Polyhydroxy Acids Research Articles

The influence of drugs containing gluconolactone on the morphological parameters of the blood of rabbits

The work is devoted to the issues of using polyhydroxy acids in rabbit breeding. Antioxidants are extremely important compounds for living organisms. The authors considered the effect of gluconolactone used in the animal diet on the metabolic processes and physiological indicators of life activity of rabbits. Based on the studies (using gluconolactone as an example), the advisability of including supplements containing polyhydroxy acids in the rabbit diet is shown. Polyhydroxy acids, which are antioxidants, when regularly introduced with feed, help to increase the overall resistance of the body, stimulate the growth and healthy development of animals, which in turn leads to obtaining high-quality agricultural products. Rabbits, like other animals, can obtain antioxidants from plant foods, but their concentration may be insufficient for full protection against oxidative stress. To stabilize feed rations, various biologically active additives are used, which make it possible to increase the efficiency of animal rearing and improve productivity indicators. Thus, polyhydroxy acids, in particular gluconolactone, are well suited for sensitive animals that require the utmost care and gentle rearing.

Metabolomic analysis of grapes and leaves from symptomatic and asymptomatic Vitis vinifera grapevines with Esca disease

Esca is a grapevine trunk disease spreading in vineyards worldwide, and of rising concern since no efficient treatment is available to mitigate its impact. Trunks, grapes and leaves from symptomatic and asymptomatic Aragonês vines were collected at harvest stage to characterise plant responses associated with this fungal disease. Presence of Esca associated fungi in the trunks was confirmed by molecular methods using ITS region. Metabolomics of grapes and leaves was analysed by Gas chromatography coupled to electron impact ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-EI/TOF-MS) and GC coupled to an EI/quadrupole MS (GC-EI/QUAD-MS and showed that both organs from symptomatic plants exhibited a different metabolic reprogramming than those from asymptomatic. Symptomatic leaves present lesser content in tricarboxylic and polyhydroxy acids, and this metabolic adjustment may involve salicylic acid metabolism. On the other hand, symptomatic fruits accumulate long-chain fatty acids probably related with cuticle reinforcement to mitigate changes in water transport caused by trunk damage, and defence-related metabolites such as α-tocopherol. Symptomatic berries also presented alterations in volatile aroma compounds such as C6-volatiles, and acetic acid suggesting an impact on subsequent wine quality. Altogether this study, identified putative metabolic markers associated with Esca disease in plants with different symptomatology and contributed to a physiological understanding of this fungal disease that could help in the development of mitigation strategies for its spread.

The influence of drugs containing polyhydroxy acids on metabolic processes and physiological vital signs of rabbits

The work is devoted to the use of polyhydroxy acids with antioxidant properties in rabbit breeding. The authors examined the effect of gluconolactone, used in the diet of animals, on metabolic processes and physiological indicators of the vital functions of rabbits. To raise healthy rabbits with high meat quality, balanced feeding is necessary. When there is an imbalance in feed rations, animals get sick more often and gain body weight more slowly. Rabbits, like other animals, can obtain antioxidants from plant foods, but their concentration may not be sufficient to provide full protection against oxidative stress. To stabilize feed rations, various biologically active additives are used to increase the efficiency of raising animals and improve productivity indicators. Based on the studies conducted (using the example of gluconolactone), the authors showed the therapeutic significance and feasibility of including supplements containing polyhydroxy acids in the diet of rabbits.

Versatile capillary electrophoresis method for the direct chiral separation of aliphatic and aromatic α-hydroxy acids, β-hydroxy acids and polyhydroxy acids using vancomycin as chiral selector

Hydroxy acids (HAs) are ubiquitous in nature and play significant roles in various industrial and biological processes. Most HAs harbor at least one chiral center, therefore the development of efficient chiral analysis techniques for HA stereoisomers is of crucial importance across a wide range of fields. A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method was developed for the chiral analysis and quantification of aliphatic and aromatic α-hydroxy acid (AHA) enantiomers, aliphatic β-hydroxy acid (BHA) enantiomers and aliphatic polyhydroxy acid (PHA) stereoisomers. Using a modified partial filling-counter current method with indirect UV detection, high resolution (Rs) was achieved with vancomycin as a chiral selector added to the background electrolyte composed of 10 mM of benzoic acid/L-histidine at pH 5 using a polyacrylamide-coated capillary. This method could be readily applied to the determination of the enantiomers of 12 aliphatic AHAs, 4 aromatic AHAs, 3 aliphatic BHAs, as well as to the determination of the stereoisomers of tartaric acid, 2,3-dihydroxybutanoic acid, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanoic acid, and 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid without the need for sample derivatization. Finally, our study provides a robust and versatile strategy for the chiral and stereoselective analysis of a broad range of hydroxy acid compounds.

Different metabolic adaptation strategies after overwintering in Eutrema sp. and Arabidopsis accessions under field conditions in Germany.

Successful overwintering is a prerequisite for high fitness in temperate perennials and winter annuals and is highly dependent on increased freezing tolerance and timely balancing of deacclimation with growth resumption in spring. To assess fitness costs associated with overwintering and elucidate metabolic mechanisms underlying winter survival and the switch from acclimated freezing tolerance to growth resumption, we performed a comparative field study using 14 Eutrema salsugineum accessions, E. halophilum, E. botschantzevii and 11 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions differing in freezing tolerance. Winter survival and reproductive fitness parameters were recorded and correlated with phenological stage and metabolite status during growth resumption in spring. The results revealed considerable intraspecific variation in winter survival, but survival rates of the extremophyte Eutrema were not inherently better. In both Eutrema and A. thaliana, improved winter survival was associated with reduced reproductive fitness. Metabolic analysis by GC-MS revealed intrinsic differences in the primary metabolism of the two genera during deacclimation. Eutrema contained higher levels of several amino and chlorogenic acids, while Arabidopsis had higher levels of several sugars and sugar conjugates. In both genera, increased levels of several soluble sugars were associated with increased winter survival, whereas myo-inositol has different roles in overwintering of Eutrema and A. thaliana. In addition, differences in amino acid metabolism and polyhydroxy acids levels after winter survival were found. The results provide strong evidence for a trade-off between increased winter survival and reproductive fitness in both Eutrema and Arabidopsis and document inherent differences in their metabolic strategies to survive winter.

Split-face evaluation: Gluconolactone plus oxybrasion versus gluconolactone plus microneedling. The effects on skin parameters.

The application of polyhydroxy acids and alpha-hydroxy acids to the skin is often used in cosmetology. To enhance the effect of gluconolactone chemical peeling, a combined method including water-oxygen oxybrasion or microneedle mesotherapy can be used. To evaluate skin parameters such as hydration, sebum, pH and TEWL after application of a 10% gluconolactone chemical peel in combination with oxybrasion and microneedling. Twenty-one Caucasian women participated in the study. A series of three split face treatments was carried out at 1-week intervals. Oxybrasion was performed on the right side of the face and micro-needle mesotherapy on the left side. A 10% gluconolactone solution was applied to the entire face. Before the first and third treatments and 2 weeks after the last treatment, skin parameters were evaluated. Photographic documentation was also made before and after the treatment series. Evaluation of skin parameters using Courage & Khazaka 580 Multi Probe Adapter probes (Courage + Khazaka electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) showed an increase in hydration and a decrease in sebum, pH and TEWL for both treatments. There were no statistically significant differences between the treatments. Combining chemical peeling of gluconolactone with oxybrasion and microneedle mesotherapy is a good method to seal the hydrolipid barrier and increase skin hydration.

Polyhydroxy Acids as Fabaceous Plant Components Induce Oviposition of the Common Grass Yellow Butterfly, Eurema Mandarina.

The common grass yellow butterfly, Eurema mandarina is a Fabaceae-feeding species, the females of which readily oviposit on Albizia julibrissin and Lespedeza cuneata in mainland Japan. We previously demonstrated that the methanolic leaf extracts of these plants, and their highly polar aqueous fractions strongly elicit female oviposition. Furthermore, the three subfractions obtained by ion-exchange chromatographic separation of the aqueous fraction have been found to be less effective alone, but synergistically stimulate female oviposition when combined. This indicates that female butterflies respond to multiple compounds with different acidity. We have previously identified d-pinitol from the neutral/amphoteric subfractions and glycine betaine from the basic subfractions as oviposition stimulants of E. mandarina. The present study aimed to identify active compounds in the remaining acidic subfractions of A. julibrissin and L. cuneata leaf extracts. GC-MS analyses of trimethylsilyl-derivatized samples revealed the presence of six compounds in the acidic subfractions. In bioassays using these authentic chemicals, erythronic acid (EA) and threonic acid (TA) were moderately active in eliciting oviposition responses in E. mandarina, with their d-isomers showing slightly higher activity than their l-isomers. Female responsiveness differed between d-EA and l-TA, the major isomers of these compounds in plants, with the response to d-EA reaching a plateau at concentrations above 0.005% and that to l-TA peaking at a concentration of 0.01%. The natural concentrations of d-EA and l-TA in fresh A. julibrissin and L. cuneata leaves were sufficient to stimulate oviposition. Furthermore, mixing 0.001% d-EA or 0.001% l-TA, to which females are mostly unresponsive, with 0.1% d-pinitol resulted in a synergistic enhancement of the oviposition response. These findings demonstrate that E. mandarina females utilize both polyhydroxy acids, EA and TA, as chemical cues for oviposition.

33577 Novel 10% multi-acid serum provides clinical acne and complexion benefits in subjects with mild to moderate acne

Acne vulgaris, a multifactorial skin disease, affects both the patient’s physical and emotional well-being. While standard over-the-counter options have been readily available, new solutions are needed that would address complexion issues, such as rough texture, uneven tone, and postacne marks. As abnormal desquamation is an important factor in both acne formation and uneven complexion, topical ingredients that enhance cell turnover rate, such as alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) and polyhydroxy acids (PHAs), can play an important role in improving acne patients’ skin; however, AHAs can be irritating, especially at higher levels. A novel 10% multiacid serum combining exfoliating 5% glycolic acid; 2.5% mandelic acid; a lipophilic AHA ideal for acne-prone skin; 2.5% gluconolactone, a gentle PHA with humectancy and skin clarifying properties; and 0.5% salicylic acid was developed and evaluated for its unique ability to balance improvements in mild-to-moderate acne patients with tolerability for daily use. Acne improvement, skin complexion benefits, and tolerability of this novel daily-use multi-acid serum were assessed in a 12-week clinical study in 31 male and female subjects across diverse skin tones. A statistically significant reduction (P < .05) in total acne lesions was seen as early as 2 weeks, and global severity improvement by 4 weeks. Significant improvements in uneven tone, texture, post-acne marks, and skin blotchiness by investigator assessment was shown, and an acne-related Quality of Life Assessment (aQOL) demonstrated improvement in subject emotional well-being. There were no reported adverse events, and this multi-acid serum was considered well-tolerated for daily use.

27890 Chelation properties demonstrated by a novel analytical method help elucidate polyhydroxy acids benefits for environmental oxidative stress and pigmentation

Polyhydroxy acids (PHAs) are ingredients known for their antioxidant, humectant, and exfoliation properties, providing multimechanistic benefits for skin. It is known that PHAs have chelation properties, and we hypothesize that PHAs can chelate metal ions commonly found in the environment that contribute to skin pigmentation. Cu (II) and Fe (III) are metal ions known to cause oxidative stress in skin. Additionally, Cu (II) is a key cofactor in melanin production. A novel method was developed to directly observe the complexation of metal ions with cosmetic ingredients using HPLC-electron spray ionization (ESI) MS.

27887 Skin exfoliation with low concentrations of alpha hydroxy acids and poly hydroxy acids when incorporated into wash-off or leave-on products using a novel abbreviated model to measure cell turnover rate

Alpha hydroxyacids (AHAs) and polyhydroxy acids (PHAs) are known for enhancing skin cell turnover rate. Typically, 8-10% concentrations have been evaluated for their exfoliation potential. Glycolic acid and gluconolactone at 2% in a cleanser and leave-on cream along with a 1% lactobionic acid cream were assessed for cell turnover rate. A novel, abbreviated clinical method to assess skin cell turnover rate using fluorescence staining of the stratum corneum was conducted. Dansyl chloride 5% was applied to volar forearms under occlusion for an abbreviated time of 6 hours. Digital photographs were taken under ultraviolet light over 7 days; images were analyzed to determine fluorescent intensity. Products in standardized vehicles were applied twice daily. Additionally, a 2% gluconolactone body lotion was evaluated for consumer perception of benefit after 2 weeks of daily use. Cell turnover rate was significantly increased for all formulations at these lower concentrations (P ˂ .05). The 2% glycolic acid cleanser (n = 34) and cream (n = 31), the 2% gluconolactone cleanser (n = 34) and cream (n = 32) and the 1% lactobionic acid cream (n = 32) all demonstrated an increase in exfoliation (time to 50% reduction of dye) compared with untreated (P ˂ .05). Consumers noted corresponding skin cell turnover benefits of the 2% gluconolactone body lotion (n = 34) including: skin is lightly exfoliated (94%); skin feels renewed (100%); dry, dull skin is revitalized (97%); and skin texture is smoother (100%). AHAs and PHAs are well-known exfoliators. In cleanser or cream form and at concentrations of 1-2%, meaningful increases in cell turnover rate were noted with consumer perceivable exfoliation benefits.

Corneometric evaluation of skin moisture after application of 10% and 30% gluconolactone.

Dry skin, caused by improper care or genetic conditions, can affect people of all ages. Skin hydration is determined its lipid content, which inhibits water loss from the epidermis, as well as other substances such as polyhydroxy acids and gluconolactone that can bind water. The aim of this study was to evaluate skin hydration after the application of 10% and 30% gluconolactone solution in a split face model. Sixteen healthy women were qualified for the study. Three split face treatments were performed, with 10% and 30% gluconolactone solution applied to two sides of the face. Skin moisture was measured before each treatment and a week after the last treatment at three measurement sites on either side of the face, that is, on the forehead, around the eye and on the cheek. Corneometric measurements showed a significant increase in facial skin hydration after gluconolactone treatment. No significant differences were observed between the application of 10% and 30% solution. Gluconolactone is a moisturizing substance which works well in dry skin care.

Layered silicate formation during chiral acid templated ZSM-5 synthesis

Silicate anion forms four, five and six coordinate complexes with chiral polyhydroxy alcohol and polyhydroxy acids in aqueous alkali media. The chemistry of organosilicate complexes is well established but its effect on zeolite synthesis has not been explored. When chiral acid is used as a template in ZSM-5 synthesis, a new partially crystalline layered silicate is formed whose basal spacing value do not match with any of the known layered silicates. Chiral acids are necessary to induce layered silicate formation and it is not formed in absence of any template or tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPABr) as a template. In presence of chiral acid, layered silicates are not precursors to ZSM-5 formation as observed normally in ZSM-5 synthesis. This method is new and it paves the way for generating layered silicates using simple chiral acids as a template.

Glycolic Acid, Lactic Acid, Mandelic Acid, Salicylic Acid, Citric Acid, Gluconolactone: Skin Exfoliators in Combination Therapy of Acne Vulgaris

Facial acne are a recurring issue in most of the population and can cause disturbing skin issues. A combination of Alpha-hydroxy acids, Beta-hydroxy-acids and Poly-hydroxy acids has become popular for treating acne vulgaris in last few years. The main objective of this research study is to evaluate the efficacy &amp; safety of combination of these acids in the treatment of acne vulgaris. The study was conducted on 12 volunteers having mild to moderate to severe acne. They were divided into 3 groups according to the severity of their facial acne. Members of each group were treated with a series of 30% AHA, 2% BHA and 7% PHA. The improvement in their acne condition as well as skin texture was assessed over a period of 6 weeks.

Uso do Ácido Lactobiônico na Pele Fotoenvelhecida

A pele sofre alterações constantes devido a fatores extrínsecos e intrínsecos. O principal fator extrínseco é a exposição à radiação solar ultravioleta, que possui diferentes comprimentos de onda, atigindo diferentes estruturas da pele, causando o fotoenvelhecimento. Diversas formulaçoes cosméticas utilizam ativos para atenuar os sinais do fotoenvelhecimento, substâncias como os alfahidroxiácidos, betahidroxiácidos e polihidroxiácidos. O uso de produtos cosméticos tem mudado muito no decorrer dos tempos, buscando sempre bases científicas, competindo entre si em um mercado cada vez mais consumista, que utilizam cosméticos e formulações cada vez com mais qualidade, segurança e eficácia. Esta revisão bibliográfica discute aspectos moleculares do polihidroxiácidos ácido lactobiônico e seus efeitos na pele fotoenvelhecida, melhorando o aspecto da pele, aumentando a hidratação cutânea, minimizando os dados causados pelos radicais livres e de acordo com alguns dados clínicos foram observados uma melhora no quadro das linhas finas e rugas ao redor dos olhos, flacidez, óstios dilatados, rugosidade e luminosidade da face. Como resultado o ácido lactobiônico mostrou-se eficaz na melhora dos sinais clinicos da pele fotoenvelhecida.

Effects of lactobionic acid peel, aluminum oxide crystal microdermabrasion, and both procedures on skin hydration, elasticity, and transepidermal water loss.

Topical applications of alpha-hydroxy acids and poly hydroxy acids in the form of peels gained popularity. To enhance the effect of these substances, aluminum oxide crystal microdermabrasion can be used in one procedure. The assessment of skin hydration, elasticity, and TEWL after using lactobionic acid in the form of 20% peel and lactobionic acid in the form of 20% peel combined with aluminum oxide crystal microdermabrasion. The study involved 20 Caucasian female subjects. Six treatments were performed at weekly intervals, using the Split face method-20% LA was used on the left side of the face and aluminum oxide crystal microdermabrasion followed by 20% LA application on the right side of the face. Corneometric measurement showed statistically significant differences between the hydration level for sessions 1 and 3 and 1 and 6. A higher hydration level was found on the side with the combined procedure. Tewametric measurement showed that the TEWL values were different for sessions 1 and 3 and 1 and 6-they decreased. There were no statistically significant differences between the two procedures. The cutometric measurement indicated statistically significant differences between skin elasticity for pairs in session 1 and 3 and 1 and 6. The results of the study indicate that the combination of LA peel with microdermabrasion increases its moisturizing effect and improves skin elasticity. The use of both procedures also contributed to the decrease in TEWL; however, greater exfoliation of the epidermis in combined procedures resulted in slightly higher TEWL values.

Lactic and lactobionic acids as typically moisturizing compounds.

Recently more attention has been drawn to alpha hydroxy and polyhydroxy acids (AHA and PHA) due to their excellent moisturizing and antioxidant properties. These compounds are very beneficial in terms of both cosmetic and dermatological treatments. The aim of this study was an assessment of moisturizing properties of lactobionic and lactic acids based on available literature. Literature review using scientific databases: PubMed, Medline (EBSCO), Medline Complete, Karger, Springer/ICM, SpringerLink/online, Wiley Online Library. Through their construction, alpha AHA and PHA are able to bind large amounts of water and act as potent antioxidant agents through inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases and strong chelating properties. Another important characteristic is the maintenance of the epidermal barrier integrity during application of lactic acid (LAC) and lactobionic acid (LA) and thus the opportunity to use them on sensitive skin types including couperose skin.

Polyhydroxyester Films Obtained by Non-Catalyzed Melt-Polycondensation of Natural Occurring Fatty Polyhydroxyacids

Free-standing polyesters films from mono and polyhydroxylated fatty acids (C16 and C18) have been obtained by non-catalyzed melt-condensation polymerization in air at 150°C. Chemical characterization by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and 13C Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C MAS-NMR) has confirmed the formation of the corresponding esters and the occurrence of hydroxyl partial oxidation which extent depends on the type of hydroxylation of the monomer (primary or secondary). Generally, polyester films obtained are hydrophobic, insoluble in common solvents, amorphous and infusible as revealed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). In -polyhydroxy acids, esterification reaction with primary hydroxyls is preferential and, therefore, the structure can be defined as linear with variable branching depending on the amount of esterified secondary hydroxyls. The occurrence side oxidative reactions like the diol cleavage are responsible for chain cross-linking. Films are thermally stable up to 200-250°C though this limit can be extended up to 300°C in the absence of ester bonds involving secondary hydroxyls. By analogy with natural occurring fatty polyesters (i.e. cutin in higher plants) these polymers are proposed as biodegradable and non-toxic barrier films or coatings to be used, for instance, in food packing

Identification of primary and secondary metabolites with phosphorus status-dependent abundance in Arabidopsis, and of the transcription factor PHR1 as a major regulator of metabolic changes during phosphorus limitation.

Massive changes in gene expression occur when plants are subjected to phosphorus (P) limitation, but the breadth of metabolic changes in these conditions and their regulation is barely investigated. Nearly 350 primary and secondary metabolites were profiled in shoots and roots of P-replete and P-deprived Arabidopsis thaliana wild type and mutants of the central P-signalling components PHR1 and PHO2, and microRNA399 overexpresser. In the wild type, the levels of 87 primary metabolites, including phosphorylated metabolites but not 3-phosphoglycerate, decreased, whereas the concentrations of most organic acids, amino acids, nitrogenous compounds, polyhydroxy acids and sugars increased. Furthermore, the levels of 35 secondary metabolites, including glucosinolates, benzoides, phenylpropanoids and flavonoids, were altered during P limitation. Observed changes indicated P-saving strategies, increased photorespiration and crosstalk between P limitation and sulphur and nitrogen metabolism. The phr1 mutation had a remarkably pronounced effect on the metabolic P-limitation response, providing evidence that PHR1 is a key factor for metabolic reprogramming during P limitation. The effects of pho2 or microRNA399 overexpression were comparatively minor. In addition, positive correlations between metabolites and gene transcripts encoding pathway enzymes were revealed. This study provides an unprecedented metabolic phenotype during P limitation in Arabidopsis.

Antiaging bionic and polyhydroxy acids reduce nonenzymatic protein glycation and skin sallowness

The results from this study show a new mechanism by which lactobionic acid, maltobionic acid and gluconolactone may help preserve skin elasticity and firmness. These ingredients significantly reduced non-enzymatic glycation comparably to the potent inhibitor, aminoguanidine. The antiaging compounds, lactobionic acid, maltobionic acid and gluconolactone, are cosmetic ingredients that can be used to help preserve skin’s natural collagen and improve sallowness and tone via anti-glycation effects.

The science of hydroxy acids: mechanisms of action, types and cosmetic applications

Several studies have supported the use of hydroxy acids such as malic and citric acid in anti-ageing skin care and cosmeceutical formulations. Although first-generation hydroxy acids have been around since 1974, new hydroxyacids with additional benefits that help to support skin barrier function have grown in popularity. There are four different types of hydroxy acid, including polyhydroxy acids (PHAs), beta hydroxy acids (BHAs), aldobionic HAs (BAs) and aromatic hydroxy acids (AMAs) ( Draelos, 2011 ). This article will explore the differences between several types of hydroxy acids and their cosmetic applications. The author will also outline the essential formulation considerations with these ingredients.