Private Business Research Articles

The Paradox of Algorithms and Blame on Public Decision-makers

AbstractPublic decision-makers incorporate algorithm decision aids, often developed by private businesses, into the policy process, in part, as a method for justifying difficult decisions. Ethicists have worried that over-trust in algorithm advice and concerns about punishment if departing from an algorithm’s recommendation will result in over-reliance and harm democratic accountability. We test these concerns in a set of two pre-registered survey experiments in the judicial context conducted on three representative U.S. samples. The results show no support for the hypothesized blame dynamics, regardless of whether the judge agrees or disagrees with the algorithm. Algorithms, moreover, do not have a significant impact relative to other sources of advice. Respondents who are generally more trusting of elites assign greater blame to the decision-maker when they disagree with the algorithm, and they assign more blame when they think the decision-maker is abdicating their responsibility by agreeing with an algorithm.

Public Financing of Professional Sports Facilities and Drug Asset Forfeiture

Local governments provide many crucial services from limited budgets, yet often subsidize the profitable, private businesses in professional sports leagues in the United States. Policing represents one important public service. Policing typically constitutes large portions of government budgets and also generates revenue through fines and forfeitures. Existing evidence suggests that large municipal expenditures in other areas can have an ambiguous effect on policing outcomes. This paper addresses the question of whether large public expenditures on sports facilities affect drug asset forfeiture using two-way fixed effects (TWFE) and generalized dynamic model specifications (GDMS). The results are similar across estimation methods, with static TWFE results suggesting a treatment effect of $1,274–5,589 in additional forfeiture per million in subsidies and results from the newer GDMS estimators suggesting $7,703 per million in subsidies. The results imply that, beyond generating no tangible local economic benefits, public subsidization of sports facilities also leads police to make up budget shortfalls by more aggressive policing, which has important implications for racial equity.

Revisiting the relationship between oil supply news shocks and U.S. economic activity: Role of the zero lower bound

Do oil supply news shocks affect the U.S. economy differently at the zero lower bound? We provide evidence consistent with this hypothesis. Using various U.S. macroeconomic time series data from 1975, we find that the transmission of oil price shocks driven by changes in supply expectations is substantially different at the zero lower bound. These shocks tend to be contractionary when interest rates are higher, and expansionary when monetary policy is operating in the ZLB. Private business investment plays a key role in altering the transmission of oil supply news shocks around the ZLB. The results continue to hold even after controlling for a potentially confounding non-linearity associated with the U.S. shale oil boom. Our empirical investigation should improve our understanding of the role played by policy and structural factors in altering the transmission of oil shocks to the U.S. economy.

Key Aspects of India’s Arms Export Policy amid Military-Industrial Complex Reform

The study examines the key features and areas of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government’s policy aimed at boosting the export of weapons, military and special equipment (WMSE) within the broader strategy of reforming the Indian military-industrial complex (MIC). The long-term goal of the Indian government is to achieve “strategic autonomy” in the defence sector. In the short term, Indian arms exports serve as the driving force behind the “Make in India” and “Self-reliant India” programmes - pivotal components of Prime Minister Modi’s political agenda. The significant amplification factor for India’s export ambitions has been conditioned in part by the escalating border tensions with China since 2017. The export of WMSE is emerging as a crucial tool to strengthen India’s bilateral relations with countries in the Asia-Pacific region to counterbalance China. Nonetheless, to propel India into the group of the world’s leading arms exporters, as well as to gain full “strategic independence,” may be hard to achieve even in the long run. Despite systemic reforms in the military-industrial complex, efforts to engage private businesses and attract foreign capital, a number of challenges impede the growth of the defence industry and the export potential of the Indian military-industrial complex. These include the inadequate development of India’s manufacturing sector, dependency on foreign technologies, and insufficient funding for military-technical advancements. At the same time, the policy of supporting defence exports and reforming the MIC has been a stable trend in the strategy of the BJP government, playing a crucial role in the fulfillment of its short, medium and long term goals.

A Kingdom of Possibility

A Kingdom of Possibility

Herdsmen-farmers imbroglio and Nigeria state: Periscoping security implications in their migration to South-East

The Fulani herdsmen migration from the northern region of the Nigeria to other regions like, the south-east had created a mix feeling among the people of the region because of the security implication of this migration, this practice sometimes lead to the grazing of their cattle on people’s farm lands and this in effect leads to the destruction of the farmers crops as well as attacking the farmers and the host community. This paper interrogated Herdsmen migration to South-East, its security implications and possible solution. Conflict Theory was adopted for the paper as its theoretical framework of analysis, while the method for data collection was anchored on secondary sources like; books, newspapers, journal articles, and internet source materials, among others. The reach findings on the reasons for the herdsmen migration to south-East implicated huge Economic loses and attacks from the Boko Haram insurgency on the herders, to avoid high tax payment on the cattle, to set their cattle free from being attacked by harmful insects, to be free from frequent droughts, desertification, rural banditry and cattle rustling, among others. These has given birth to series of attacks, killing, destruction of farmers crops, by the herdsmen against the rural farmers and the host communities in the south-east. Based on that, the paper suggests ranching as a solution, as it is a global best world practice. Moreover, cattle rearing are a private business. Thus, Government should institute adequate security outfit and Support Community based Conflict Resolution body in the region, among others.

Can the behavioral agency model refine a standard agency theory?

Purpose — The existence of agency problems is widely recognized in various academic fields. Nevertheless, as argued by many scholars, agency theory has obvious shortcomings both theoretically and empirically. The aim of this study is to analyze and compare the conventional Standard Agency Theory (SAT) and the Behavioral Agency Model (BAM) as a refined framework of an agency model.Method — The methods used for this study were descriptive analysis, involving the review and comparison of the work of Wiseman & Gomez-Mejia (1998) and Pepper & Gore (2015). The technique employed and proposed for this method is to analyze and compare the relevant elements between SAT and BAM.Result — It is found that BAM can provide a better framework for modifying and understanding such agency problems in organizations, particularly in terms of human factors, organization, and information assumptions that are considered to balance the roles of the principal and the agent as actors in the organization.Contribution — This study contributes to the body of knowledge by refining the old and conventional standard agency theory (SAT) and introducing BAM as a new concept. BAM sheds light not only on the roles of actors and organizations but also on the application of a behavioral economics approach to provide a robust and rigorous method for analyzing "agency problems" in organizations, especially in private business families around the world.

Quick Response Codes in Promoting Student-Centred Learning

This study was aimed to investigate the implementation of Quick Response Codes in improving student-centred learning and to find out some challenges faced by the learners while using the QR Codes. This study employed descriptive study design and a cross-sectional survey-based design. Two research tools were used, namely, questionnaires and interviews. The participants were 20 students at a private business high school (first grade) located in South Korea. The result of the study showed that students overwhelmingly expressed a positive attitude toward the use of Quick Response Codes (QR codes) in promoting student-centred learning. They perceived QR codes as effective tools for enhancing motivation, engagement, and accessibility to learning resources. The majority of students appreciated the autonomy and collaborative opportunities QR codes offer, contributing to increased participation and self-directed learning. Despite the challenges of varying motivation levels in group work and time constraints, students expressed a high agreement to continue using QR codes in future learning. This underscores the importance of teacher creativity and effective time management to maximize the positive impact of QR codes on student-centred learning. While the study acknowledges varied opinions, it underscores the significant role QR codes play in supporting a student-centric approach to learning.

Neoliberal Tactics: An Analysis of Aravind Adiga and Mohsin Hamid’s Novels

Neoliberalism is a theory of the political and financial system, and it is also known as modern capitalism. It multiplies the wealth of the effluent but affects people with low incomes badly. The oppressed are getting in the worst position due to neoliberal policies. The current research examines The White Tiger and How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia from the particular perspective of privatization, which is thought to be the most significant feature of neoliberalism. The study has considered the concerns about neoliberalism raised by left-wing thinkers Chomsky and Krishna. The study employs qualitative textual analysis and neoliberal criticism as a theoretical framework. The novels highlight the difficulty of both protagonists doing jobs, particularly in private businesses. When they join private businesses, they pick up fraudulent methods and use them to make money. They use their connections with bureaucrats and commit crimes to enrich themselves in their own companies. According to the study, private organizations disproportionately impact the poor, while the rich receive more advantages in such inequality. Neoliberal policies are beneficial for the wealthy but detrimental to the poor.

Принципи обліку та оподаткування в умовах військового стану

This article demonstrates that under martial law conditions, conducting accounting and taxation requires adherence to a set of principles based on values such as: creating opportunities for financing military needs, social protection for military personnel and their families, and fostering a favorable environment for business development, both private and state entrepreneurship. It is substantiated that, according to these principles, it is necessary to ensure effective control over expenses and income, rational use of resources, continuous monitoring, and evaluation of the effectiveness of financial policy, including accounting and taxation. Moreover, it justifies the importance of adapting to changing circumstances and addressing the unique challenges posed by martial law. In summary, the principles discussed in this article provide a solid foundation for accounting and taxation during military conflict, and their implementation is critical for ensuring financial stability and effective management.

Unique Responsibilities and Challenges of the Lone Academic Medical Center

In this article, the authors highlight both the unique challenges faced by and the contributions made by academic medical centers (AMCs) that serve as their state’s lone AMC through the experience of the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. In addition, they lay out ideas to address some of the most severe threats facing lone AMCs. Although each lone AMC will need to devise solutions to address the specific challenges it faces, based on their own experience, the authors lay out three action items: (1) operate more like a private business, (2) expand investment in governmental affairs efforts, and (3) be selective and deliberate in identifying and investing in those areas that will become nationally recognized.

NGOs and Global Business Regulation of Transnational Alcohol and Ultra-Processed Food Industries

Abstract The intensification of efforts by state and nonstate actors to address issues affecting global health has produced a patchwork of transnational regulatory governance. Within this field, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are expected to perform authoritative roles in holding business actors to account and enhance the democratic legitimacy of institutions via their participation in governance processes. While there exists a large body of conceptual and empirical research on global business regulation and private authority, we surprisingly know little about the governance functions of NGOs engaged in influencing the practices of corporations that produce health-harming commodities. This knowledge gap is especially pronounced in the issue area of noncommunicable diseases. This article begins to address this gap by mapping the networks of NGOs that engage in regulatory activities (rule-setting, monitoring, and enforcement) related to the (ultra)processed food and alcohol industries. We identify the networks of NGOs involved in global policy making across health, regulatory standards, and multistakeholder initiatives using nonstate actor submissions to consultations held by World Health Organization, UN Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex), and the UN Global Compact. This paper examines NGO governance functions and their patterns of engagement and participation across institutional spheres. Overall, the article makes a twofold contribution to existing debates. First, we identify the governance functions through which NGOs attempt to hold corporations to account, contrasting their “watchdog” function with other governance functions. Second, we examine the representation of NGOs, highlighting asymmetries in participation of NGOs in the Global North and South.

Investigate the relationship between leadership behaviours, organisational commitment, occupational stress and organisational citizenship behaviours in Vietnamese private business school libraries

PurposeThis paper examines the associations between leadership behaviours, organizational commitment, occupational stress and organisational citizenship behaviours (OCBs) at the Vietnamese private business school libraries. Another objective of this research is to explore the mediating role of organisational commitment and occupational stress on the connection between leadership behaviours and OCBs.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collected 294 staffs from various Vietnamese private business school libraries.FindingsThe findings confirm that leadership dimensions significantly influence OCBs, and organisational commitment plays a mediating role in the relationship between relationship-oriented leadership behaviour (ROL) and OCBs.Practical implicationsThe current result indicates that two types of leadership behaviour significantly affect employee citizen behaviours. Organisations should also distribute opportunities for workers to stick to citizenship behaviours by implementing organisational commitment interventions.Originality/valueThe obtained findings are a new exploration when no previous empirical literature has investigated the relationships among four constructs.

Post-COVID Effect: Private Tutoring Phenomenon

Abstract: COVID-19 has made various sectors not work well, especially education. School holidays due to social distancing policies have caused private tutoring businesses to mushroom, this continues to this day. This research aims to find out the management system of private tutoring, particularly in the context of COVID-19-induced social distancing and lockdown which have led to collapses in many sectors, such as economics, education, tourism, and other sectors. This makes the private tutoring business so popular because it is cheap and children can tutor from home. The method in this research uses a qualitative approach with the method of interviews and observations. The results of this study show that private business leagues have used some aspects of management correctly, even though it has not been performed perfectly.
 

Private Credit: Characteristics and Risks

Private credit or private debt investments are debt-like, non-publicly traded instruments provided by non-bank entities, such as private credit funds or business development companies (BDCs), to fund private businesses. Private credit is typically extended to middle-market firms with annual revenues between $10 million and $1 billion, but has grown rapidly in recent years to fund larger companies that were traditionally funded by leveraged loans.

Policy as a catalyst in shaping mobility sector transition for developing countries

This paper presents a modified technology innovation system (MTIS) approach applicable to developing countries. Evidence collected over three decades 1992–2022, shows how policy plays a catalytic role in managing multidimensional low-emission mobility transitions in developing countries such as Pakistan. This paper follows policy and the network of actors, institutions and technology in compressed natural gas (CNG)-based mobility transition in Pakistan. Event-based analysis helped in mapping the development of respective functions, which is later validated by expert consultation. Between 1992 and 2002, deliberate policies for early adoption were put in place to strategically manage a desired transition path. This involved providing guidance and knowledge diffusion through demonstration to increase entrepreneurial activities and market formation. The accelerated diffusion during the take-off period during 2003–2012 was due to the entry of private businesses and multinational companies speeding up entrepreneurial activity and market-formation functions. However, there was a clear policy-driven roll-back and deceleration during 2013–2022. Policies designed to ban CNG licence issuance and renewal resulted in detrimental effects on market and entrepreneurial activities. Social struggle arising from roll-back is now caught in a dilemma if policy innovation will lead to re-emergence of CNG or will support a new transition cycle through the emergence and adoption of electric vehicles in the mobility space of Pakistan. Rapid shifts in the global landscape of innovation and market conditions are creating a need for the effective handling of cascading transition management in developing countries. This paper outlines how lessons learnt from Pakistan’s CNG-MTIS can help in shaping electric vehicle MTIS not only in Pakistan, but also in many other developing countries. It is recommended that, in order to manage cascading transitions in developing countries, new approaches and strategies for reskilling, retraining and redirecting finances to address stranded assets be employed. This can mitigate the negative impacts on those affected by transformation and create an environment for a just transition that restores trust in policy and accelerates transformative change.

WAYS OF COMMERCIALIZATION OF YOUTH STUDENTS' ENTREPRENEURSHIP PROJECTS AND INCREASING BUSINESS INCUBATOR ACTIVITY IN THE CONDITION OF GIVING FINANCIAL INDEPENDENCE TO EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

The article analyzes reforms in providing financial independence to educational institutions of the Republic of Uzbekistan and ways to achieve financial support for ideas and projects of young entrepreneurs who graduate from educational institutions. Opinions of foreign and domestic scientists regarding the financing of the business incubator system are given. In addition, information is provided on models of financial support for commercialization of innovative business ideas, scientific and technological development projects and programs of students who are members of universities, technical schools, colleges, vocational schools, monocenters, public and private business incubators, and additional the economic benefits of creating new workplaces are highlighted.

Dampak Pandemi Covid-19 Terhadap Keberlangsungan Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional Bagi Pekerja Badan Usaha Swasta

The Covid-19 pandemic has had a huge impact on the tourism sector. Private business entity workers are one of the segments in JKN participation affected by the Covid-19 pandemic.Research is a qualitative research that aims to explore information about the sustainability of the JKN program for private workers during the Covid-19 pandemic.Variables are explored regarding attitudes towards JKN contributions, attitudes towards health care facilities, attitudes towards BPJS Kesehatan and perceived of behavior control. Data collection was carried out by conducting indepth interviews with 2 people who were representatives of 2 private business entities appointed to manage JKN participation for workers.

Innovative Motivation Methods of Staff At Small and Private Business Enterprises

.This article discusses one of the crucial challenges for small businesses today- issue of motivation at staff members which in the long run can lead either to prosperity of business or to the failure of it. The aim of this work is to study the reasons and consequences of this phenomenon for small business and private enterprises. During our research we comprehensively studied the works of world expertise on the raised issue, different research methods were used such as abstraction, induction and deduction, methods of observation, logical and structural analysis, grouping, mutual and comparative comparison. Various concepts of work motivation were analysed, concepts proposed by A.Maslow, K.Alderfer, McCelland, F.Herzberg were studied in detail taking into account the specific of human resource management at small business companies. In conclusion, several recommendations were given for small businesses’ managers regarding creating favourable conditions for staff motivation at workplace.

Management of saltwater intrusion using 3D numerical modelling: a first for Pacific Island country of Vanuatu

Small island countries like Vanuatu are facing the brunt of climate change, sea level rise (SLR), tropical cyclones, and limited or declining access to freshwater. The Tagabe coastal aquifer in Port Vila (the capital of Vanuatu) shows the presence of salinity, indicating saltwater intrusion (SWI). This study aims to develop and evaluate effective SWI management strategies for Tagabe coastal aquifer. To manage SWI, the numerical simulation model for the study area was developed using the SEAWAT code. The flow model was developed using MODFLOW and the transport model was developed using MT3DMS. Whereby SEAWAT solved flow and transport equations simultaneously. The model was calibrated, and different scenarios were evaluated for the management of SWI. The SLR was also considered in the model simulations. The results indicated that increased population, pumping rates, and SLR affect the SWI rates. To manage the SWI, we introduced hydraulic barriers like barrier wells and injection wells which effectively managed SWI in Tagabe coastal aquifer. The results from this study are significantly important whereby, the water managers, site owners, and governing bodies can use the management strategies presented in this study to create policies and regulations for managing SWI rates in Port Vila. Additionally, the water industry, private businesses, and investors who wish to extract groundwater from the Tagabe can use this study as a reference for daily or yearly freshwater production rates without the risk of SWI.