Presence Of Glycol Research Articles

NdCoO3 nanostructures as promising candidate photocatalysts for boosting visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants

In this research, a perovskite-type neodymium cobaltite (NdCoO 3 ) was successfully fabricated by a facile and affordable co-precipitation method. Different surfactants and solvents, such as ethylene glycol, water, and ethanol, were also applied throughout this preparation for morphological studies. The outcomes demonstrated that homogenous morphology was obtained in the presence of ethylene glycol and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with an average diameter of 51.8 nm. Based on the results of UV-Vis spectroscopy, NdCoO 3 has a relevant bandgap (2.84 eV) associated with the visible region and can be used as a catalyst in the photodegradation procedure. The photocatalytic performance data showed that this compound has a high ability to degrade cationic (malachite green 79.7%) and anionic (phenol red 75.2%) dyes in high value. We investigated the effect of several parameters, such as dye types, dye concentration, and Nd 2 O 3 as a by-product on the efficiency. The scavenger test has shown that •O 2 − plays a major role in degradation. The kinetic studies have shown that the higher reaction rate constants (k=0.013 min ‒1 ) provide the best photocatalytic performance.

PLATINUM ON REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE NANOSHEETS OBTAINED UNDER MICROWAVE IRRADIATION, USING REDUCING AGENTS

Hydrophobic catalysts used in catalytic detritiation process of heavy water consist of platinum impregnated on charcoal (commercial material) and PTFE. For this type of material, Pt is found as agglomerates leading to an increase of hydrophilicity in the final catalyst and also, to a low number of functional groups for isotopic exchange. Therefore, in order to avoid these drawbacks, another type of platinum-based material was considered, with a higher platinum dispersion which would lead to an increase number of functional groups for the isotopic exchange process. There are different methods to synthesize Pt on graphene composites, but using microwaves involves advantages like fewer stages and shorter time to produce. The obtaining method uses reduction of H2PtCl6 in the presence of ethylene glycol and other reducing agents (NaBH4 and KOH) and graphene oxide suspension. Samples were then microstructurally investigated using SEM, BET, X-ray diffraction, RAMAN and TGA.

3D-Printed Photoelectrochemical Cell and its Application in Evaluation of Bismuth Vanadate Photoanodes

Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) is proven to be a promising photocatalyst for water splitting. However, the effect of materials syntheses, electrode preparation and size of photoelectrode on the photocurrent output of BiVO4 photoanodes needs further investigations. In this study, three different BiVO4 nanoparticle synthesis were employed, namely hydrothermal (HT), HT in the presence of ethylene glycol (EG) and HT with the addition of hydrazine hydrate (HH). In addition, two molecular inks (Triton-X and ethyl‐methyl‐imidazole, EMI), were compared for the preparation of BiVO4 photoanodes using a simple doctor-blade technique followed by calcination at 450°C. The photoanodes (9 cm2 active surface) were then compared for their photocurrent density at AM1.5G illumination and 1.2 V (vs. standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)) bias in a specifically designed, three-dimensional (3D)-printed electrochemical cell. The highest photocurrent 0.13 ± 0.1 mA cm–2 was obtained with the EMI ink, whereas tenfold lower photocurrent was obtained with Triton-X due to the higher charge transfer resistance, measured by electric impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The photoresponse was reproducible and relatively stable, with only 8% decrease in five consecutive illumination periods of 1 min.

Easy synthesis of high (110) facet-exposed BiOCl microspheres with excellent visible light degradation capability towards RhB

A novel BiOCl microsphere with high (110) facets exposure is successfully synthesized via a one-step solvothermal process in the presence of ethylene glycol without any other surfactant. The percentage of exposed (110) facets can be easily controlled by reactant concentration. The obtained BiOCl microsphere exhibited excellent photocatalytic efficiency for degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB). Under visible light irradiation, 100 ml 20 mg l−1 RhB can be completely decomposed in only 45 min. The excellent performance can be attributed to the efficient separation of photogenerated electrons and holes benefited from the special electronic structure of BiOCl microspheres. The (110) crystal facets are beneficial for holes transfer while the electrons migrate in [001] direction which is perpendicular to the (110) facet, thus extending the lifetime of photoinduced charges. This study may open more possibilities for the rational design and controllable synthesis of visible light photocatalysts with excellent performance.

Evaluation of TEMPO‐NH2 and Oxalate Oxidase Enzyme for Complete Ethylene Glycol Oxidation

AbstractThis study describes the development of an ethylene glycol (EG) biofuel cell that combines the organic catalyst 4‐amino‐TEMPO (TEMPO‐NH2) and the enzyme oxalate oxidase (OxOx) in solution for complete EG oxidation. Cyclic voltammetric curves recorded in the presence of EG showed that the hybrid TEMPO‐NH2/OxOx catalyst provided 1.2 higher current density than the TEMPO‐NH2 catalyst. Chronoamperometric assays after successive EG injections and long‐term electrolysis at a fixed potential of 0.75 V (vs Ag/AgCl) showed that the hybrid TEMPO‐NH2/OxOx catalyst in the presence of EG promoted 14 % and 58 % increase in the current obtained with the TEMPO‐NH2 catalyst, respectively. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results confirmed that TEMPO‐NH2 and OxOx respectively acted on EG oxidation and C−C bond cleavage, leading to complete EG oxidation, harvesting all 10 of the EG electrons and high catalytic activity.

Determination of clathrate hydrates dissociation conditions in the presence of gas dehydration, sweetening, and other nitrogenated additives using a predictive thermodynamic approach

–Despite numerous experimental data on gas hydrate equilibrium conditions in the presence of glycols, alkanolamines, and nitrogenated additives that are frequently utilized in the gas refinery, the apparent lack of a precise predictive thermodynamic model is still perceived. This study presents an unprecedented thermodynamic framework benefitting from the modified van der Waals-Platteeuw (vdW-P) model for the hydrate phase, the Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR EoS) for the vapor/gas phase, and combinations of free-volume Flory Huggins (FVFH) and Pitzer-Debye-Hückel (PDH) equations for the water activity in the aqueous phase, in which the FVFH activity model is utilized for the additives with molecular interactions solely, while the PDH model is employed when the ionic interactions also exist. When the model assessed a databank of 1075 data points, 0.29% (0.80 K) and 9.67% (0.49 MPa) deviations were observed in the temperature and pressure calculations, respectively. In particular, for 877 data points (glycols, urea, acetamide, and formamide), employing FVFH solely resulted in 0.32% (0.88 K) and 10.54% (0.50 MPa) temperature and pressure deviations, respectively, whereas the combination of FVFH + PDH yielded 0.17% (0.48 K) and 5.81% (0.47 MPa) errors in temperature and pressure estimations, respectively in 198 data points of the systems comprised of amines, hydrazine, and piperazine. The maximum deviation of temperature prediction did not exceed 6.80 K (2.39%). The results reveal the effective performance of the proposed calculation approach.

Assembly of an improved hybrid cascade system for complete ethylene glycol oxidation: Enhanced catalytic performance for an enzymatic biofuel cell

We report an Enzymatic Fuel Cell (EFC) combining an enzyme that can cleave carbon-carbon bonds (oxalate oxidase (OxOx)) with an organic catalyst (Pyrene-TEMPO (TEMPO = 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinyl-N-oxyl)) immobilized on the surface of modified carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-COOH). This combination gave a hybrid bi-catalyst electrode for complete ethylene glycol (EG) oxidation. The hybrid electrode provided ninefold enhanced catalytic activity (0.17 ± 6 × 10−3 mA cm−2) in the presence of EG as compared to the electrode in the absence of EG (0.018 ± 3 × 10−5 mA cm−2), indicating that the enzyme combined with the organic catalyst improved energy generation through deep EG electrooxidation. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveals that the addition of the enzyme in the electrode containing MWCNT–COOH–Pyrene-TEMPO increased the charge transfer resistance (Rct) and the capacitance of the double layer. Long-term electrolysis for 15 h showed that the hybrid electrode presented outstanding current density and stability. The EG oxidation products were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV/RID). The results confirmed complete EG oxidation in the presence of CO2 in the solution, allowing 10 electrons to be collected from the fuel. Overall, this study illustrates the development of a simple and improved hybrid bi-catalyst electrode for promising applications in small electronic devices.

Synthesis and Evaluation of New 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-Ones and -Thiones as Anti-Cancer Agents: In Vitro, Molecular Docking and SAR Studies

Using Silica Sulfuric Acid (SSA) as an eco-friendly, readily available, and reusable catalyst, herein we were prepared a new series of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)ones and -thiones 4–16 (DHMPs). The condensation reaction of 2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, 1,3-diphenylpropane-1,3-dione, and thiourea as one-pot reaction (known as Biginelli reaction) by using different catalysts. Silica sulfuric acid (SSA) showed the best catalytic activity (with yield 99%) using 0.11 mol at 15 min in the presence of ethylene glycol as green solvent. The targeted compounds of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)ones and -thiones 4–16 have been fully characterized and tested as novel anti-cancer agents. The biological activity of the synthesized compounds 4–16, were evaluated in vitro as anti-cancer agents against both liver (Huh7 cell line) and lung cancer (A549) cells. Most of the tested compounds showed potential cytotoxic activity against liver cancer (Huh7) cell line, while they had moderate to week cytotoxic activity against lung cancer (A549) cell line. Most notably, compound 13 was the most effective cytotoxic agent against both liver and lung cancer cell lines, with less toxicity against non-cancer cell line MDCK, when compared to Doxorubicin as reference drug. Therefore, the mode of action of this compound using flow cytometry and molecular docking was investigated. The SAR study showed that the pyrimidines that contains chloride, florid or methoxy groups in their structures gave potent anti-cancer activity than that contains phenyl or naphthalene moieties, while the presence of sulfur as a substitution on the pyrimidine ring increased the anti-cancer activity than that observed in the presence of oxygen.

Enhancement of leaching copper by organic agents from waste printed circuit boards in a sulfuric acid solution

Leaching copper from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) by hydrometallurgy has always been a hot research topic. At atmospheric pressure, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used as an oxidant to study the leaching behavior of copper from WPCBs in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solution with ethylene glycol (EG). To elucidate the leaching mechanism of copper from WPCBs, the effect of various parameters on the leaching performance with or without EG was investigated. The results showed that the copper leaching process from WPCBs in the presence of EG was found to conform to the ash diffusion-controlled shrinking core model according to the kinetic curve and a activation energy of 18.38 kJ/mol. Moreover, the presence of EG strengthened the stability of H2O2, improved dispersity and increased electrical activity of WPCBs, which enhanced the leaching of copper from WPCBs in the high leaching temperature (>323.15 K). As a result, apart from the fact that the optimal leaching concentration of H2O2 was reduced by the addition of EG, the improved copper leaching efficiency from WPCBs was achieved by the addition of EG, as demonstrated by a maximum copper leaching efficiency of 98.01% and a maximum loss rate of 29.68%. Besides, the mineralogical and morphological properties of leaching residue validated the leaching results. Based on this, our findings confirmed the enhanced leaching performance of copper from WPCBs by EG, which benefited for the efficient recovery of copper from WPCBs.

Room‐temperature synthesis of flower‐like hierarchical architecture of BiOI and enhanced photocatalytic activity: Application of response surface methodology

AbstractFlower‐like bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) hierarchical microspheres were synthesized successfully at room temperature in the presence of ethylene glycol and KI as solvent and iodide source, respectively and applied for the photocatalytic degradation of levofloxacin from aqueous media under visible light irradiation. Optimal conditions for the synthesis and photocatalytic processes were obtained by using the response surface methodology (RSM) combined with central composite design (CCD). Based on the CCD, the quadratic model represents the relationship between the following factors: reactant concentration (0.009–0.116 mol/L), percentage of ethylene glycol (15%–85%) for synthesis processes and contact time (12–108 min), BiOI dosage (0.05–2.45 g/L), and initial concentration (1.1–5.9 mg/L) for photocatalytic processes. The obtained BiOI structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption (BET), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy. The results show that the proposed quadratic model in accordance with the experiment results in an R2 value and lack of fit F‐values of 0.9987 and 2.79 for synthesis processes, and 0.9977 and 3.06 for photocatalytic processes. It was observed that ethylene glycol not only acted as a solvent but was also a soft temple for the fabrication of flower‐like BiOI hierarchical microspheres. The optimum conditions of reactant concentration and percentage of ethylene glycol for synthesis processes were obtained at 0.063 mol/L and 85%, respectively. Additionally, under visible light irradiation, the synthesized flower‐like BiOI hierarchical microspheres can remove levofloxacin up to 99%. The optimum conditions of contact time, BiOI dosage, and levofloxacin initial concentration for photocatalytic processes were obtained at 90 min, 2 g/L, and 2 mg/L, respectively.

Catalytic C–C bond formation over platinum nanoparticle catalyst on three-dimensional porous carbon

Three-dimensional porous carbon was prepared via a hard templating method using a colloidal crystal of monodispersed silica nanospheres (SNSs). Platinum nanoparticle catalyst on thus prepared porous carbon was prepared by a liquid-phase method using hydrogen hexachloroplatinate (IV) hexahydrate as Pt source in the presence of ethylene glycol. The prepared Pt catalyst on the carbon was characterized in detail and applied for the C-methylation reaction to elucidate the influence of the pore structure and morphology of the replicated porous carbon supports.

Differences in Electrodeposition of Cu Onto Au(111) from Deep Eutectic Solvents of Varying Composition

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the electrodeposition of various metals from deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as an alternative to other non-aqueous electrolytes. Beneficial characteristics include low viscosity compared to ionic liquids, a broad electrochemical stability window, and the individual components can be purified separately.[1] DESs consist of two components, an organic (type III) or inorganic (type IV) salt and a hydrogen bond donor (HBD).[2,3] If mixed in their eutectic ratio, a liquid is typically formed at room temperature and the freezing-point depression is believed to result from strong interactions between salt and HBD. However, the effect of the different components on this phenomenon has not been studied in detail, yet.In this study, the impact of various HBDs on the thermal properties is investigated as a function of their molar ratio in relation to the salt. Phase diagrams of DESs types III and IV are generated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and subsequently, the eutectic composition and temperature of the respective mixtures are determined. As copper electrodeposition onto Au(111) single crystal electrodes has already been subject of numerous studies,[4,5] in this work it has been chosen as reference system to investigate the electrochemical characteristics of DESs by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). The impact of the salt, the HBD, and their molar ratio on Cu underpotential and bulk deposition and dissolution behavior are studied. We find that these reactions cannot be associated with the freezing-point depression of the DESs, but are instead strongly dependent on the electrolyte composition.The mechanism of Cu electrodeposition from chloride- and nitrate-containing DESs type III in combination with Cu+ and Cu2+ salts is affected by the high concentration of ions. Regardless of whether ethylene glycol or trifluoroacetamide is used as HBD, both Cu+ and Cu2+ species are easily reduced and deposited. The two-electron reduction prevails with presence of ethylene glycol and higher salt content. In all media studied, deposition follows a nucleation and three-dimensional growth mechanism controlled by diffusion. The diffusion rate of the Cu species is strongly related to the molar ratio of salt and HBD.DESs type IV exhibit a different behavior during electrodeposition and dissolution that is attributed to the HBD containing various functional groups. The HBD also influences the morphology of Cu deposits, as studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The crucial role of the anion is demonstrated in the examples of triflate and nitrate.

Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical sensors application of Tb2Ti2O7 nanoparticle modified carbon paste electrode for the sensing of mefenamic acid drug in biological samples and pharmaceutical industry wastewater

Today, in most fields, wide research has been done in the manufacture of biosensors and the detection of various types of substances, including drugs. Nevertheless, the analytical detection of drugs from a biological sample by a simple and portable method for on-site detection is still important and very challenging. This paper investigates the electrochemical determination of the mefenamic acid (MEF), with a novel carbon paste electrode modified with terbium titanate nanostructures (TTN/CPE). The effect of the capping agent on the morphology and size of terbium titanate synthesized from terbium nitrate in the presence of ethylene glycol (EG) as a stabilization agent is investigated. The as-produced nanostructures are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). Electrochemical studies in optimized conditions indicate MEF has two linear responses in the range of 1.0 × 10−2–4.0 × 102 μM with a detection limit of 2.4 nM at the surface of TTN/CPE. The suggested sensor reveals good sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and reproducibility and can be utilized for some important biological samples and wastewater with satisfactory results.

Electrochemical and leaching studies to better understand the role of ethylene glycol in the oxidative acid dissolution of chalcopyrite

It has been demonstrated that the combined use of organic compounds and acidic peroxide solutions greatly improves the dissolution kinetics of chalcopyrite. Among the additives employed, ethylene glycol (EG) is one of the most attractive for operating at moderate temperatures (20–50 °C). However, the role of EG in the leaching process is still not clearly understood, which limits optimization and industrial scale-up. For this reason, in this investigation, an electrochemical study was undertaken, using both a solid chalcopyrite (SE-Cp) electrode coupled to a rotating disk, as well as a chalcopyrite concentrate carbon paste electrode (CPE-CCp). Leaching experiments were also performed with EG and several other organic compounds, comparing the copper dissolved in each case. The results, in the mixed potential range of 0.55–0.75 V, showed that the presence of EG did not increase chalcopyrite oxidation. However, EG adsorption on the surface of the sulfide is sufficient to hinder hydrogen peroxide dismutation, the main cause of H2O2 decomposition in EG-free acidic solutions; at the same time, decreasing the interfacial tension favors chalcopyrite contact with the solution. Finally, the formation of similar products on the chalcopyrite surface, suggest that the organics additives do not alter the dissolution mechanism.

Hydrogen-Bond-Assisted Diels-Alder Kinetics or Self-Healing in Reversible Polymer Networks? A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study.

Diels–Alder (DA) cycloadditions in reversible polymer networks are important for designing sustainable materials with self-healing properties. In this study, the DA kinetics of hydroxyl-substituted bis- and tetrafunctional furans with bis- and tris-functional maleimides, both containing ether-functionalized spacers, is investigated by modelling two equilibria representing the endo and exo cycloadduct formation. Concretely, the potential catalysis of the DA reaction through hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl of the furans and carbonyl of the maleimides or ether of the spacers is experimentally and theoretically scrutinized. Initial reaction rates and forward DA rate constants are determined by microcalorimetry at 20 °C for a model series of reversible networks, extended with (i) a hydroxyl-free network and hydroxyl-free linear or branched systems, and (ii) polypropylene glycol additives, increasing the hydroxyl concentration. A computational density-functional theory study is carried out on the endo and exo cycloadditions of furan and maleimide derivatives, representative for the experimental ones, in the absence and presence of ethylene glycol as additive. Additionally, an ester-substituted furan was investigated as a hydroxyl-free system for comparison. Experiment and theory indicate that the catalytic effect of H-bonding is absent or very limited. While increased concentration of H-bonding could in theory catalyze the DA reaction, the experimental results rule out this supposition.

Electrodeposition of Cu onto Au(111) from Deep Eutectic Solvents: Molar Ratio of Salt and Hydrogen Bond Donor

AbstractThe electrodeposition of copper onto Au(111) from Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) type III has been studied by cyclic voltammetry. Investigations were carried out with mixtures of choline chloride (ChCl) and ethylene glycol (EG) or trifluoroacetamide (TFA). The eutectic compositions and temperatures were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). For the ChCl/EG DES, a eutectic ratio of 16 : 84 (ChCl:EG) was found instead of the previously reported ratio of 33 : 67. The electrodeposition of copper was studied for electrolytes with different ratios of ChCl to hydrogen bond donor (HBD) to resolve the influence of the composition on the deposition behavior. Both CuCl and CuCl2 were used as Cu salts. Underpotential deposition (UPD) is followed by bulk deposition with the diffusion rate of Cu species being dependent on the ratio of ChCl to HBD. With CuCl2, both Cu+ and Cu2+ species are reduced and deposited, whereby the two‐electron reduction is more dominant with higher chloride content and presence of EG. However, the properties of the Cu electrodeposition do not result from the freezing‐point depression of the DESs, but from the high concentration of ions.

Poly(ether ester) and related block copolymers via organocatalytic ring‐opening polymerization

AbstractPoly(p‐dioxanone) (PPDO) produced by ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) ofp‐dioxanone (PDO) has been attracted intensive attention in bioengineering and environmental materials due to the coexistence of ester and ether bonds in the repeating units. Herein, we systematically study the ROP behavior of PDO using classical organic amidine and guanidine compounds. The cyclic and linear PPDO homopolymers are efficiently produced and confirmed by the combination of1H,13C NMR and MALDI‐TOF MS spectra. Furthermore, triblock copolymers (PPDO‐b‐PCL‐b‐PPDO) containing poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) as the soft segment and PPDO as the hard segment are prepared in the presence of ethylene glycol. The resultant block copolymers are well characterized using NMR, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. It is found that the prepared triblock copolymers exhibit tunable flexibility, stabilization, hydrophilicity, and mechanical strength, which could be used as thermoplastic materials in biological and tissue engineering areas.

Study on the interaction of ethylene glycol with trypsin: Binding ability, activity, and stability

The study of the structural changes and thermal stabilities of proteins in the presence of various co-solutes is a critical element of basic research, drug discovery, and development. Ethylene glycol (EG) is typically known to be poisonous and teratogenic, causing skeletal and external abnormalities as well as other disorders. At pH 8, the influence of EG on the structure and thermal stability of trypsin was investigated using a variety of spectroscopic techniques. Spectroscopic techniques, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), and molecular dynamics simulation studies were used to evaluate the binding reaction between ethylene glycol and trypsin in the current study. Circular dichroism, Trp fluorescence, and absorption tests demonstrated that EG has an effect on secondary and tertiary structures of trypsin, and it boosts the protein's thermal stability, which increases with increasing EG concentration. This contact occurs through a static quenching process, according to fluorescence spectroscopy data, and van der Waals contributions and hydrogen bonds were also important in binding ethylene glycol to trypsin. The ethylene glycol binding constant (Kb) and the number of binding sites (n) were calculated using fluorescence quenching data. Kinetic technique analysis displayed a decrease in trypsin activity in the presence of ethylene glycol. Also, circular dichroism results confirmed the conformation changes resulting from the binding of ethylene glycol to trypsin. Molecular dynamics simulation using RMSD was used to test the stability of the trypsin-ethylene glycol complex in this study. Molecular docking research revealed that EG interacts with trypsin amino acid residues via hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions.

Assessing the Molecular Interaction between Poly Lactic-co-glycolic Acid (PLGA) 50:50 and Poly Ethylene Glycol in Presence of Diethyl Phthalate Using in silico Study - A Novel Approach of Pre-Formulation Study

The efficacy of a drug relies on drug formulation and targeting. Imatinib is an anti-cancer drug identified to be effective in the treatment of cancers like myeloid leukemia and lymphoblastic leukemia, and gastrointestinal tumors. The prediction of mixing energy and identification of docking interactions and scores can help identify the most efficient drug carrier/plasticizer molecule that could exert maximum pharmaceutical efficiency. The results of a preliminary study explicitly showed the potent carrier molecule before conducting formulation studies. Hence, the present study was designed to screen the interaction energies between different combinations of Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PGLA) or Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG) or diethyl phthalate with Imatinib using in silico computational methods. The study results suggested that the binding energy and the score obtained for docking interactions for Imatinib versus diethyl phthalate was better when compared to the other combinations. Therefore, Diethyl phthalate might be a signature candidate to act as Imatinib-carrier/plasticizer. More formulation studies are warranted further to demonstrate the desired continuous drug release and maximum efficacy with Imatinib chemotherapy.

Interaction among extenders, cryoprotectants and Orvus Es Paste supplementation and freezing rate for sperm cryopreservation in the dromedary camel.

This study evaluated the effects of freezing extenders, cryoprotectants and their concentrations, presence of Orvus Es Paste and freezing rates for cryopreserving dromedary camel sperm. Semen (five males; 2 ejaculates/male) was frozen in one of the following extenders (Green Buffer® or INRA96® ), cryoprotectants (3 and 6% glycerol or ethylene glycol), with or without Orvus Es Paste and freezing at two different heights (1 and 4cm) above liquid nitrogen. Sperm motility recovery parameters were evaluated post-thaw (0 and 1hr), vitality and acrosome integrity (0hr). Green Buffer showed higher total motility recoveries (p<.001). Higher percentage of cryoprotectant improved both total and progressive motility at 0hr (p<.001; p=.003) and 1hr (p<.001; p=.005). Acrosome integrity at thawing increased in the presence of ethylene glycol (p<.001) and Orvus Es Paste (p=.001). Kinematics were affected by extender, cryoprotectant concentration and Orvus Es Paste at 0 and 1hr, and type of cryoprotectant only influenced them at 0h. Our findings showed strong interactions among type of cryoprotectant and concentration, and extender and Orvus Es Paste. Generally, combining Green Buffer, 3%-6% ethylene glycol or 6% glycerol without Orvus Es Paste, regardless of the freezing rates, yielded the highest post-thaw parameters for camel sperm.