he article deals with the interpretation of the ancient philosophical tradition by Russian thinkers of the 19th-20th centuries. Russian philosophers, in the context of the philosophical problems they faced, traced the development of rational theology within the framework of ancient thought. Philosophy liberated the human personality from external violence, gave it inner spiritual content through understanding the ontological, epistemological and religious foundations of socio-historical processes. The article focuses on the fact that in Russia of this period, in anticipation of a new era of “religious creativity”, philosophers made an attempt to rethink those philosophical traditions and approaches that led to the establishment of Christianity. At the same time, the significance of philosophy goes far beyond the theoretical understanding of the world; philosophical concepts serve as the most important guide in practical life. The authors of the article pay special attention to the philosophical concepts of V. V. Rozanov, S. N. Trubetskoy and S. L. Frank.