Emblica Research Articles

Optimization and extraction of DNA from medicinally important plant species Phyllanthus emblica

Indian gooseberry has two scientific names Phyllanthus emblica and Emblica officinalis. Gooseberry has cookery and herbal medicine uses. It grows abundantly in the forests of India and many South Asian countries. Indian gooseberry supplements are used in anti-aging, cancer, heart health, blood sugar levels, liver damage and immune health. Fruit is reputed to probably have the highest content of vitamin C compared with any other naturally occurring substances in nature. Active extracts of P. emblica have been shown to possess several pharmacological properties, e.g., analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and chemo protective activities P. emblica being a perennial crop, molecular tools can be of great utility to support the conventional breeding. Therefore, isolation of intact high-quality DNA is essential for carrying out molecular studies. DNA extraction is the isolation of DNA from a sample. The reason includes its role in understanding the plant's genetic makeup, identifying specific genes and developing improved varieties with desirable traits. They contribute to molecular biology research and to the broader understanding of plant genetics and evolution. Different methods include Lysis, Precipitation, Purification and Concentration. DNA is extracted from Indian gooseberry for various purposes such as genetic studies, plant breeding and research. The reagents used in this process are Tris EDTA buffer, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide buffer and some chemicals.

Immunomodulator Drugs in Unani Medicine: Evidence from Preclinical and Clinical Research

Abstract:: The immune system is one of our most intricate biological systems, maintaining bodily homeostasis. Substances that modulate the immune responses are called immunomodulators. In Unani system of medicine (USM), immunity is referred to as Quwate-Mudafia, which is part of Quwa and is maintained by Tabiyat. In Unani literature, many single drugs and formulations have been used for their immunomodulatory effect, apart from other therapeutic properties. Single Unani drugs with established immunomodulatory activity are Gilo (Tinospora cordifolia), Sibr (Aloe vera), Asgandh (Withania somnifera), Aamla (Emblica officinalis) etc. Compound formulations are Jawarish Amla sada, Iksir-e-badan, etc. We are living in the age of evermutating influenza viruses giving challenges to mankind (such as the recently prevailed SARSCoV- 2 pandemic); many Unani medicinal plants are still unexplored and need to be evaluated for their immunomodulatory property, which can act as substitutes for conventional drugs. To compile Unani immunomodulatory drugs under one heading, important critical texts of traditional Unani medicine, indexed peer-reviewed journals, and authentic literature from online sources were reviewed along with their reported in vivo/in vitro activities and clinical trials. Unani drugs explored in this review are time-tested remedies and can be utilized in these rapidly changing immunological challenges.

Recent Insights into the Morphological, Nutritional and Phytochemical Properties of Indian Gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica) for the Development of Functional Foods.

Aonla, commonly known as Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica), is a plant native to India with various therapeutic and dietary benefits. This review covers the taxonomical, morphological, and species-level classifications of aonla fruit, including its flower biology, maturation, harvesting, and yield metrics. It also discusses the nutritional, physico-chemical, and phytochemical characteristics and the total antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and mineral compositions of several aonla fruit cultivars. Additionally, the health benefits of aonla are reviewed, including its analgesic, antipyretic, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, ulcerogenic, chemo-protective, neuroprotective, free radical scavenging, hypoglycaemic, and immunogenic properties, which make it beneficial in the treatment and prevention of various illnesses. Further various forms of fruit extract are also considered to be beneficial for the improvement of plant and animal health. Overall, aonla is a valuable fruit with significant potential for use in improving human health.

Influence of Mid-Infrared Irradiation on Amla’s (<i>Phyllanthus emblica</i>) Physicochemical Properties and Acceptability Index

Amla (<i>Phyllanthus emblica</i>), commonly known as Indian gooseberry, is highly esteemed for its nutritional and medicinal properties. It possesses a rich abundance of bioactive compounds and exhibits a wide range of health benefits, including anti-hyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, anticancerous, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective effects. Amla lends itself to the production of diverse value-added goods such as powder, candy, juice, soup, and oil, offering a convenient and nutritious means of incorporating this fruit into one's daily regimen. Earlier studies suggest that irradiation can have both positive and negative effects on amla, depending on the specific parameters and doses used. Therefore, the primary aim of the present study was to positively enhance the inherent characteristics of amla by employing the safe and effective 2-6 µm mid-infrared rays, thereby further augmenting its value. Our research utilized a water-based atomizer known as the 2-6µm mid-infrared radiation generating atomizer (MIRGA), which was recently developed by us. A panel of sensory experts conducted a thorough assessment of amla both before and after the application of mid-IR radiation. In addition, various analytical techniques, including FTIR, PXRD, TEM, and H1NMR, were employed to further characterize the irradiated amla. The results demonstrated that the application of mid-IR radiation positively influenced the sensory attributes of amla, enhancing its palatability. Furthermore, the findings revealed significant transformations at the atomic, bond, and compound levels. Hence, it can be inferred that the utilization of mid-IR radiation through an economical, easily accessible, and safe technology holds immense potential for elevating the quality of amla.

Evaluation of the wound healing effect of Nishamalaki, an Ayurvedic formulation comprising Curcuma longa and Phyllanthus emblica in aging rats

BackgroundThere are very few drugs available for healing wounds in the aged population, which is more prone to chronic cutaneous wounds that are particularly hard to heal and require a long healing process. This study which deals with age-related wound healing, investigates the healing effect of Nishamalaki, a classic antidiabetic Ayurvedic formulation comprising turmeric (Curcuma longa) and Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica), on cutaneous wounds in aging rats.MethodsRats with excision wounds of 7 mm created on their dorsal side received Nishamalaki (500 mg/kg p.o) daily, or a combination of Nishamalaki (500 mg/kg p.o) with 1% Nishamalaki gel applied on the wound or the reference standard metformin (2 μmol) applied on the wound daily till the scabs fell off.ResultsAll treatments enhanced the rate of formation of granulation tissue and wound contraction. All treated rats showed lower blood glucose levels compared with their 1st-day values and significantly lower blood glucose levels when compared with the Aged Control rats. A significant restoration of the aging-depleted L-hydroxyproline, hexosamine, ascorbic acid, PDGF, AMPK, and mTOR levels, and attenuation of the aging-elevated IL-6 and TNF-α levels was elicited by all treatments. The treatments significantly restored the aging-depleted endogenous antioxidants. The Nishamalaki combination treatment of the oral extract and topical gel displayed a better wound-healing effect than the oral treatment alone. The histopathological studies on skin ulceration, hair follicles, granulation tissue, and collagen fiber formation of the wound tissues corroborated the biochemical findings.ConclusionCurcumin and other antioxidant polyphenolic components of Nishamalaki may be responsible for its wound-healing effect. For the first time, the present study has investigated the action of PDGF, AMPK, and mTOR on cutaneous wounds. They seem to be acting together to promote wound healing and repair.Graphical

Phyllanthus emblica polysaccharide (PEP) attenuates cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression through microbiota-dependent or –independent regulation of immune responses

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Phyllanthus Emblica polysaccharide (PEP) on immunomodulation and intestinal flora in cyclophosphamide (CTX)-treated female mice. The results showed that PEP could directly modulate the immune activity of cyclophosphamide (CTX) in mice by attenuating its damage to spleen, thymus and intestinal tissues. Meanwhile, our study revealed that PEP could activate TLR4-mediated MAPK and NF-κB pathways and promote the expression of cytokines such as IL-2 and TNF-α, thus modulating the immune function of immunosuppressed mice. In addition, PEP was positively correlated with immune properties, with the strongest correlation with spleen index, and PEP could also regulate the immune function of mice by modulating the intestinal flora, such as increasing the content of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Therefore, PEP may be a potential novel immunomodulator to ameliorate CTX-induced immunosuppression and intestinal flora dysregulation.

Phyllanthus emblica‐Loaded Cryogels for Improved Wound Care: Characterization and In Vitro Studies

AbstractWound dressings developed by combining plant extracts with polymers have made a great progress in wound care treatment. One plant with remarkable healing properties is Phyllanthus emblica Linn (P. emblica), which is described as having potent antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti‐inflammatory properties. The aim of this study is to evaluate the biocompatibility of P. emblica‐loaded polyvinyl alcohol/gelatin‐based cryogels (PVA/Gel/P.emblica) through cytotoxicity and proliferation tests in HaCaT cells and examine their potential in wound dressing applications. Accordingly, PVA/Gel/P.emblica cryogels are successfully synthesized and characterization studies and in vitro cell culture studies are performed. The swelling tests and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis results show that swelling and surface area properties of cryogels increase with increasing P. emblica amounts. Morphological results display that the cryogels have a dense, interconnected pore morphology and a macroporous structure. 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide, trypan blue exclusion, and live–dead assay results reveal that P. emblica enhances cell proliferation, increases cell number, and improves cell viability. Based on the scanning electron microscope, immunofluorescence, and Giemsa staining images, it is observed that P. emblica promotes cell attachment, proliferation, and penetration. These findings confirm that PVA/Gel/P.emblica cryogels are suitable for use as wound dressing materials and can be developed with further studies.

Formulation of Chyawanprash and Comparative Evaluation with Marketed Chyawanprash

A traditional Ayurvedic compound known for its many health advantages is chyawanprash. For generations, Indian traditional medicine has utilised this intricate herbal jam to enhance general well-being and lifespan. The purpose of this study article is to investigate the formulation and assess the Chyawanprash quality factors. In addition to a mixture of herbs, spices, and honey, the formulation process entails the careful selection and processing of several botanical constituents, including amla (Emblica officinalis). Conventional techniques are employed to blend these components into a strong and agreeable concoction. Chyawanprash is evaluated by determining its physicochemical parameters, such as pH, viscosity, moisture content, and ash value, in addition to its organoleptic characteristics. Bioactivity testing can also clarify Chyawanprash's immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and other medicinal qualities. These assessments offer insightful information about the safety and effectiveness of this Ayurvedic medicine. It is essential to comprehend the composition and assess the quality standards of Chyawanprash in order to guarantee both its efficacy and safety. This study bridges the gap between conventional wisdom and contemporary medical science by adding to the continuing scientific investigation of herbal treatments.

Anti-ageing effects of CollabZen™ in healthy human volunteers: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study

Background: There are several concerns related to combating signs of ageing. Considering the long-term safety concerns of cosmetic formulations, a safe and effective approach using nutritional supplements and naturals should be of great help. CollabZenTM is one such a blend of three plant materials known as Phyllanthus emblica, Camellia sinensis, and Coffea arabica, earlier tested for collagen building in human cells in-vitro. The current study aims to explore its potential as a nutraceutical product for skin ageing. Methods: The study enrolled 64 volunteers both genders (mean age=45.75) with crow's feet wrinkles. One group (n=32) received a placebo capsule (Product A) and other group received CollabZenTM capsules (Product B). Dermatological parameters were assessed at 0th day, 4th and 8th week, and self-assessment questionnaires for efficacy and tolerance were collected on 4th and 8th week. The trial is registered at https://ctri.nic.in/, CTRI/2022/10/046168. Results: The results showed that product B (CollabZenTM) was significantly effective than the placebo in improving deep skin hydration on the face (p=0.009), increasing facial skin elasticity (p=0.001), and enhancing firmness (p=0.001) after 8 weeks. Participants in Group B reported higher levels of satisfaction regarding their perceived skin health compared to group A based on self-assessment at the 8th weeks (p<0.01). Moreover, only one volunteer in each group experienced mild intolerance at the end of 8th week, demonstrating the safety of these nutraceutical ingredients and excipients. Conclusions: CollabZenTM, with its known antioxidant and collagen-boosting properties and current findings can be considered a valuable nutraceutical product for the anti-ageing sector of the cosmetic industry.

Structure-activity relationships of antimicrobial phenolic derivatives from Phyllanthus emblica against Streptomyces scabies

Potato common scab is a soil-borne bacterial disease caused by Streptomyces scabies, which is ubiquitous and difficult to control. In this study, the issue of developing antimicrobial agents derived from plant extracts against S. scabies was addressed. Three bioactive phenolic compounds, named gallic acid, 1-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose, and corilagin, were isolated and identified from Phyllanthus emblica pomace through bioassay-guided fractionation. The antibacterial effects of these compounds on S. scabies were evaluated with MIC values of 0.63, 0.31, and 1.25 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, Structure-activity relationship analyses of 17 gallic acid and its structural analogs revealed that the R6 position of the benzene ring was a key factor to their antibacterial activity against S. scabies, among which pyrogallol had the best antibacterial effect. Scanning electron microscopy showed that when S. scabies was exposed to this gallic acid and its structural analogs, the cell membranes of which was damaged. The results will help promote the development and structural modification of plant-derived bacteriostatic agents.

Antibacterial Potential of Novel Poly-Herbal Bio-Disinfectant

Indigenous medicinal plants like Azadirachta Indica, Mentha, Ocimum Tenuiflorum, Phyllanthus emblica and Aloe vera is traditionally used for treating different ailments in India. It is considered as safe medicinal plants and modulates the numerous biological processes without any adverse effect. It is a vital principle in the prevention control, and reduction of any acquired infection. We aim to present the herbal preparation for human health hazard free bio disinfectant. Indigenous medicinal plants with reported effective results against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens, Bacillus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi along with least toxic impact on environment. The antimicrobial activities by agar well diffusion indicated by zone of inhibition were resulted against Escherichia coli (24 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (10 mm), Serratia marcescens (11 mm), Bacillus (20 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22mm), Salmonella typhi (15 mm). The highest potential was observed in methanolic extract as compared to aqueous extract with even concentration. The use of medicinal plants extracts in bio disinfectant spray is mainly due to the anti-allergic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties are present. The antioxidant activity was linearly proportional to the concentration and the result showed that the antioxidant activity of all the extracts was found to increase in concentration with increased absorbance of the reaction mixture indicates increase in antioxidant activity. The formulation was evaluated for its physical parameters. It is sure that these ingredients on combination behave as an effective bio-disinfectant product. It can be used as a gel, liquid, spray on medical device and it also plays an important role in the production of various types of disinfectant products. Natural herbal bio disinfectants are affordable, effective and environmentally friendly.

Antibacterial Effect of Indian Gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica L.) Extract Against ESBL Producing Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria

The most celebrating fruit in Indian traditional medicine Ayurveda is the Indian gooseberry also known as amla fruit, used the prevention of numerous diseases. No reports are available on the prevention of ESBL produced MDR bacteria has lead us to investigate amla’s bioactive compounds (total phenolics, flavonoids, tannins) and their antioxidant and antibacterial activities against MDR bacteria (E coli, P aeruginosa, S aureus, K pneumoniae, H influenza, S typhi). Higher levels of phenolics with elevated levels of antioxidant activities were noticed in amla extracts and also scavenged all types of free radicals including DPPH, ABTS, -OH, H2O2, and superoxide radicals at lowest concentrations. Disc diffusion method was used for determination of antimicrobial activities of extracts and seen temperate growth inhibition against MDR bacteria as compared to control drug, cefotaxime. The results concluded that Indian gooseberry inhibited the growth of ESBL produced MDR bacteria with high levels of phenolics and their antioxidant potential.

Comparative evaluation of the effect of ultrasonic and rotary agitation of herbal irrigating solutions on smear layer: A SEM study.

Instrumentation and irrigation balance helps in effective removal of endodontic microbes housing inside the smear layer. This study aimed to (1) evaluate whether activation of the irrigating solutions with two different systems during the final irrigation step can lead to smear layer formation in the middle and apical third of the root canal and (2) evaluate and compare the smear layer removal ability of the aqueous extracts of Emblica officinalis and Morinda citrifolia. A total of 72 single-rooted teeth were prepared up to F4 ProTaper. The specimens were assigned into eight groups of nine teeth each, according to the final irrigant and activation techniques. Further, the teeth were evaluated under SEM for endodontic smear layer at the middle and apical third. Inferential statistics included Pearson's Chi-square. Level of significance was set at 0.05 at 95% confidence level. Ultrasonic activation system showed significant (P = 0.000) amount of smear layer compared to XP-Endo Finisher file. A significant difference (P = 0.00) in the smear layer removal was observed when 6% M. citrifolia was activated with XP-Endo Finisher file both in the middle and apical third. Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it can be concluded that smear layer formation was noted with ultrasonic and XP-Endo Finisher file when saline was used as an irrigant. 6% M. citrifolia when activated with XP-Endo Finisher file showed best results among all other experimental groups.

Evaluation of Different Varieties and Genotypes of Aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) under Sodic Soil Condition of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India

The purpose of this study was to assess the aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) varieties and genotypes for their growth and development of fruits (flowering and fruiting), physical attributes and yield under the sodic soil condition of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. The evaluated varieties and genotypes had a significant variation for the recorded parameters. The maximum flowering duration among the varieties was recorded in BSR-1 (27 days) whereas, the minimum duration of flowering was observed in NA-6 (23 days) and Chakaiya (23 days). Among the selected varieties and genotypes, fruit weight, fruit length, and diameter were recorded maximum in genotype NA-25, and the maximum fruit drop at the maturity stage was found in BSR-1 (80.60%). The maximum yield (kg/plant) was recorded in NA-26 (80.35 kg/plant). The maximum fruit volume was recorded in NA-25 (54.2) with the maximum pulp weight (55.02g) and the pulp: stone ratio was recorded highest in NA-25 (28.10). The maximum specific gravity was recorded in Anand-1 (1.07).

Catalyzing Germination: Exploring Scarification and Hot Water Treatments for Dormancy Breaking and Enhanced Storage in Ficus Benjamina L., Thespesia populnea L., Phyllanthus emblica L., Tectona grandis L.f. seeds

A seed is a significant stage in the plant life cycle and is often referred to as the dispersal unit of the plant. There are two types of seeds: dormant seeds and non-dormant seeds. A dormant seed is one that does not have the capacity to germinate within a definite period under any combination of normal, physical and environmental factors. The other type is favourable for germination and when the seed becomes non-dormant, the circumstances that break dormancy and the location of water gaps in seeds, remain unclear. In the present study, we consider the adaptive role of impermeable coats in the seeds of Ficus Benjamina L., Thespesia populnea L., Phyllanthus emblica L. and Tectona grandis L.f. The study was particularly designed to analyze the conditions that break dormancy and the location of the primary water gap during dormancy breaking. Each seed was treated separately to break its dormancy and it was observed that water entered only through the lens due to the dislodgement of the palisade layer. Additionally, the storage life of Ficus Benjamina L. and Phyllanthus emblica L., seeds was extended as evidenced by the analysis of low moisture content decreasing from 6.02% to 5.31%. This study concludes that the impermeable seed coat of seeds with low moisture content increases storage life and regulates seed imbibition, thus influencing germination with the growing season.

The impact of Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) and Amla (Emblica officinalis) Herbal Feed Additives on the Morphometric Traits of Magra Lambs Raised under the Extensive Rearing System in Western Rajasthan, India

The impact of Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) and Amla (Emblica officinalis) Herbal Feed Additives on the Morphometric Traits of Magra Lambs Raised under the Extensive Rearing System in Western Rajasthan, India

An Evaluation of the Effects of the Herbal Supplements of Amla (Emblica officinalis) and Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) on the Liver Function Parameters of Magra lambs Living in the Extensive System in Western Rajasthan's Arid Zone

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of herbal feed additives amla (Emblica officinalis) and giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) on Liver Function Test parameters of Magra lambs in the extensive management system. The experiment was performed on twenty eight magra lambs of three to four months of age under the extensive system, which were randomly distributed into four experimental groups of seven lambs in each group in a randomized block design (RBD). Herbal feed additive amla (Emblica officinalis) fruit powder with seed and giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) stem powder were supplemented at level of 1.5g/kg body weight with concentrate as oral/feed supplemented in T1 and T2 group, respectively except control group (C) and T3 in extensive management system. Group T3 were supplemented with the combination of amla (Emblica officinalis) fruit powder and giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) stem powder at the level of 0.75g/kg body weight with concentrate as oral/feed. At the end of experiment it appears that supplementation of herbal feed additives amla and giloy do not effect liver activity during the experimental period. Therefore, it can be concluded that the experiment was safe and did not cause any damage to the liver.

Effect of Herbal Additives Amla (Emblica officinalis) and Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) on Carcass Traits of Magra Lambs in the Semi Intensive Management System under the Arid Zone of Western Rajasthan

Aim: It was the objective of this study to determine whether the highly nutritious herbal feed additives Amla (Emblica officinalis) and Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) impacted carcass traits of Magra lambs in the semi intensive system of management.
 Study and Design: The experiment involved 28 lean lambs between the ages of three and four months under a semi intensive system, distributed at random into four experimental groups of seven lambs each, according to the randomized block design.
 Place and Duration of Study: The campus is located at 236 meters above mean sea level in the heart of the Thar Desert at 28° 18' 0" N (28.3° N) latitude, 73° 30' 0" E (73.5° E) longitude and 28° 18' 0" N (28.3° N) latitude. The duration of experimental study was thirteen weeks.
 Methodology: In a semi-intensive management system, groups T1 and T2 received an oral/feed supplement consisting of 1.5g/kg body weight of Amla (Emblica officinalis) fruit powder with seed and Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) stem powder, respectively, along with concentrate, excluding the control group and T3. Group T3 group received an oral/feed supplement comprising a combination of Amla (Emblica officinalis) fruit powder and Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) stem powder at a dosage of 0.75g/kg body weight, along with concentrate.
 Results: At the end of experiment, no significant changes were found in carcass traits except hot and cold carcass weight though; they were within normal range.
 Conclusion: At the end of experiment it appears that incorporation of 1.5g/kg body weight Giloy stem powder can be used as a part of the strategy as it is effective to alleviate stress in lambs in the semi-intensive system of arid zone of Rajasthan.

Seasonal Variations in the Antioxidant and Phytochemical Composition of Five Wild Edible Plants from Paschim Medinipur: Implications for Nutritional Value

Seasonal fluctuations in antioxidant and phytochemical composition of five wild edible plants (WEPs): Amla (Emblica officinalis), Jamun (Syzygium cumini), Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), Karonda (Carissa spinarum) and Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) were investigated in Paschim Medinipur, India. Samples were collected across four seasons: monsoon, post-monsoon, winter, and pre-monsoon. TPC, TFC, and DPPH assays were performed. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profiled key phytochemicals. This study delves into this captivating tango, seeking to: Unravel the seasonal variations in the antioxidant and phytochemical composition of these five WEPs. This exploration encompasses quantifying total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (DPPH) across four distinct seasons: monsoon, post-monsoon, winter, and pre-monsoon; Decipher the identity and abundance of key phytochemicals within them. By employing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we aim to unveil the unique chemical tapestry woven in each WEP, revealing the spectrum of phenolics, flavonoids, and carotenoids that contribute to their nutritional potency; Evaluate the impact of seasonal variations on the overall nutritional value of WEPs. By linking the fluctuations in antioxidants and phytochemicals to the changing seasons, we hope to understand how to optimize the consumption of these precious bioactives, empowering communities to embrace the full nutritional potential of their local flora. TPC, TFC, and DPPH activity varied significantly across seasons (p<0.05) in all WEPs. Highest antioxidant activity was observed in Jamun (Syzygium cumini) during post-monsoon (DPPH IC50=6.2 μg/mL) and lowest in Amla (Emblica officinalis) during pre-monsoon (DPPH IC50=22.5 μg/mL). HPLC identified phenolics, flavonoids, and carotenoids, with highest diversity in Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). WEPs exhibited higher antioxidant potential during wetter seasons, coinciding with peak phytochemical levels, suggesting a defense mechanism. This study highlights the seasonality of antioxidant and phytochemical composition in WEPs, impacting their nutritional value. Consumption across seasons could optimize daily intake of these bioactives, contributing to a healthy diet in Paschim Medinipur. Further research on in vitro and in vivo bioactivity is recommended.

Combined Effects of Clarifying Agents Improve Physicochemical, Microbial and Sensorial Qualities of Fresh Indian Gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica L.) Juice during Refrigerated Storage.

Using clarifying agents is essential in the production of fruit juice. This study utilized gelatin and bentonite as clarifying agents to improve the quality and shelf-life of Indian gooseberry juice (IGBJ). Different treatments were prepared using varying levels of gelatin and bentonite alone or in combination (1.5-2 mg/mL and 1-2 mg/mL, respectively). The untreated IGBJ was used as a control. The results showed the combined treatment of 1.5 mg/mL gelatin and 1 mg/mL bentonite significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved the transmittance, △E value, total acidity, vitamin C, and antioxidant activity of the IGBJ sample. During storage for 49 days at 4 °C, the quality changes in the IGBJ were minimal with the use of 1.5 mg/mL gelatin and 1 mg/mL bentonite compared to the control (p > 0.05). The treated samples showed no signs of spoilage bacteria, yeast, or mold during cold storage. The combined use of gelatin and bentonite (1.5 mg/mL gelatin and 1 mg/mL bentonite) was found to effectively preserve the sensory quality, bioactivity, and color properties of IGBJ, thereby extending its shelf-life. Thus, gelatin and bentonite can be used as preferred filtering aids for quality and shelf-life extension in the food industry, as they have synergistic effects.