Names Of Professions Research Articles

Feminitives in teaching Ukrainian as a foreign language

The article is devoted to the development of a methodology for teaching feminitives of the Ukrainian language to foreign students. The authors analyze the structure of modern feminitives in the Ukrainian language, select units for training, and propose exercises to consolidate knowledge of the learned material. The problem of the formation of feminitives in different languages is relevant in connection with democratic social processes. Another area of study of feminitives concerns their structural features. The problem of the formation and functioning of feminitives is closely related to the phenomenon of linguistic political correctness in the use of gender-labeled words (especially the names of professions), the problems of word formation, and intercultural differences in the use of gender-neutral and gender-labeled words. The relevance of the work is due to the lack of development of a methodology for teaching feminitives in Ukrainian as a foreign language. Vocabulary plays an essential role in teaching the Ukrainian language to foreign students. The systematic accumulation and expansion of vocabulary are one of the main tasks during language learning. The general derivational tendencies of the development of feminitives of the Ukrainian language are: increasing the productivity of the suffixal way of the derivation of feminitives; updating and expanding the word-formation base of feminitives, especially through numerous borrowings; archaization of some derivational types of feminitives; activation of previously unproductive types; the spread of feminitives in the professional sphere to designate women by position, specialization, by type, place of activity, success, achievements, etc. Modern changes in society necessitate a more attentive approach to the selection and presentation of vocabulary and educational texts to a foreign audience. The language is constantly changing, which means that constant updating of educational materials is required as an important tool in the language environment for foreigners to familiarize themselves with the picture of the world of its native speakers. In this sense, the role of the authors of manuals and teachers of Ukrainian as a foreign language has been increasing, as they introduce foreigners to the modern Ukrainian picture of the world through the prism of their own perception.

Устаревшая лексика как один из лексических пластов якутского языка

The article examines outdated Yakut words the study of which promotes a deeper understanding of Yakut culture, traditions and everyday life. The research objective is as follows: to identify and classify Yakut archaic words. Scientific originality of the paper is conditioned by the lack of studies on this problem in the Yakut linguistics. Relying on the findings the author classifies Yakut archaisms and historicisms into the following lexico-semantic groups: nominations of cooking utensils, dishes, household items; clothes and footwear names; words associated with spiritual culture, religion; food and drink names; nominations of dwellings and household buildings; names of professions and occupations; armor names.

Феминизация названий профессий (на примере французского языка)

The study aims to determine the features charactering the process of feminisation of the French lexis denoting professions. The article analyses the main ways of feminisation, semantics and stylistic colouring of lexical units. Scientific novelty of the study lies in conducting a comprehensive analysis and developing a classification of ways for forming new feminine units of the French lexis denoting professions. As a result, the researcher has identified the features and problems peculiar to feminisation of profession names which are related to both linguistic factors and the issues pertaining to women’s position in the French linguistic culture. It is proved that the predominant factors for the language phenomena being accepted as a linguistic norm are social conditions and frequency of using units in speech.

Person names in constriction field (on basis of English, French, Tatar and Russian languages)

In this article construction profession names were investigated using the corpus-linguistic method. We have identified quantitative differences in the functioning of lexemes. The frequency of the functioning of professional names is determined by their structural features. An effective principle for creating professional names is to choose a one-component term that etymologically ascends to international vocabulary. The results of the study revealed significant differences between professions names and also confirmed the relevance of corpus linguistic methods.

Репрезентация гендера в лексической системе башкирского языка

Introduction. The Bashkir language ― like other Turkic languages ― contains no category of grammatical gender explicitly associated with the gender of animate nouns. There are only lexical means of gender designation. Goals. In this regard, the article attempts to study features of the lexical means employed to represent sex (gender) in the Bashkir language. Materials and Methods. The insight into specifics of gender in the Bashkir language includes the use of certain research methods, such as the method of continuous sampling, the comparative one, and that of statistical analysis. Results. The linguistic analysis reveals that the meaning of sex (gender) in the Bashkir language is manifested by lexical-semantic (gender-marked lexemes, with qualifier words) and derivational means. Semantics of male and female gender in Bashkir discourse is to be traced in such lexical and semantic groups as terms of kinship, family relations, names of professions, anthroponyms. Basically, gender in the Bashkir language is represented by separate multi-root lexemes. However, there are also some kinship terms and anthroponyms denoting females which are derived from masculine names. The same phenomenon is observed in borrowed names of professions when a female specialty term derives from a masculine form with the aid of the affix -ә. In the original vocabulary, there is no gender differentiation according to professional affiliation. Here, to concretize a person’s gender qualifier words that contain gender semantics ― qatyn ‘woman’, ir ‘man’, apaj ‘sister, aunt’, qyδ ‘girl’, and others ― are used. The study emphasizes there are obvious gender asymmetries in the Bashkir language since resulting from the prevalence of words to express the concepts ‘man’ and ‘masculine’, and the lack of lexemes representing the concepts ‘woman’ and ‘feminine’. This attests to androcentricity of the Bashkir language.

Gender, sex, and society. On the formation and usage of feminine forms in Polish and Slovenian

The aim of this article is to highlight selected differences in the formation and usage of feminine names, mainly names of professions, titles, and positions, between Polish and Slovenian. Apart from the traditional ones, I shall also discuss more recent modes of derivation of feminine names in both languages and their formal characteristics. The issue of sex is related in both languages to the grammatical category of the gender of personal nouns, though it is more common in Polish. In the language, which, in fact, is referred to by its native users as ojczysty (adjectival form with the stem ‘ojciec’ meaning ‘father’) while a Slovenian would refer to their native language as materinski (derived from mother), there exists an additional opposition of names of men vs. names of non-men (including women), which means there is a special privileged position of masculine personal forms over other forms, one which is not found in Slovenian. In Slovenian, the previously used neutral masculine form when referring to both men and women, being the shortest and morphologically least complicated, is no longer viewed as non-marked, and in some documents, it is being replaced with the feminine form. I shall discuss the changes which have occurred in terms of the formation and application of feminine forms, starting with their masculinisation as a sign of women’s emancipation, through the intention to eliminate the asymmetry in the word formation of those names viewed within the context of gender/sex issues in language, to the reasons for blocking feminine derivation. I shall also mention the modes for neutralising gender and the device of splitting, the rules of which, in both languages, have not yet been sufficiently defined.

Walencja odczasownikowych nazw wykonawców czynności

Łączliwość odczasownikowych derywatów zdradza ich status w obrębie kategorii nazw wykonawców czynności. Derywat może być elementem deskrypcji określonej, ta w sposób bezpośredni wskazuje na desygnat (odkrywca Ameryki = Krzysztof Kolumb; twórca Facebooka = Mark Elliot Zuckerberg). Osobną klasę stanowią nazwy specyfikujące wartość finalną czasownika, uzyskując tym samym sens jednokrotności: odkrywca penicyliny (Alexander Fleming), twórca Symfonii Patetycznej (Piotr Czajkowski). Jednak większość nazw wiąże obiekt wyznaczony konkretnym kontekstem bądź konsytuacją, nie znaczy to oczywiście, że ten obiekt stoi przy nazwie agentywnej, por. Jeżeli komuś sprzedaję obraz, to nabywca [obrazu] otrzymuje gwarancję trwałości mojego wyrobu. Nazwy zawodów zazwyczaj blokują wskazanie obiektu czynności, jest on wpisany w znaczenie derywatu, nie mówimy *piekarz chleba. Choć z innych powodów, blokady w ujawnianiu obiektu dotyczą również nazw osób o określonych skłonnościach bądź umiejętnościach (rozrabiacz, majsterkowicz,szperacz). Nazwy te dotyczą ugólnionych obiektów, wskazanie jednego z elementów zbioru tworzy wyrażenie nieakceptowalne, por. *majsterkowicz samochodzików, *żarłok kotletów, *pijak piwa. Forma obiektu czynności, który pojawia się obok derywatu, jest na ogół jednolita – to rzeczowniki w dopełniaczu, nawet wtedy, gdy w przeszłości miały inną postać (celowniki i narzędniki).

Копирайтинг: дефиниция понятия

The study aims to determine the content of the notion “copywriting”, which has entered the semantic field “Names of Professions and Professional Activities” in the XXI century. For this purpose, the article has reviewed interpretations of this notion in modern scientific and educational literature, identified the most essential differentiating features necessary for lexicographic interpretation, consideration of which has resulted in offering a definition for the word’s inclusion into linguistic and terminological dictionaries. Scientific novelty of the work lies in taking the discursive approach to defining the notion (the key feature of the notion is text nature), which allows the researcher to classify the word “copywriting” as a term of a new applied area of linguistic knowledge - marketing linguistics.

DUAL EDUCATION: APPLICATION OF GERMANY’S POSITIVE EXPERIENCE IN UKRAINIAN REALITY

This article deals with the functioning of the dual system of education in Germany and ways of its practical implementation in Ukraine. The condition of pedagogical education at this stage is analysed. A review of sources and scientific views on the existence of dual education as a link in vocational education, which ensures the successful professional implementation of future professionals, was conducted. The dual system of education is defined as one that combines theoretical training in vocational school and practical training at the enterprise. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of the structure of dual education, its content and process. This article identifies the primary documents that are the legal basis for the introduction of dual education both in Germany and Ukraine. It is noted that the financing of the dual system in Germany is implemented in two ways: vocational school is funded from the federal budget, while enterprises finance industrial training; in Ukraine funding is realised from state and local budgets. The article describes the main features of vocational schools and enterprises as the main partners in the dual system of education in Germany and Ukraine, lists the names of professions acquired within dual education, tasks and positive aspects of dual education. It is emphasised that dual education creates the conditions for engaging enterprises into the training process; in particular, the high costs are involved in training professionals. In terms of the research, it is determined that the pedagogical process, which is carried out within dual education, is meant to realise three interrelated functions: educational, instructional and developmental. One of the main benefits of receiving professional education at enterprises is the fact that young people acquire skills for its further application in practice. Thus, the authors point out the effectiveness of the German experience in vocational education in Ukraine, the need to spread the dual form of education in vocational education institutions in Ukraine and note specific tips to improve some of the negative aspects of the existence of dual education.

Cultural Aspects of Malaysian English and Russian Medical Profession Names

The translation of medical profession names may challenge even the most experienced translator. Selecting the appropriate equivalents is not always evident: the English term dentist for instance may correspond to either стоматолог [ stəmɐtˈolək ] (“mouth expert”) or зубной врач [ zʊbnˈoj vrˈatɕ ] (“tooth doctor”) or дантист [dɐntˈist] (“dental hygienist”) in the Russian language. A physiotherapist can be translated as физиотерапевт [fɪzɪɐtɪrɐpˈevt] ; however a physiotherapist in Russia must necessarily hold a medical doctor degree, in contrast with the practice of most Anglo-Saxon countries. Although the compared terms are often considered as equivalents by bilingual dictionaries (e.g.: surgeon and хирург [xɪrˈurk]) (Buvalin and Lenart 2017); however, their denotations and connotations may significantly differ, thus their improper translation may lead to intercultural misunderstandings. In this paper, 17 pairs of English-Russian medical profession names were investigated – the English lexemes coming from the Malaysian variety of the English language – with two competing linguistic methods: the association experiment and a corpus linguistic approach. The authors aimed at identifying semantic dissimilarities between the Malaysian English and the Russian lexemes in a cross-cultural context, from the perspective of both the association experiment and corpus linguistic methods. Firstly, a questionnaire-based association experiment was conducted with 300 Russian and 50 Malaysian medical university students, followed by a contrastive corpus linguistic analysis relying on the Russian National Corpus and the NOW (News on the Web) corpus. Results of the cross-cultural investigation revealed substantial semantic differences between the English and Russian profession names, as well as confirmed the complementary character of the association experiment and the corpus linguistic methods. Keywords: medical profession names; association experiment; corpus linguistics; verbal consciousness; cross-cultural investigation

Tulajdonnevek a nyelvatlaszokban

The study offers an overview of the proper names included in Hungarian linguistic atlases. First, the lexicons of these atlases are examined, emphasising the reasons behind the low number of proper names. The linguistic atlases printed in Hungarian to date contain 6090 entries, but only 81 proper names. Anthroponyms can be found in 20 atlases, mostly in suffixed forms or nicknames. Other proper names include toponyms and the names of planets. Atlases from Romania are unique in this regard as the same headwords were collected most consistently. Existing linguistic atlases can be better utilised by onomastic research in geographic common nouns and words that have become anthroponyms (the names of professions, crafts, adjectives for internal or external characteristics) are also considered, as the number of these is much greater than that of proper names.

Nazwy zawodów, godności i urzędów jako podstawy motywacyjne współczesnych nazwisk Podlasian

The paper presents contemporary surnames of Podlasie derived from the names of professions, courtesy titles, held offices and performed functions. Several groups of anthroponyms were identified through etymological analysis of the gathered material, primarily focused on the semantics of word roots. Contemporary surnames were formed from the following categories of words associated with: 1) crafts (Bondar, Kowalczuk), 2) agriculture, forestry and animal production (Fiszer, Pastuszak), 3) food preparation (Kucharczuk, Mielczarek), 4) trade (Budnik, Salnikow), 5) protection of objects and facilities (Leśnik, Pasiecznik), 6) mansion service (Dworańczyk, Pachołek), 7) music (Fidler, Grajko), 8) occasional functions (Drużba, Krzyżak), 9) religion (Kirchner, Monachowicz), 10) military service (Atamańczyk, Janczar), 11) public offices (Rejent, Tywonek), 12) social status (Dziedzic, Ofman), 13) others (Godun, Stangryciuk). Some surnames (e.g. Budnik, Hajduk, Pachołek) were allocated to more than one category because of their polysemous lexemes. From a linguistic point of view the analysed surnames come from Polish (Cieśla, Krawiec), East Slavic (Czebotariow, Monach), German (Rezler, Sznajderuk) or Baltic words (Dojlida). In terms of word formation, most surnames are the equivalents of common names (Kołodziej, Ogrodnik), although there are also derivative surnames with suffixes (Korolko, Szwajdych), some representing the patronymic model (Majstrowicz, Tokarzewicz; Puszkaruk, Szklaruk) or having genetically possessive suffixes (Kniaziew, Winnikow).

Phonetic and Morphological Analysis of Word Formation of Tatar Names

There is a growing need for a scientific study of all types of proper names that represent a certain category of words in the lexical system of any language. The current stage of linguistics development is characterized by the rapid growth of the onomastics research conducted on the material of various languages. This research targeted at Tatar surnames aims to understand their origin and phonetic-morphological changes. The research considers proper names that are formed by adding two or three stems. It distinguishes the following models of word formation of proper names: noun + noun, noun + adjective, noun + verb, adjective + noun. After the ethnolinguistic features and phenomena of interlinguistic contact have been studied, it is found that Tatar surnames originate from nicknames, class titles and names of professions, place names, ethnonyms, appellatives. The methods are chosen due to the purpose and objectives of the research, as well as to the specifics of the material under study. This research mainly uses the methods of grammatical analysis, namely: a descriptive method, a comparative-historical method, a descriptive-analytical method, and the method of continuous sampling. The descriptive method involves collecting the material followed by its systematization that allows considering different forms and types, general and specific characteristics. The comparative-historical approach helps to study the peculiarities of interaction between the Tatar language and other languages.

LANGUAGE AND CULTURE IN PHASEOLOGICAL UNITS RELATED TO PROFESSION NAMES: TRADITIONS AND VALUES

The article is dedicated to the investigation of the phraseological expressions in the Spanish language that contain names of profession or trade. Idiomatic expressions are combinations of words that present greater difficulty in the process of learning a second language and in intercultural communication in general. Spanish phraseological units include several names of professions (barber, apothecary, coal, butcher, carpenter, carter, hunter, cook, etc.) and religious occupations (abbot, canon, chaplain, priest, friar, monk, bishop, parish priest, sacristan). We have focused our research on 40 paremias related to the occupations of priest and friar. Based on the analysis of semantic aspects and the cognitive interpretation of phraseological units, we have defined their denotative characteristics, stylistic, expressive and historicalcultural connotations. The study reveals the obvious anticlericalism of Spanish sayings and proverbs and exposes possible causes of the negative connotations developed in phraseology.

Наименования наук в языковом сознании русских и китайских студентов

The article discusses the results of the associative experiment aimed at the comparative analysis of some science names in the language consciousness of Russian and Chinese students. These three areas are united around the names of the days of the week, the names of professions and the names of scientific disciplines. Language consciousness is defined as a concept fixing the relationship between changes in meanings and personal senses of words, on the one hand, and external (social) and internal (mental) factors of language functioning, on the other hand. The experiment involved 104 Russian and 100 Chinese students. The analysis of the material was based on the authors’ method of semantic-thematic grouping of associations with their subsequent analysis. As the analysis and comparison of the reactions of Chinese and Russian students to the same stimuli complexes showed, all of them are influenced by both internal and external factors. Images of the language consciousness are formed under the influence of socio-cultural factors (school curriculum and educational system in general) and emotional-personal factors (evaluation of these sciences as interesting, complicated, etc.). The images of the language consciousness behind the names of sciences “consist” of knowledge about the objects of these sciences (however, often distorted and even incorrect), about the ways of acquiring knowledge and about the place where this cognition process takes place. The images of the language consciousness of Chinese students comprise a substantial evaluative component, reflecting the difficulty of the sciences and almost non-existent in the language consciousness of Russian students. We emphasize that all these ideas do not go beyond the ordinary ones and have almost nothing to do with the actual situation. This state of affairs takes place, of course, because our participants are not professionally engaged in these types of activities, although they have an “external” view of them obtained through school education.

About the Legislative Determination of the Concepts of Professional Secrets

In this research paper, attempts are made to explain the origin of the names of the main professional secrecies. Traditionally, their content is associated with the names of professions of obliged persons or with the implementation of their professional activities, as well as in connection with the performance of their professional duties. Meanwhile, professional activities are conditioned by the fulfillment of their professional duties to protect professional secrecies by individuals who are able to act as individual entrepreneurs, as well as employees who have labor relations with them or with legal entities. Since the implementation of professional activity is limited to a narrow subject structure - individuals, it is necessary to legislatively clarify a single socially useful activity, covering all categories of obligated subjects - both individuals and legal entities. There is a need to reflect the connection of titles with the types of economic activity carried out by obligated persons in the prescribed manner. At the same time, certain provisions of the All-Russian Classification of Types of Economic Activity OK 029-2014 need to be improved, since in it the types of economic activity are combined into unequal groups of classified objects.

Проблема відображення роду назв професій і посад в сучасній французькій мові

Проблема відображення роду назв професій і посад в сучасній французькій мові

Номинации социологических страт: коннотации и оценка

The article examines the semantics of social status nominations in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods. The values of nouns of the nobility, peasants, serfs, merchants, courtiers, and intellectuals are analyzed. Using material from the National Russian Corpus, word combinations with these adjectives are considered, which allows us to reveal the connotations of social status. The adjective 'courtier' has formed the meaning 'close to the power and serving its interests', because it is freely combined with the names of professions whose representatives are deprived of an independent position: journalist, sociologist, director.

Kilka uwag o stanie badań nad kompetencją słowotwórczą dzieci z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną

A description of the understanding (reception, decoding, interpretation) and creation (expression, coding) of word-building structures by children with minor intellectual disabilities, and a specification of how these word-building structures exist in the linguistic awareness of such children, is important as there exists no research and therefore no studies related to the word-building skills of children with intellectual disabilities.The only data related to word-building skills in children with intellectual disabilities available are the names of professions collected by A. Wątorek in her research on the linguistic competences responsible for the development of lexical skills. The data incorporated in the said study allowed the linguistic and wordbuilding analysis, and hence made it possible to indicate the methods of coding the names of professions/ persons performing certain activities by children with minor intellectual disabilities.

НАИМЕНОВАНИЯ ПРОФЕССИЙ КАК СОЦИОЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЙ ФАКТОР ПОПОЛНЕНИЯ ОТРАСЛЕВОЙ ТЕРМИНОСИСТЕМЫ

The article presents an attempt of analyzing the names of professions representing a branch terminological system. The projections of profession names are considered from the perspective of sociolinguistics. The author explicates the development of certain thematic groups, the dynamism of which is realized in the emergence of new branch terminological systems and in the replenishment of the existing ones. The names of professions, being a part of a certain conceptual system, call narrow specialties belonging only to the analyzed branch terminological system. In the canine LSP, the group that names professions is represented by a broad corpus of names.