amélioration de la qualité des preuves potentielles sur le risque d’erreur judiciaire. Ce risque diminue si la demande de preuve des parties n’est pas trop élastique et si celles-ci ont peu de marge de manœuvre dans le tri des éléments qu’elles décident de communiquer. Cependant, lorsque les parties peuvent trier ces éléments à des fins stratégiques, nous montrons que le scepticisme rationnel du juge, combiné aux effets sur la recherche de preuve, peut alors conduire à plus d’erreurs judiciaires. Classification JEL : D82, K41.

The Duration of Life and its Biological Analogy: The Great Taboo

Children, at 4-5 years of age, ignore the idea death, at 7 they associate it with feelings of fear and punishment and consider it reversible, only at 9 do they begin to have rational ideas about it. If we were to make an enquiry, probably around 30% of adults do not fear death, 60% do, and 10% are terrified of it. Moreover, around 70% of the elderly would like to die at home and 30% in hospital. 80% of all seriously ill patients prefer to be told the truth, yet 95% of doctors prefer to hide it from them. In our species, interest in the length of one’s own life starts and develops with the progression of cognitive and social experiences, and is already present in adolescence. This work is a synopsis of some naturalistic and anthropological notions of the phenomenon.

Epistemología y educación: ciencias de la educación e investigación educativa desde una mirada epistemológica

En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis de los fundamentos epistemológicos sobre los que se ha cimentado el campo educativo desde su origen hasta nuestros días, a fin de comprender en profundidad la situación actual de la investigación educativa. Para ello, se lleva a cabo un estudio histórico-epistemológico que procura develar la justificación que, en cada momento y contexto, ha fundamentado dicho campo. Este recorrido muestra que, en primer lugar, la historicidad (referida a lo contextual, no-racional, no-científico) de la ciencia de la educación fue dejada de lado deliberadamente para garantizar el desarrollo de una ciencia racional. En segundo lugar, y debido a la persistencia de ciertos problemas epistemológicos, esta historicidad es entendida como un valor y se convierte en el fundamento disciplinar. El trabajo argumenta que el uso de la historicidad como criterio de justificación (ya sea para eliminarla como para utilizarla) no es criterio suficiente para fundamentar el campo. Se requiere un criterio que trascienda los límites de la disciplina misma y permita hacer frente a los problemas relativos a la historicidad y a la consecuente inconmensurabilidad.

The Myth of Race and Racism

Among the myths that have shaped our modern world, the myth of ‘race’, which lacks any rational foundation, is surely the most tragic. One need only think of the abuses experienced by many populations throughout history. Therefore, it is important to trace how this concept arose and to examine why it continues to exist today.The word ‘race’ first appeared in Europe during the XIV century. Possibly, it derived from the Latin word radix=root, or from the Arabic razza, or from generatio=generation, descent, or more simply from ratio=reason, which in the scholastic language of the XV century meant, amongst other things, the order of succession according to which a living being was placed on a date line of ascendants and descendants. Initially used in the field of animal breeding (probably originating from the ancient French ‘haraz’, horse breeder, which through common usage then became ‘race’). This term was first used and applied to Man by Bernier (1688) and entered into everyday speech following the philosophical works of Emanuel Kant (1775). Notwithstanding, the term is misleading and without sense, particularly when it tends to confuse the physical characteristics of Man with those of cultures, religions or economies, or rather, when the historical and cultural characteristics of ‘ethnic groups’ are confused with the biological characteristics of the diverse human populations.

Свести концы с концами

Свести концы с концами

The Work System and Rationality

The Work System and Rationality

La crisis del estilo histórico de razonamiento económico:Joseph A. Schumpeter, Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, y Paul A. Samuelson

En este artículo abordaré el declive del estilo histórico de razonamiento económico en relación con las obras de Joseph A. Schumpeter, Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen y Paul A. Samuelson. Argumentaré dos tesis básicas. La primera afirma que la teoría schumpeteriana de los ciclos de negocios es una respuesta en pespectiva histórica a la comprensión de las crisis económicas y, en consecuencia, cabe ser concebida como una instancia del estilo histórico de razonamiento económico. La segunda sostiene que el declive de este estilo histórico-económico estuvo asociado a la derrota intelectual de Schumpeter frente al keynesianismo. En la medida en que la teoría schumpeteriana de los ciclos de negocios y del empresario innovador requerían de la historia económica como el lugar último de fundamentación, su descrédito llevó aparejada la crisis del estilo histórico de razonamiento económico. Esta quiebra puso de relieve el conflicto de racionalidades económicas durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX y restó legitimidad epistemológica a la historia de la economía en beneficio de los análisis formales de tipo sincrónico.

Risks in clinical applications of oseltamivir phosphate in the real world.

A retrospective analysis was conducted on the use of oseltamivir phosphate in outpatients and inpatients in our hospital from February 2016 to February 2019. The indications, purposes, dosage, combination, and adverse reactions were analysed focussing on the rationality and safety of oseltamivir. The relationship between adverse reactions and age, allergic history, underlying diseases, and combined drug use were analysed to find the risk factors associated therewith. A total of 1795 adult patients and 3199 children were treated with oseltamivir phosphate. In the adult group 1481 patients (82.5%) and in the child group, 2602 patients (81.3%) received oseltamivir for therapeutic ourposes. The main clinical diagnoses were upper respiratory tract infection, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Only 767 cases (15.2%) were confirmed as influenza virus infection by virological examination, the rest were suspected influenza cases and clinically diagnosed influenza cases. For preventive drug use, an adult group comprising 314 cases (17.5%) and a child group with 597 cases (18.7%) were identified. The dosage and course of treatment were more standardised, but there were too many types of combined drugs, and the indications of preventive use were insufficient in some cases. A total of 106 adverse drug reactions (2.12%) was recorded, mainly affecting the digestive system and neuropsychiatric systems. The rate of adverse drug reactions was related to age and the number of drug combinations. Attention should also be paid to age, combination of drugs, and allergy history.