Pet Ether Extract Research Articles

Exploring quality control standards and potential antibacterial property of different extracts of the root of Physalis minima L.

Physalis minima (Fam. Solanaceae) is well known (local name: Pokmou) ethno-medicinal plant in north-east part of India. Traditional knowledge claimed that aerial parts of this plant has medicinal values like antiulcer, anti inflammatory, antimalarial, antidiabetic, antimicrobial etc but there are lack of scientific evidence to support these properties. The aim of study is to established standard monograph of the root of Physalis minima and also evaluate antibacterial property from root extracts against selected Gram (+ve) (S. aureus) and Gram (–ve) (E. coli) bacteria strains by agar disc diffusion method. Morphological study revealed that root is tap root, greyish white in colour, slightly sweet taste. Microscopic evaluation showed the presence of phelloderm, cambium, medullary rays across the xylem and phloem, starch grains. Physicochemical parameters were found to be within limit. Different extracts have shown the existence of metabolites viz. Alkaloids, steroids, tannin, flavonoids. Phytoconstituents like flavonoid, phenolic and tannin were quantified. Pet ether and ethanol extracts at 5mg/ml concentration showed remarkable zone of inhibition against Gram (+ve) and Gram (–ve) microorganism. Recent study suggests standardized Physalis minima root contains bioactive compounds mainly flavonoids, tannins possess significant antibacterial potential against both Gram (+ve) and Gram (–ve) microorganism.

IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-DOPAMINERGIC ACTIVITY OF ALKALOID-RICH FRACTION ISOLATED FRO MLEAVES OF MURRAYA KOENIGII

Anti-dopaminergic or dopamine antagonists are preferably used as anti-psychotics, in schizophrenia, bipolar disorders and stimulant psychosis. They are also effective in many other gastrointestinal disorders including nausea and vomiting. Many herbal drugs like digoxin, quinine, morphine, are known for their therapeutic importance. The objective of this study was to use animal models to investigate the impact of Murraya koenigii L. leaves (MK) as an anti-dopaminergic.Pet ether extract of MK (PEMK) and alkaloids isolated from PEMK (AFMK) has shown potent antioxidant activity when tested against invitro antioxidant methods like free radical scavenging by DPPH method, total antioxidant activity by thiocyanate method and H2O2scavenging activity. Significant decreasein the dopaminergic activity was observed in validated animal models like haloperidol-induced catalepsy in mice, apomorphine-induced stereotypic behavior, foot shock-induced aggression and phenobarbitone-induced sleeping behavior. This may be attributed to the presence of carbazole alkaloids having antioxidant potential.

ANTIFUNGAL EVALUATION OF DICHROSTACHY cinerea (LEAVES AND STEM) EXTRACTS AGAINST SOME DERMATOPHYTES

This study was carried out to evaluate the antifungal efficacy of Dichrostachys cinerea extracts against some isolates of dermatophytic fungi. The powdered plant materials were extracted via soxhlet extraction technique using methanol, dichloromethane and petroleum ether as extraction solvents. The extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening for qualitative detection of plant secondary metabolites. The extracts were further tested for antifungal activity against human isolates of Microsporum canis, Trichophyton terrestre, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton verrucosum. The results of phytochemical screening showed the presence of some secondary metabolites including; alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides and steroid. Antifungal activity testing indicated that all the extracts were active against the isolates tested with the exception of T. verrucosum. Pet ether extracts showed the least activity as reflected in the zone of inhibition (24 mm at 50 mg/ml), against the isolates compared to methanol (30 mm at 25 mg/ml) and dichloromethane (30 mm at 50 mg/ml) extracts. The findings of this study, indicated that the plant is a potential for the drug candidate for the treatment of dermatophytic diseases and support the claim for their traditional use against skin diseases

INSECTICIDAL AND REPELLENT ACTIVITIES OF CITRUSSINENSIS (L.) LEAF EXTRACT AGAINST TROGODERMA GRANARIUM EVERTS (COLEOPTERA: DERMASTIDAE IN STORED GROUNDNUT

Groundnut production has been reported to be threatened by storage insect pests which caused significant damage in storage. The repellent and efficacy activities of Citrus sinensis leaf extract were assessed on Trogoderma granarium in stored groundnut. The treatment was laid in a Completely Randomized Design with 3, 5, and 7% concentration level of methanolic and petroleum ether Extract for insecticidal activities. The results of C. sinensis leaf extract toxicity obtained was significant at 7% concentration at 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment with 100% and 80% mortality in methanolic and Pet. ether extracts respectively in adults. Half disc experiment was carried out to determine the repellency activities with 1, 2, and 3% concentration of methanolic and pet. ether extract. It was observed that at 2HAT the insects moved towards the extract with the Index of Repellency of 1.13 at 3 % concentration for methanolic and pet ether extract, as the hours increase from 4 to 6HAT it was observed that the extract acted as repellant towards the insect with methanol and petroleum ether extract of 3 % concentration having the highest repellency index of 0.47. Petroleum ether at 1 % concentration with the value of 1.47, 1.40 and 1.20 repellency index across the 2, 4 and 6HAT showed that the extract remains an attractant towards T. granarium. The results obtained from this study is an indication of the potential of methanolic and petroleum ether crude extract of C. sinensis in groundnut storage

Evaluation of antimicrobial potential and phytochemicals in Acmella ( A. oleracea ) flower pod extracts subjected to different drying techniques

The study was aimed to evaluate how drying methods and extracting solvents can preserve antimicrobial properties of Acmella flower pods. Four drying techniques (sun drying [SD], air drying [AD], oven drying [OD], and cooling with dehumidifying [CWD]) and three different solvent extractions (ethanol extracts [EE], water extracts [WE], and pet ether extracts [PEE]) were employed to evaluate extraction yield (EY), phytochemical analysis, and in vitro antibacterial activity. The highest EY was observed in CWD dried WE. Alkaloids, tannin, and quinone were detected in all extracts while flavonoid only in SD and CWD dried EE. CWD dried WE comprised all tested phytochemicals, except flavonoids. CWD dried WE showed higher zones of inhibitions (ZOI) 18.8, 14.0, 12.0, 20.2, and 17.3 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans, respectively. CWD dried pod extracts showed higher effectivity against bacteria and fungus while lowest given by SD extracts. CWD dried WE gave 20 volatile compounds in GC-MS, including dilauryl thiodipropionate, clionasterol, and spilanthol. Practical applications This study provided a comprehensive evaluation of how the drying method and solvent used for extraction of Acmella oleracea flower pods can effect on the extraction yield, available phytoconstituents, and antimicrobial activity. Through this study, it was recognized that CWD drying followed by water extraction is the best method to preserve antimicrobial potential and bioactive constituents in preserving raw Acmella oleracea flower pods. Phytochemical availability and ability to inhibit Gram-negative, positive bacteria, and fungus is an indication of Acmella flower pods' antimicrobial potential which can be employed to control food pathogenic microorganisms in food industry.

Phytochemical and Cytotoxic Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants (Byrsocarpus coccineus, Terminalia avicennioides and Anogeissus leiocarpus) Using Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina) Lethality Assay

Three medicinal plants, were investigated based on their ethno-medicinal uses. Byrsocarpus coccineus (B.C), Terminalia avicennioides (T.A) and Anogeissus leiocarpus (A.L) are used traditionally in the treatment of various ailments in Nigeria. Proximate and mineral analyses were carried out on the leaf, stem and root of the three plants. Phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities of the aqueous, ethanol and pet ether (leaf, stem and root) extracts, of the three plants were determined and the extracts were subjected to cytotoxic screening using the in vivo brine shrimp lethality tests. The proximate and mineral analyses show appreciable dietary nutrients in the three plants. Phytochemical analyses of B.C, T.A and A.L (leaf, stem and root) extracts, showed the presence of bioactive compounds, such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroid and phenol. Antioxidant activities (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation and reducing power), increase in all the plant extracts in a dose dependent manner. The results of brine shrimp lethality tests indicate that plant extracts of B.C, T.A and A.L except A.L stem aqueous extract (130.72 µg/ml), T.A leaf aqueous (130.15 µg/ml) and root aqueous extracts were moderately cytotoxic, while the others were highly cytotoxic. B. coccineus leaf ethanol extract (17.31 µg/ml) was the most cytotoxic. The result shows that B. coccineus leaf ethanol extract has significant antioxidant activity and is cytotoxic to brine shrimp even at low concentration giving credence to its ethno-medicinal uses.

Toxicity and phytochemical analysis of petroleum-ether, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Ceratotheca sesamoides

This research investigated the toxicity and phytochemical analysis of aqueous ethanol and pet ether extract of Ceratotheca sesamoides leaves in albino wistar rats. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of Ceratotheca sesamoides were carried out. The result of the toxicity test revealed that aqueous extracts of Ceratotheca sesamoides leaf did not show any fatality with dosage range (300 mg-5000 mg). This shows that the LD50 is greater than 5000 mg/Kg body weight.The phytochemical investigation shows the presence of glycoside, carbohydrate and alkaloid in all the extract and only flavonoid was found in Aqueous and ethanol extracts. This shows that C. sesamoides is safe for consumption and is rich in polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins.

A preliminary investigation of anticholinesterase and antioxidant properties of various extracts of Vernonia anthelmintica in relation to the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

The complexity of the underlying pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and substandard results of existing treatment, demands persistent research for the development of new therapeutics. As natural antioxidant has attracted considerable attention on this regards, the present study evaluated and validated antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase activity of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds. Different extracts were collected after sequential extraction of plant seeds by using pet ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and water as solvents. Antioxidant activity of the extracts was tested by using superoxide, nitric oxide (NO) and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays, whereas, acetylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibition property was assessed by Ellman’s method. Results revealed that all the extracts produced some degree of both the activities in a concentration-dependent manner. While pet ether extract exhibited weakest, methanolic extract displayed potent radical scavenging and anti-cholinesterase properties in all the assays with IC50 of 159.71 μg/ml against AChE inhibition and 98.51, 120.22 and 170.79 μg/ml against superoxide, NO and DPPH radical scavenging assays respectively. Presence of an array of secondary metabolites with modest flavonoid and phenol content in the methanolic extract is accountable for these desired activities. Collectively, reports from our experiments covey that V. anthelmintica possess significant AChE inhibitory and antioxidant property and thus can be further evaluated in search of potential disease-modifying therapeutic for management of neurodegenerative diseases like AD.

In vitro antidiabetic evaluation of nanoparticles encompass dual bioflavonoid

The flavonoids which are widely spread in plants. It can be categorized as flavonols, flavonols, flavanones, flavones, anthocyanidin and isoflavones. Apigenin and Hesperidin account these three flavonoids used a significant proportion of flavonol intake in the diet as a functional food. Among all other flavonoids, Apigenin has many health cares and disease-prevention benefits. Polymer-based formulations, such as nanoemulsions and solid lipid nanoparticles, have been developed to increase the therapeutic efficacy of flavonoids. New drug delivery systems such as Dual Loaded Flavono Nanoparticulate System (DLFNPs) have not yet been studied with Apigenin and Hesperidin. In the present study, dual loaded flavonol nanoparticulate systems have been developed for oral delivery of Apigenin to enhance its antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. The fabrication of Dual Loaded Flavono Nanoparticles by Nano precipitation technique. Prepared Dual Loaded Flavono polymeric nanoparticles were subjected to characterization and various pharmacological activities. In vitro results revealed that the Alfa amylase percentage of inhibition 33.5% for Nanoparticles Encompass Dual Bioflavonoid by the indication pet ether extracts have lesser activity. This work will be useful for diabetic research workers to be found in the new chemical entity for the treatment of DM and its associated diseases.

Screening of Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Potential of Leaves Extract of Litsea glutinosa

Litsea glutinosa (Lour) leaves are deliberated as worthy traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to screen the phytochemicals, to evaluate the total flavonoid contents as well as antioxidant activity of various extract of Litsea glutinosa (Lour). The phytochemical analysis of each solvent extract was also carried out. Total flavonoid content was determined by aluminium chloride colorimetric assay. Antioxidant activity was determined using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) free radical scavenger methods. Phytochemical screening of various extract revealed the presence of Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Diterpenes, Proteins, Carbohydrate and Saponins. The total flavonoid content was found 1.89, 5.01 and 3.16 mg/100mg of dry weight of pet ether, ethanol and aqueous extract respectively, expressed as Quercetin equivalents. Antioxidant activity was performed using three methods DPPH, Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay and Hydrogen Peroxide scavenging activity. Our current results emerged that Litsea glutinosa (Lour) act as an antioxidant agent due to its free radical scavenging. So, the plant may be further pursued to find out for its pharmacological active natural products.
 Keywords: Litsea glutinosa (Lour), Qualitative, Quantitative phytochemical, Antioxidant activity.

Acute Toxicity Study and Serum Lipids Profile of Pet-Ether Extract of Leave, Stem Bark and Root of Jatropha curcas in Wister Rats

Acute Toxicity Study and Serum Lipids Profile of Pet-Ether Extract of Leave, Stem Bark and Root of Jatropha curcas in Wister Rats

Antibacteria Assesement of Aframomum melegueta [roscoe] k. Schum [alligator pepper] Fruit on Bacteria Pathogen Isolated from the Urinary Tract

This study aims at assessing the Antibacterial activity of Aframomum melegueta against Urinary Tract bacteria. The study was carried out at the Microbiology department laboratory of the Federal University of technology, Akure, Ondo state, Nigeria, between February and June, 2018. Agar diffusion method was used in the susceptibility test, whie tube dilution method was used determination of Minimum Inhibitory concentration. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavinoids, saponins and tannins in both the Methanol and Pet-ether fruit extract, the result also showed that the concentration of all these compounds are higher in the Methanol extract than in the Pet-ether extract. The in-vitro Susceptibility test showed that E. coli, P. mirabilis, S. aureus were sensitive to methanol extract of Aframomum. melegueta at 100 mg/ml with E. coli showing the highest zone of Inhibition of 13.67 ± 0.24 mm, while all the organisms were resistant to Pet-ether extract at this concentration of 100 mg/ml except for E. coli with a zone of inhibition of 10.93 ± 0.07 mm at a highest concentration of 400 mg/ml. S. aureus was sensitive to Pet-ether showing a zone of inhibition of 16.97±0.09 mm while E. coli had 20.33 ± 0.23 mm, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa were resistant to both extract at all the tested concentration. Methanol Extract had MIC values of 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml for E. coli, P. mirabilis, S. aureus respectively while the Pet-ether extract had an MIC values of 100mg/ml and 200 mg/ml for E. coli, and S. aureus respectively. The MBC values for Methanol Extract were 100 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml for E. coli, P. mirabilis, S. aureus respectively while that of Pet-ether extract was 100 mg/ml for Escherichia coli.

Cytotoxic and Antiradical Activities of Extracts of Rhizopora apiculata (L)

The petroleum ether and methanol crude extracts of Rhizopora apiculata (L) (Rhizoporaceae) were screened for cytotoxicity by MTT bioassay and antioxidant activity using three different methods. The active constituents of the plant Rhizopora apiculata (L) were extracted using petroleum ether and methanol. Both extracts were tested for cytotoxicity by MTT assay at a concentration range of 18.75, 37.5, 100, 150 and 300μg/ml. The percentage cell viability shown in Pet ether extract for human cervical adenocarcinoma cell lines (HeLa), human osteosarcoma cell lines (MG 63) and Breast adenocarcinoma (MC 67) were in the range of 102-91%, 100-84% and 101-78% respectively shows that pet ether extract does not have considerable cytotoxic activity. On the other hand, Petroleum ether and methanol crude extracts of Rhizopora apiculata (L) showed mild antioxidant activity with compared to ascorbic acid.

SCREENING OF PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENT AND IN VITRO BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF CANTHIUM DICOCCUM (GAERTN.) AND AMISCHOPHACELUS AXILLARIS (L.)

Objective: The objective of the study was to study the pet ether, ethyl acetate, and ethanol leaf extracts of Canthium dicoccum and Amischophacelus axillaris for anthelmintic activity and antihypertensive activity.
 Methods: The antihypertensive activity was carried out by employing a colorimetric assay based on the hydrolysis of Histidyl-Hippuryl-Leucine and anthelmintic activity carried out against Indian earthworm Pheritimaposthuma.
 Results: The pet ether leaf extract both the plants exhibited the maximum antihypertensive activity with a percent inhibition of 64.82 for C. dicoccum (Gaertn.) and 84.12 for A. axillaris (L.) as compared with Captopril showing percent inhibition 85.37 and for anthelmintic activity, it is found that ethanol extract of C. dicoccum and ethyl acetate extract of A. axillaris exhibited significant activity against the standard drug albendazole.
 Conclusion: This study investigated the potential of C. dicoccum and A. axillaris as a new source against the antihypertensive activity. The outcome of anthelmintic activity revealed that the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts exhibited a considerable amount of anthelmintic activity, which is mainly due to the active phytoconstituents present in the extracts.

The Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J. Agaradh and Computational Studies

Aim/Background: The present work was carried out to identify some of the bioactive components present in the Brown seaweed Turbinaria ornata by GC-MS technique, and to ascertain its medicinal properties. Materials and Methods: GC-MS analysis of some of the potent volatile constituents present in the pet ether of Turbinaria ornata was performed. MD simulations were performed for complex structures of human secretory PLA2 and P38 kinase. GC-MS chromatogram showed peaks indicating the presence of various compounds of interest. The interpretation of the mass spectrum of GC-MS was done using the Database of Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technology (IICPT). Twenty compounds were identified in pet ether extract of Turbinaria ornata. All 20 compounds were screened using PASS online activity prediction server, for the possession of anti-inflammatory potency and the selected target proteins were subjected to molecular docking studies. MD simulations were also performed for the top listed compound 16 which was identified from D3P extract (2,3-Diphenylcyclopropyl)methyl phenyl sulfoxide, trans-). Similarly, the complex structure of PLA2 (phospho-ethanolamine, PE) and P38 kinase (3-(2-pyridine-4-ylethyl)-1H-indole) were simulated for comparative study. Results and Conclusion: Based on the in silico results, the binding affinities for compounds of T. ornata were judged against known standards for its capability to restrain inflammation and to promote possibility for scheming potential antiinflammatory lead from natural compounds were discussed.

In-Vitro Anti-Fungal Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Stem Bark Extracts from Ventilago denticulata

The objective of the present study was to assess the antifungal activity of pet. Ether extract, acetone extract, ethyl acetate, and ethanol bark extract of Ventilago denticulata (VD).The material was dried in shade made to a coarse powder and weighted quantity of the powder (1000 g) was subjected to hot percolation in a soxhlet apparatus using petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, acetone and ethanol, at a temperature range of 40-800C. Phytochemical tests were done in presence of phytoconstituents like glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, flavonoids. The anti-fungal activity was carried out by using cup method using Sabraud’s agar as medium. Plates were incubated at 250C for 42hr and later observed for zones of inhibition. The effect of the extracts on fungal isolates was compared with Griseofluvin at a concentration of 10 mg/ml. The Ethyl acetate extract at low as well as high doses gives antifungal effect. Pet-ether extract, acetone extract and ethanolic extract did not produce any antifungal effect at both doses. Ethyl acetate extract shows zone of inhibition at low dose (T1 10 mg/ml) 10 mm and at high dose (T2 20 mg/ml) 16 mm.
 Keyword: Ventilago denticulata, Anti- fungal, Griseofluvin.

Identification of anti-inflammatory constituents from pet ether extract Justicia Gendarussa Burm. f. with GC-MS

Identification of anti-inflammatory constituents from pet ether extract Justicia Gendarussa Burm. f. with GC-MS

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of <i>Carica papaya, Azadirachta indica</i> and <i>Moringa oleifera</i> on <i>Helicobacter Pylori</i> Isolated from Ulcer Patients in Ondo State, Nigeria

Antimicrobial activities of Carica papaya, Azadirachta indica and Moringa oleifera on Helicobacter pylori isolated from ulcer patients in Ondo State, Nigeria were investigated. Hot water, cold water and two organic solvents (Pet ether and Ethanol) were used for the extraction with the highest yield being the ethanolic extracts of Carica papaya with 17.2%, while cold water extract of both Carica papaya and Azadirachta indica (Neem) extracts had 15.6% and 11.6% respectively. The result shows that the Carica papaya, Azadirachta indica and Moringa oleifera leaves extract had antimicrobial effect on the H. pylori isolated from ulcer patients in Ondo State, Nigeria. Moringa oleifera leaves showed some remarkable effect on H. pylori with the ethanolic extract of Carica papaya being the most potent. In comparison, the ethanolic extract had the highest level of antimicrobial activity than pet ether, cold and hot water extracts. The results of this study showed that leaf extracts of C. papaya, A. indica and M. oleifera had a very high microbial action on the isolates. The results of this study clearly suggest that leaf extracts of C. papaya, A. indica and M. oleifera leaves act as potent growth inhibitor of H. pylori. The emergence of resistance of microorganism to current first line therapy required vigorous research for substitute antimicrobial. The plants used in this study could serve as qualified plants in drug production. There is need for vigorous research to be done on the purification of these crude extracts for the development of new antibiotics to combat the infections caused by these resistant strains.

EFFECT OF THREE EGYPTIAN MEDICINAL PLANT’S EXTRACTS ON BIOCHEMISTRY OF CULEX PIPIENS LARVAE (CULICIDAE: DIPTERA)

Culex pipiens is a predominant house-resting mosquito in different countries. Third larval instar of Culex pipiens were exposed to sub-lethal concentration LC25of pet-ether extract for Solenostemma sp, Rosmarinus sp. and Artemisia sp. to study their effect on some enzymatic activities of larvae after 24 hours. AchE enzyme showed high activity in all application extracts. While, showed lower in enzyme activity of -est, β-est in comparison with control. Glutathione S Transferase showed no difference with control sample. Mixed function oxidase appears high activity with Solenostemma argel and Artemisia sp. While appears low activity with Rosmarinus sp. comparing by control larvae. Finally, these extracts affect the nervous system of tested mosquitoes in different degrees and their energy system and can be used alternateto chemical insecticides in Integrated Vector Management program (IVM).

Phytochemical Screening and Albumin Induced Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Pentas Lanceolata Leaves

The anti-inflammatory drug activity of petroleum ether (Pet.ether) extract of leaves pentas lanceolata was investigated in rat’s exploitation egg albumen induced paw oedema model. Experimental animals received 20-25 gms (orally) of the extracts five groups divided., control group (saline), test group 50, 100, 200 mg/ kg the standard group received 15 mg/ kg of diclofenac. The results show that the extracts considerably (p <0.05) reduced paw oedema within the albumen induced anti-inflammatory drug activity. The leaf extract of pentas lanceolata reduced inflamed hind paw diameter of mice by between 0.98%- 3.99% The diclofenac reduced inflamed hind paw diameter by between 1.12%-4.02%. The qualitative phytochemical screening indicated the presence of saponins, flavonoid, alkaloids, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides. The current study establishes potent antiinflammatory activities of pet ether extracts of pentas lanceolata leaves.