Pet Ether Extract Research Articles

Comparative analysis of phytochemical constituents in different parts of Aspilia africana: A potential medicinal plant for therapeutic applications

BackgroundAmong the diverse array of plants used in traditional medicine, Aspilia africana is highly valued due to its high efficacy against many ailments and its well-noted potential for wound healing. The plant has been widely used to cure illnesses in traditional medicine, which is practiced throughout much of Africa, where an estimated about 80 % of the population gets their main healthcare from this source. PurposeThis study aimed to qualitatively screen the phytochemical constituents of Aspilia africana to confirm its therapeutic properties and generate scientific proof that justifies its usage in traditional medicine. Study designAspilia africana stem, roots, and leaves were screened qualitatively for phytochemical components using pet-ether extracts and distilled water, and qualitative data was generated. MethodExtraction of phytochemicals was done by using the cold maceration method, 150 g of each of the dried parts were taken and packed into 3 separate glass jars containing 500 ml of each solvent (distilled water and pet-ether solvents) and allowed to stand for 24 h. ResultsThis study found 15 phytochemicals which include tannins, phlobatannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonols, glycosides, phenols, steroids, anthraquinones, saponins, phytosterols, proteins and amino acids, coumarins, cardiac glycosides, and flavonoids in A. africana. The occurrence of the therapeutic components in the aqueous extract of roots, leaves, and stem were nine (9), nine (9), and eight (8) respectively, and that of the pet-ether extract were nine (9), eight (8), and seven (7) in roots, leaves, and stem respectively. ConclusionThe presence of these phytochemicals indicates prospective uses in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries, as well as supports the use of Aspilia africana in traditional medicine. To completely understand and make use of the plant's medicinal qualities, further investigations are required on its anti-microbial activities.

COMPARATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY STUDIES ON MEDICINAL TREE AEGLE MARMELOS (L.) CORREA AND ITS INTRASPECIFIC VARIANT EKABILVA

The present study is focused on the comparative phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity in the typical form of the Aegle marmelos(AM1) and its intraspecific variant EkaBilva(AM2). Since ancient times Bilvais highly used in the indigenous systems of medicinesfor various disorders but extensively for dysentery and diabetes.Its intraspecific variant EkaBilvahas more extensively used rather than Bilva by the locals in Telugu speaking states. To find out the variations in the phytochemical components and their activity in the both typical form and intraspecific variant the studies were carried out. The powdered leaf materials of both were extracted by using Aqueous, ethanol, chloroform and pet-ether extracts. The following chemical compounds were reported Alkaloids, Steroids, Triterpenoids,Tannins, Glycosides, Flavonoids, Reducing sugars, Phenolsin AM1&AM2. Tannins, Flavonoids are present in Alcohol extracts in AM1 differing with AM2. The antimicrobial activity was carried out by disk-diffusion method by using four different microorganisms with the nutrient agar medium the high zone of inhibition shown in the leaf extracts of AM2 in all extracts except aqueous in all isolates.

Exploration of Various Extracts of Adhatoda vasica for Use in Orthodontics

Fixed appliances used in orthodontics can alter the oral microbiota, leading to an increase in aggressive gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial species. These bacteria are strongly associated with enamel and dentin caries and periodontal disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used for pain control during orthodontic treatment which can affect tooth movement and lengthen treatment time. The study evaluated the use of Adhatoda vasica in various aspects of orthodontics. The study involved the extraction of plant material, qualitative phytochemical analysis, GC-MS analysis, antibacterial activity testing, and in vitro toxicity testing on bone cell lines. The results showed that Adhatoda vasica extracts had antimicrobial activity against various pathogens and demonstrated cytocompatibility with bone cell lines. The hydroalcoholic and pet ether extracts showed the most promising results. The study highlights the impact of fixed appliances on oral microbiota, the potential role of Adhatoda vasica in orthodontics, and the need for further research in this area.

Microscopic characterization, TLC fingerprinting and optimization of total lipid content from Euphorbia neriifolia (L.) using response surface methodology.

Euphorbia neriifolia (EN) is a medicinal plant used to treat a variety of ailments in traditional systems. Despite numerous studies on pharmacological activities, no information was available on the microscopic study of this plant. This is the first study that has been attempted to fill this need by performing the light and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) of leaf, stem, and latex. The powder microscopy of several organs (leaves, stem, and bark) and exudate (latex) of EN was carried out using safranine, fast green, phloroglucinol, and other standard solutions at different magnifications. The chemical fingerprinting of petroleum ether extract was accomplished by using thin layer chromatography. The optimization of total lipid content from the EN leaf under ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and soxhlet extraction (SE) procedure was determined using response surface methodology (RSM). The studied factors that affect the lipid content were: solvent ratio, extraction temperature, and extraction time. Several notable characteristics observed in the leaf of EN are amphistomatic leaves with anticlinical cell walls, anomocytic stomata, spongy mesophyll cells, elongated palisade cells, angular collenchyma, and U-shaped vascular bundle. The plano-convex midrib is covered by polygonal to oval-shaped cuticles and contains anomocytic stomata. The circular petiole has no trichomes and contains laticifers, crystals, and idioblasts. The circular stem was observed with trichomes, hypodermis, collenchyma, parenchymatous cells, central pith, pentagonal stellar region, cambium, and 2-4 times more xylem that of phloem. All of the powdered plant parts and exudate under study contained trichomes, xylem vessels, wood fibers, cork cells, starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals, idioblasts, lignified cork, tannin content, stone cells, and oil globules. The blackish-green colored petroleum ether extract with semi-solid consistency showed the greatest percent (%) yield of 4% in the latex of EN. The thin layer chromatography (TLC) examination of petroleum ether extract of EN leaf produced a maximum 6 spots with Rf values of 0.16, 0.58, 0.62, 0.73, and 0.96 in the mobile phase of petroleum ether-acetone (8:2). In terms of optimization, the dark green colored UAE extract with semi-sticky consistency showed highest % yield of 4.5% whereas the yellowish green colored SE extract of sticky consistency showed the highest % yield of 4.9%. The findings showed that there were not many differences in the total lipid content between UAE (0.16%) and SE (0.11%). However, the best optimum condition for lipid content extraction analysis was obtained as follows: solvent ratio (PE:HE) 50:50, extraction temperature 50°C, extraction time 45 min for UAE, and solvent ratio (PE:HE) 60:40, extraction temperature 45°C, and extraction time of 24 h for SE. Hence, this study signifies the various noteworthy microscopic features along with the presence of different phytocompounds through TLC and best optimized condition for the extraction of lipids from different parts of EN. As no previous study has been reported, the outcomes obtained from the current study prove to be beneficial in the identification of species, quality control, and detection of any adulteration from the laboratory and commercial samples of EN. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The percent yield was found to be maximum in latex extract (4%). The leaf pet ether extract was separated into 6 bands with different Rf values. The extracted compounds from Euphorbia neriifolia leaves were categorized into non-polar heat tolerant. The highest total lipid yield (0.1119) was obtained at solvent ratios 60:40 of PE:HE (petroleum ether: petroleum hexane).

Phytochemical Characterisation, Antioxidant and Antidiabetic activity of extracts of Neptunia prostrata Linn.

The herb Neptunia prostrata Linn. Is belonging to the family Mimosaceae have been used in folkloric medicine in the North-eastern states of Indiaof Assam and Tripura by indigenous herbal healers since time immemorial but there is a scarcity of any background study documenting its use as an antimicrobial herb. For the same, plants were collected and authenticated. Following identification of these herbs methanolic, ethanolic, pet ether and chloroform extracts were prepared using soxhletion. Acute toxicity study as per OECD guidelines 420 was assessed in wistar albino rats and in swiss albino mice (n=5) of both sexes at doses of 2000mg/kg body weight and did not reveal any morbidity or mortality in the animals within the stipulated period.Phytochemical screening was performed on all four extracts of Neptunia prostrata. Phytochemical constituents depicted presence of glycoside, flavonoids in only ethanolic, methanolic and chloroform extracts. Alkaloids were present in the chloroform extract. The antimicrobial activity was performed by disc agar diffusion method with respect to amoxicillin at standard doses against ATCC strains of Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Gram negative Salmonella typhi. The herbs showed antioxidant activity comparable to standard antioxidants in-vitro such as Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) with comparable IC 50 values. Results of the antibacterial assay on the basis of zone of inhibition (mm) and MIC values of extracts of the extract (NPHE) under study to suggest these two indigenous herb have conspicuous and potent putative role in the therapeutics of a vast plethora bacterial infections that need to be corroborated for the expansion of future prospective in-vivo studies with larger sample size.

Evaluation of the Insecticidal Potential of Leaf Oil Extracts of Acalypha wilkesiana (Muel.) Arg. against the Cowpea Weevil, Callosobbruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Bruchidae)

The extraction of Acalypha wilkesiana oil was carried out in the laboratory using a Soxhlet`s apparatus with six solvents, namely, ethanol, methanol, acetone, pet-ether, n-hexane and water. The biological activities of the different solvent extracts was investigated on Callosobruchus maculatus in the laboratory. Adult mortality, oviposition, adult emergence, long time storage ability and germinability were used as indices. The results obtained showed that all the different extracts were potent on C. maculatus. Ethanol extract was the most toxic because it recorded 100 % mortality within 96 hours of exposure. Aqueous extract was the least toxic among the extracts because it was only able to achieve 72.75 % mortality within 96 h. The extracts caused reduction in oviposition and adult emergence. Weevils in cowpea treated with ethanol and pet-ether extracts recorded the lowest number of eggs (12.25 and 12.45 respectively) which are not significantly (p < 0.05) different from the oviposition observed in methanol, acetone and pet-ether extracts. Adult emergence in ethanol and pet-ether extracts was totally suppressed while the aqueous extract recorded the highest adult emergence among the extracts used. Ethanol and pet-ether extracts totally prevented infestation and damage of cowpea seeds within the 90 days of storage. The percentage germination of all the treated seeds was generally high, ranging from 78.50 % to 95.25 %. The highest germination of 92.25 % was recorded in ethanol extract which is not significantly different from that of methanol extract. The results from this findings showed that extracts of A. wilkesiana were effective in protecting cowpea seeds against C. maculatus. This extract can be used as sustainable substitute to chemical insecticide in the control of C. maculatus.

Preliminary phytochemical, antibacterial and pharmacological screening of the whole plant of Merremia umbellata

The present investigation of crude extracts from the whole plant of Merremia umbellata was done by cold maceration with methanol and pet ether solvent and was subjected to preliminary phytochemical, pharmacological screening, and antibacterial against the selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The Phytochemical studies indicate the presence of Flavonoids steroids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, Triterpenoids and glycosides, tannins etc. The antibacterial activity of the methanolic and pet ether extract was studied by the cup and plate method against streptococci, staphylococci, E. coli and proteus and the plant Merremia umbellata have wider activity also the methanolic extract plant has a wider analgesic activity.

Extracts of Neptunia prostrata Linn. ameliorates progression of diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia in animal models

Background: The herb Neptunia prostrata Linn. belonging to the family Mimosaceae has been used in folkloric medicine in the North-eastern states of India of Assam, Tripura and Meghalaya by indigenous herbal healers since time immemorial but there is a scarcity of any background study documenting its use as an antimicrobial herb. For the same, plants were collected and authenticated. Methods: Following identification of these herbs methanolic, ethanolic, pet ether and chloroform extracts were prepared using soxhlation. Acute toxicity study as per OECD guidelines 420 was assessed in wistar albino rats and in swiss albino mice (n=5) of both sexes at doses of 2000 mg/kg body weight and did not reveal any morbidity or mortality in the animals within the stipulated period. Phytochemical screening was performed on all four extracts of Neptunia prostrata. Results: Phytochemical constituents depicted presence of glycoside, flavonoids in only ethanolic, methanolic and chloroform extracts. Alkaloids were present in the chloroform extract. The antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity was performed by HFD-STZ models in rats. The herbs showed antioxidant activity comparable to standard antioxidants in-vitro such as Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) with comparable IC50 values. Conclusions: Results of the antidiabetic shows immense potential in animal models and therapeutics and the antibacterial screening suggests conspicuous and potent putative role in the therapeutics of a vast plethora bacterial infections that need to be corroborated for the expansion of future prospective in vivo studies with larger sample size.

Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities from Leaf and Stem Extracts of Clematis hedysarifolia DC. : An Ethnomedicinal Plant

The pet ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and ethanol extracts of leaves and stems of plant Clematis hedysarifolia DC was assessed for their antimicrobial properties against Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria and fungi (Candida sp.). Among all the extract only pet ether extract of leaves showing antimicrobial activity against Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. Further the stem extracts of ethyl acetate, n-butanol and ethanol solvents only showed considerable antifungal activity. However, the petroleum ether extract of stem showed highest antimicrobial activity against all the bacteria and fungi. Among all the solvents, the petroleum ether extract showed highest antimicrobial activity indicating the release of most of the bioactive substances dissolved in the solvent. The inhibition of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and fungi indicated the presence of broad spectrum antimicrobial substances in the stem pet ether extracts and only inhibition of gram positive bacteria in case of pet ether extract of leaves.

Antimicrobial Activity of Stem Bark of Codiauem variegatum Using Two Gram-positive and Two Gram-negative Bacteria

The current research examined at the histological investigation, physiological evaluation, and phytochemical screening of Codiauem variegatum stem bark extracts. Codiauem variegatum extracts were prepared in ethanol, aqueous, chloroform, and pet ether. Carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, glycosides such as saponins and flavonoids, tannins, phenols, alkaloids, and steroids are found in phytochemical screening. The physiological analysis reveals 7.5% W/W ash value, 0.49%W/W acid insoluble ash, and 5.5 W/W water insoluble ash, 7.4% W/W loss of drying, extractive value of 0.7 % W/W pet ether extract, 0.8% W/W chloroform extract, 3.8% W/W ethanol extract, 2.8% W/W and water. The antimicrobial properties of Codiauem variegatum stem bark against two gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms were investigated in this study. Codiauem variegatum stem bark extracts were produced in ethanol, aqueous, chloroform, and pet ether. The antimicrobial activity of several extracts was evaluated and observed against bacteria, specifically Escherichia coli. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Lactobacillus were tested using the well plate method for the size of the zone of inhibition and the minimal inhibition method, and the maximum and minimum concentrations were evaluated.

A review on: Avartani (Helicteres isora)

The whole plant of Helicteres isora Linn showed excellent medicinal merits from ancient time. The leaves, seeds, fruits and roots of this plant have been used in Ayurvedic medicine. It has great medicine importance. It have been recommended for the treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery, abdominal colic pain, intestinal parasites. Phytochemicals present in Avartani like gallic acid, caffeic acid, vanillin, and p-coumaric acid. Qualitative phytochemicals screening of, aqueous ethanol extract, pet Ether extract, chloroform extract, ethyl acetate extract, butanol extract of Avartani roots. Helicteres isora has Pharmacological actions like anti-oxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, antibacterial, anti-imflammatory, hepatoprotective, Brain oxidant potency, Anti-diarrheal actions.

Scientific Standardization of Various Extracts of Chenopodium giganteum D. Leaves

In the present research, the Histological examination, physiological evaluation, phytochemical screening, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content and TLC of leaf extracts of Chenopodium giganteum have been studied. Ethanol, aqueous, chloroform, and pet ether extracts of Chenopodium giganteum was prepared. Phytochemical screening shows presence of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, glycosides like saponin and flavonoids, tannins, phenols, alkaloids, and steroids. The physiological evaluation shows total ash 15.12% w/w and acid insoluble ash value 7.46%w/w, loss of drying was found to be 8.1% w/w, extractive value of pet ether extract was found to be 2.3% w/w, chloroform extract 4.5% w/w, ethanol extract 7.2% w/w and water 10.2% w/w. The total flavonoid content of pet ether extract was found to be 17.2227±0.0729 µg/ml, chloroform extract 23.7224±0.0878 µg/ml, ethanol extract 49.8601±0.0303 µg/ml and water extract 64.7705±0.0375 µg/ml. The total phenolic content of pet ether extract was found to be 14.477±0.0226 µg/ml, chloroform extract 17.764±0.0216 µg/ml, ethanol extract 19.518±0.0173 µg/ml and water extract 27.686±0.0233 µg/ml. TLC of pet ether extract shows constituents having Rf values 0.548, 0.274, 0.1935, and 0.080, chloroform extract shows constituents having Rf values 0.765, 0.656, 0.468, 0.234, and 0.156, ethanol extract shows constituents having Rf values 0.815 and 0.584, and water extract shows constituents having Rf values 0.704 and 0.064. Keywords: Histological examination, physiological evaluation, phytochemical screening, Chenopodium giganteum

Identification and determination of some fatty acid compounds and free phenolics from the seeds of Cuminum cyminum L. plant growing in Iraq

The current research aims at the separation and identification of many fatty acid compounds from the seeds of cuminum cyminum L. that are grown in Iraq using a continuous soxhelt extractor and sequence solvent systems depending on the polarity, Pet-ether extract (CUI), chloroform extract (CU2), ethyl acetate extract (CU3) and ethanolic extract (CU4). Hot aqueous extracts (CU5) and saponification processes were also used to liberate the free pool of fatty acid compounds; (Palmatic, stearic, Linoleic, α - Linolenic and Oleic acids). The increasing of concentration of fatty acids was cleared from CU5à CU1 as a result of decreasing of the polarity. In addition to that, the extracts (CU3, Cu4 and Cu5) were carried out by the acid hydrolysis to obtain the free phenolic compounds, which were identified by means of using HPLC technique. The phenolic compounds, which were presented in the seeds of Cuminum cyminum L. were: (Apigenin, Gallic acid, Syringic acid, Vanillic acid, Rutin, Quercetin, Kaempferol and P-coumaric acid .Apigenin, Gallic acid and Syringic acid were appeared in the extracts (CU3, CU4 and CU5). Moreover, the Vanillic acid compound was presented in CU3 and CU4, Rutin and Quercetin were also presented in CU3 and CU5. Also the Kaempferol, it was presented only in CU4. Finally, P-Coumaric acid was identified only in CU5.

In-vitro anti-lithiatic activity study of Meyna laxiflora seeds and Tectona grandis bark

This study involves the evaluation of Meyna laxiflora seeds and Tectona grandis bark for antiurolithatic activity. Homogeneous precipitation method was used for In-vitro anti-lithiatic activity on generated calcium oxalate crystals. Extracts were compared with synthetic drug Spironolactone, polyherbal formulation Cystone, other extracts and furosemide. Extracts like aqueous extract, pet ether extract, chloroform extract, methanol extract and aqueous extract were used for study at different concentrations.

Protective Effects of Lantana camara (aculeata) in Rheumatoid arthritis using in vitro and in vivo Complete Freund’s Adjuvant induced arthritis in rats

The main objective of the present work is to evaluate the potential of Lantana camara (aculeata) for anti-arthritic activity using in vitro and in vivo study. L. camara is an important medicinal, ornamental, and essential oil-producing herb from family Verbenaceae. Different parts of L. camara have been used for the treatment of various human ailments such as itches, cuts, ulcers, swellings, bilious fever, eczema, tetanus, malaria, tumor, rheumatism, and headache. The anti-arthritic activities of pet ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of L. camara were initially evaluated using in vitro model of arthritis. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts were found to be better among all the extract in in vitro study and hence subjected for further in vivo anti-arthritic study using complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) model in rats for 28 days. Both the extracts at 200 and 400 mg/kg were evaluated in rats for different parameters. The paw volume displacement, changes in body weight, arthritic index, alteration in serum biomarker, alteration in hematological parameters, secondary lesions changes as noticed from the radiograph, and histopathology study were measured as a mark of antiarthritic activity. The results indicate that L. camara protects rats remarkably against the primary and secondary arthritic lesions, body weight changes, serum biomarker changes, radiological, histopathological, and hematological perturbations induced by CFA in dose-dependent manner. However, the effect of the ethanolic extract at the dose of 400 mg/kg was more significant, superior, and pronounced than aqueous extract and also it is comparable to the standard drug.

Anti-bacterial and anti-fungal evaluation of bark extracts of Sesbania grandiflora L.

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of bark extracts of Sesbania grandiflora L. The antibacterial screening was done by Paper disc method and antifungal screening by Disc Diffusion method using pet ether, chloroform, aqueous and methanolic extracts. The results showed strong potential of both the activity of methanolic extracts as compared with that of the other extract.

Amelioration of CFA induced arthritis in rats by buchnania lanzan

Buchanania lanzan spreng commonly known as Char, Charoli is a tree 12-15 mt high, with straight trunk, belonging to family from Anacardiaceae. An herb known as priyal is a drug of the ayurveda and the unani system of medicine. It is known as chironji (or charoli). Buchanania lanzan plant has well-known traditional uses in ayurveda and unani system of medicine; almost all parts of the plant i.e. roots, rhizome, leaves, fruits, seeds and gum are used for the treatment of various disorders. The gum oozed from the cut-bark is used internally for treatment of intercostals pain and diarrhoea. The gum is mixed with goat`s milk for effective and curative results in intercostals pains, being analgesic. Some tribal communities of Andhra Pradesh consume a blend of the gum dissolved in cow`s milk for treating rheumatic pains. The ethnomedical use of plant in arthritis is evaluated using in vitro and in vivo (CFA induced) models. Among the pet ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts, ethanolic and aqueous extract found to exert better effect against arthritis in in-vitro models and hence only these 2 extracts at their high and low dose were evaluated for in vivo models of arthritis induced by CFA.

Antimicrobial and Cytotoxicity Activities of Medicinal Plants against Salmonella gallinarum Isolated from Chickens.

Medicinal plants have been the good source of treatment for different ailments of humans as well as animals for centuries. However, in Tanzania, few plants were investigated for their efficacy against various diseases of chickens. In the present study, four medicinal plants were investigated against Salmonella gallinarum isolated from chickens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the broth microdilution methods and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBCs) were used to evaluate the activities of plants against chicken salmonellosis. For the safety of chickens against the toxicity of plants, the cytotoxicity assay was determined using a brine shrimp lethality test. Aloe secundiflora leaf ethyl acetate (ALEA), Aloe rabaiensis leaf methanolic (ArM), Aloe rabaiensis leaf ethyl acetate (ArLEA), and Punica granatum leaf ethyl acetate (PGLEA) extracts exhibited the highest MIC (0.3906 mg/mL) and MBC (3.125 mg/mL), respectively. The Dolichos kilimandscharicus tuber ethyl acetate (DTEA) and Dolichos kilimandscharicus tuber pet ether (DTPE) extracts displayed MIC of 1.563 mg/mL and 12.50 mg/mL and MBC of 12.50 mg/mL and 25.50 mg/mL, respectively. The highest LC50 values exhibited in Dolichos kilimandscharicus ranged from 7.937 × 10−4 mg/mL to 7.242 × 10−2 mg/mL for pet ether and methanolic extracts, respectively, while ALEA extract exhibited LC50 of 7.645 × 10−3 mg/mL. Generally, the extracts with MIC 0.3906 mg/mL and MBC 3.125 mg/mL demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity with low toxicity efficient to manage chicken salmonellosis. Dolichos kilimandscharicus, which exhibited higher toxicity, warrants further investigation on insecticidal and anticancer agents.

Scientific Standardization of Different Stem extracts of Cissus quadrangularis

Background Perennial herb known as Cissus quadrangularis is found across the tropical world and has medicinal effects. It is one among the plants that is most regularly used as medicine in India.Aim The present study was aimed to study the scientific standardization of different stem extracts of Cissus quadrangularis.Methodology The determination of the physicochemical constants was done using powdered shade dried Cissus quadrangularis Linn. stem material. Aqueous chloroform ethanol and pet ether were used to create the solvent extracts.Results The preliminary phytochemical screening showed presence of carbohydrates proteins amino acids glycosides like saponin and flavonoids tannins phenols alkaloids and steroids. On physiological evaluation loss of drying was found to be 6.4 WW extractive value of pet ether extract was found to be 3.6 WW chloroform extract 4.7 WW ethanol extract 7.2 WW and water 8.9 WW. The total flavonoid content of pet ether extract was found to be 19.2537plusmn0.0632 microgmL chloroform extract 33.7294plusmn0.0574 microgmL ethanol extract 59.8601plusmn0.0363 microgmL water extract 45.6305plusmn0.0735 microgmL. The total phenolic content of pet ether extract was found to be 19.867plusmn0.0565 microgmL chloroform extract 19.669plusmn0.0654 microgmL ethanol extract 404plusmn0.0199 microgmL and water extract 25.658plusmn0.0343 microgmL. TLC of pet ether extract showed constituents having retention factor Rf values chloroform extract showed constituents having Rf values 0.55 0.46 ethanol extract showed constituents having Rf values 0.815 and 0.584 and water extract showed constituents having Rf values 0.234.Conclusion In the current study Cissus quadrangularis plants were examined for pharmacognostic characterization physiochemical parameter measurement phytochemical screening and TLC examinations of the crude extracts

In- vitro Hepatoprotective Action of the Crude Extracts of Luffa amara (Whole Fruit) and Rheum emodi (Rhizomes) in CCl4 Intoxicated Rat Hepatocytes

Aim: The objective of this in-vitro study involves evaluating the protective action of the extracts of L. amara (LA) (whole fruits including seeds) and R. emodi (RE) (rhizomes) at various concentrations on isolated primary rat hepatocytes.
 Methods: The pulverised dried whole fruits of L. amara (LA) and rhizomes of R.emodi (RE) were extracted successively with petroleum ether (PE), ethanol (EE) and distilled water (AE) and vacuum dried. These extracts of LA petroleum ether (PE), ethanolic (EE) and aqueous (AE) extracts and RE obtained were subjected to in vitro studies at doses of 25, 75, 100, and 150 µg/ml and silymarin (250 µg/ml) in CCl4 (1%) intoxicated primary hepatocytes monolayer cultures the hepatoprotective action of all the extracts of both plants at different doses was carried out using isolated rat hepatocytes which were subjected to CCl4 intoxication followed by estimating/ measuring the changes in serum biochemical markers – SGPT, SGOT, ALP, Total proteins (TP), total bilirubin (TB), albumin (ALB) and triglycerides (TGL).
 Results: Hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 was demonstrated in the rat primary monolayer hepatocyte culture using MMT assay with the ethanolic extracts of both plants showing more hepatocyte protective action compared to the aqueous and petroleum ether extracts by reducing the elevated serum marker levels. Alcoholic and aqueous extracts were found to express more protective action towards CCl4 intoxicated isolated primary rat hepatocytes in a dose dependant manner.
 Conclusion: Based on the result, it is suggested that the extract with the most hepatocyte protective action at a dose of 150µg is LA ethanolic extract (viability=88.24%), followed by LA aqueous extract (viability=84.31%), RE ethanolic extract (viability=88.24%) and RE aqueous extract (viability=88.24%) - which are comparable to the reference silymarin with viability at 92.15%. the petroleum ether extracts of both plants showed least hepatic cell viability with LA pet ether extract at 49.02% and RE pet ether extract at 47.85%