People's Commissariat Research Articles

The activities of the USSR State security agencies to ensure public safety in Lithuania during the interwar period

Importance. The events taking place in the territory of Lithuania in the interwar period are still controversial among politicians and historians today. Many “blank spots” of that time in this territory were closed for research for a long time, which gave rise to speculation and falsifications. The article examines the activities of state security agencies to ensure public security in the territory of Lithuania in the period from 1921 to 22.06.1941 using historical examples. The purpose of the study is to show the historical events taking place in Lithuania and the activities of the state security agencies to ensure public security in the interwar period in the republic.Materials and methods. The research is based on declassified archival documents of the State Archives of the Russian Federation and the Russian State Archives of Contemporary History. The materials of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR – the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR (1934–1960), the 4th Special Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR (1931–1959) and on political repression and rehabilitation of the illegally repressed were studied.Results and Discussion. As a result of the October Revolution of 1917, Lithuania gained its independence. Starting from 1919, nationalist organizations were created in Lithuania, the task of which was to voluntarily assist the police in the fight against the Communists and to assist intelligence agencies in espionage against the USSR. With the entry of Lithuania into the USSR, the activities of nationalists intensified. Before the attack on the USSR, the state security agencies launched a preventive blow against the nationalist underground and their accomplices, which reduced their activity in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War.Conclusion. The liquidation of the leaders of the nationalist underground and their accomplices allowed the USSR state security agencies to prevent the destabilization of public order in Lithuania on the eve of the German attack on the Soviet Union.

Yakov Denisovich Petrov: Smolensk Teacher at the Head of the Regional Pedagogical University during the Great Patriotic War

In this publication, the authors continued their work on the study of the personality of the director of the Sverdlovsk State Pedagogical Institute, Yakov Denisovich Petrov, who held this post more than anyone else who headed this university, and his role in the development of the system of higher pedagogical education in the Sverdlovsk region. Based on the materials identified by the authors and previously unknown materials deposited in archival institutions of the Sverdlovsk and Smolensk regions, the authors analyzed in detail the features of the early biography of the director of the institute. This allowed us to fully answer questions related to Petrov's social background, which in the 1920s and 1930s was one of the main criteria for evaluating the political and business qualities of a communist and an employee for party and Soviet officials. And his gradual advancement up the career ladder: from a rural teacher to an experienced manager. At the same time, the authors abandoned the historical-party approach in consecrating the work of the Sverdlovsk Pedagogical Institute in the early years of Ya.D. Petrov's official activity, which is characteristic of Soviet historians. The personal participation of the director in solving the personnel and material problems of the university is specially investigated. The authors draw readers' attention to the fact that Petrov's solution of state tasks for the development of higher pedagogical education in the Sverdlovsk region and improving its quality in the most difficult conditions of the war years were quite successful. In many ways, this was the result of the rich work experience that Yakov Denisovich had accumulated during his years working in the public education system of the Smolensk region and in the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR.

Features of the organization and activities of the military college of the supreme court of the USSR during World War II

Without pretending to be exhaustive, the authors aim to focus on the organizational features of the functioning of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court (MCSC) of the USSR during the Second World War and the specifics of its punitive practice in the specified period in the western regions of Ukraine. The purpose of the task is to clarify the powers, the circumstances of the struggle for the strengthening of the monopoly in the control of military tribunals (MT) between the MCSC and the People's Commissariat of Justice (PCJ) of the USSR, highlighting the role of the Military Board in passing judgments, the implementation of absentee justice, as well as the details of the preparation and conducting field sessions in the west of Ukraine. The research methodology combines the tools of historical and legal analysis and social anthropology. The scientific novelty consists in posing and revealing the problem of conceptualization and practical implementation of the punitive policy of the Soviet state with the participation of the highest military judicial institution. The material introduced into scientific circulation makes it possible to focus research optics on the issues of interaction and parallelism, the struggle between various departments for control over special courts, to create a more complete picture of the arbitrariness that unfolded in the last war and post-war years in the western Ukrainian lands. It was established that the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR was an integral part of the political terror implemented both in the armed forces and against the civilian population. Created in 1939, the parallelism in the control of the VT by the People's Commissariat of Justice and the MCSC caused a confrontation between these bodies. The top of the USSR used this in their interests to maintain their own undivided control over the judiciary. The content and methods/forms of the punitive practice of this institution (customary nature, absentee justice, etc.) remained intact since the Great Terror and were fully controlled by the highest political leadership of the USSR. This was clearly confirmed during the work of field sessions in the western regions of the Ukrainian SSR.

CHILDREN'S HOMES IN THE SYSTEM OF STATE INSTITUTIONS FOR ORPHANS AND CHILDREN WITHOUT PARENTAL CARE IN THE BSSR: TYPES, FUNCTIONS, THEIR ROLE IN THE SOCIALIZATION OF CHILDREN (1944–1956)

The article examines the activities of the People's Commissariat of Education of the BSSR to solve the problems of child homelessness and neglect in the post-war period. The author examines the features of the development of the system of institutions for orphaned children, analyzes the main regulatory documents that determined and regulated the functioning of orphanages, the basic rules for accepting the enrollment of pupils, and the problems of material support for orphanages.

О некоторых причинах создания органов лагерной юстиции

The article analyzes the reasons that led to the appearance in the first half of the 1930s camp justice. This topic is understudied. In previous studies, this issue was either ignored, or the emphasis was placed on the allocation of any one factor that contributed to the appearance of these organs. This study is based on the use of historical-genetic, historical-systemic and narrative methods. The source base for this article was unpublished archival documents of the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History. Among them, the reports of the People's Commissariat of Justice and the USSR Prosecutor's Office on the situation in places of detention should be noted. The author believes that a complex of factors contributed to the creation of camp justice. Among them, the author highlights: a high number of prisoners; high crime rate in places of detention; weak administration in places of detention, which posed a threat to the fulfillment of economic plans; the desire of the country's leadership to have an additional channel for obtaining information about the situation in places of detention; the need for prompt consideration of cases in these places; exclusion or minimization of the influence of local leadership on the decisions made by the camp justice authorities.

Formation of Thematic Virtual Tours of Cultural Heritage Objects Based on Graph Theory

The technology of creating an information virtual space is considered, one of the stages of which is the development of thematic excursions. The article focuses on the development of a virtual guide model, which is based on graph theory, for oriented viewing of objects and events of historical reconstruction. As an example, a historical reconstruction was carried out and a virtual museum was created on memorable places associated with the life and activities of the Chicherin family, whose prominent representatives were G. V. Chicherin and his uncle B. N. Chicherin. Chicherin is one of the founders of the constitutional law of Russia, a philosopher, historian, publicist, teacher. He developed the first model of the atom, an honorary member of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society (on the recommendation of Mendeleev). G. V. Chicherin — the first People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, a diplomat. When creating a virtual historical space, the software environments Twinmotion, Bigscreen and 3DVista Virtual Tour Pro were used. The virtual tour solves a number of tasks: an educational platform for schoolchildren, students; joint remote solution of issues related to the modeling of various studied objects, territories, memorable places; conducting remote online excursions to virtual museums, cultural objects with a guide. Keywords: technology for creating virtual excursions, cultural heritage sites, graph theory, historical reconstruction, virtual space, Twinmotion, 3DVista Virtual Tour, "live"guide, Bigscreen

СЕКРЕТНОЕ ПИСЬМО В.И. ЛЕНИНА 20 ФЕВРАЛЯ 1922 г. НАРКОМУ ЮСТИЦИИ РСФСР Д.И. КУРСКОМУ И ДАЛЬНЕЙШАЯ МОДЕРНИЗАЦИЯ СОВЕТСКОЙ ПРАВОВОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ В УСЛОВИЯХ НЭПА

The paper based on V.I. Lenin’s works, published in sources and special historical materials, explores the true meaning and content of Lenin’s letter dated February 20, 1922 to the People’s Commissar of Justice of the RSFSR D.I. Kursky. This secret letter intended to modernize Soviet legal policy under the conditions of the NEP. Lenin wanted to direct the efforts of the People's Commissariat of Justice (Narkomyust) to fight the enemies of Soviet power. In carrying out this modernization of legal policy V.I. Lenin relied on the qualified Soviet lawyer D.I. Kursky, who for ten years (1918–1928) remained the permanent People's Commissar of Justice of the RSFSR, and then the USSR. In 1922, Lenin, in a secret letter, saw the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks as the main enemies in the transformation of Russia. One of them was a prominent Russian historian, a former Bolshevik fellow-fighter who went over to the Mensheviks, N.A. Rozhkov. Renegades apostates like him aroused special hatred in Vladimir Ilyich. V.I. Lenin pursued Nikolai Alexandrovich Rozhkov until his last breath. It should be noted that the addressee of the letter D.I. Kursky generally successfully implemented Lenin's demands and instructions for modernization and justice during the NEP years. He practically created a new Soviet law, but in 1928 I.V. Stalin began to sharply curtail the NEP, and D.I. Kursky was “diplomatically” sent by the USSR plenipotentiary envoy to Italy.

The venereal morbidity in Russia in 1914-1924

It is accepted to explain increasing of venereal diseases during years of the Revolution by degradation of morality and general disorder of system of state administration and sanitary services in Russia. The cross-verification of information presented in scientific publications and primary information sources makes it possible to look into following issues: degree of venereal (syphilitic) contamination of population of pre-revolutionary Russia; influence on sanitary statistics by erroneous diagnostics and convictions of Zemstvo medicine about predominantly non-sexual path of transmission of syphilis pathogen in Russian countryside; dynamics and sources of venereal morbidity in wartime. The high indicators of pre-revolutionary statistics of venereal infections could be affected by diagnostic errors. The "village syphilis" encountered in public milieu could be completely different disease not sexually transmitted and not chronic form of disease. The primary documents allow to discuss increasing of the number of venereal patients during war years, that however, does not reach catastrophic numbers that can be found even in scientific publications. This is also confirmed by data of Chief Military Sanitary Board of the Red Army for 1920s and statistical materials of People's Commissariat of Health Care of the RSFSR. The high morbidity was demonstrated by same Gubernias that were problematic before the Revolution and only later by those ones through which during the war years passed army masses. In Russia, total level of syphilis morbidity after the end of Civil War occurred to be more than twice lower than in pre-war 1913 and continued to decrease under impact of sanitary measures of Soviet public health.

THE SPELLING RULES OF THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE IN 1923 AND ITS CONNECTION WITH THE SPELLING OF BAITURSYNULY

Just as every language has its history, it also has a history of symbolic meaning – letters and spelling rules. The writing culture of a particular country, people, or nation with a national language covers several epochs and historicalperiods. It is known that the Kazakh national script has been formed since 1912 in connection with the name of Akhmet Baitursynuly and is still being updated, improved, and developed every year. Therefore, each stage of the development of the spelling rules of the Kazakh language is very important both for linguistics and for the future of Kazakh writing. The article analyzes the history and scientific significance of the "New Spelling Rule of the Kazakh language", consisting of 13 articles describing the beginning of the "national stage" of Akhmet Baitursynuly's letter reform, published by the Council of Education of the Academic Center at the Educational Commissariat of the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (KazASSR) in 1923. In particular, there are analysed such topical issues as the scientific and social prerequisites that led to the adoption of this provision, its connection with the Baytursynuly’s spelling in 1912, the scientific basis and meaning of each article, achievements and disadvantages, prerequisites for the adoption of this spelling rule by the Education Commission under the People's Commissariat of Education of the Turkestan Autonomy, the reasons for the reduction of some paragraphs, conclusions of the Kazakh intelligentsia about this situation.

Development of mechanization of dairy cattle rearing in Russia and the Soviet Union in the first half of the twentieth century

The study aimed to look into how dairy cattle rearing in Russia and the USSR got technical and technological support in the first half of the twentieth century. At the start of the 20th century, two-thirds of Russian agriculture were small peasant farms. They used manual labor and did not need the costly machines. The consolidation of farms was very slow. Yet it laid the foundation for a shift to mechanized livestock production. The First World War, which began in 1914, followed by the Revolution and the Civil War halted for years the technical development of Russia's agricultural production. In late 20s, the Soviet Union already faced the challenge of producing more agricultural goods. This increase could be possible by starting highly mechanized agricultural enterprises. By 1931, “Soyuzselstroy”, an All-Union Agricultural Construction Association, had prepared standard designs of dairy cattle farms for 100 and 200 heads. They provided for mechanization of main processes of cow housing and care. In 1930-1940, scientists and engineers of the All-Union Institute of Mechanization (VIM) and its branches undertook the creation of cattle farming machinery. This period saw the development and manufacture of a number of machines that made livestock farmers labor easier. The work on setting standards for designing the cow barns started. By 1939, VIM had designed a system of machines and test edit in collective farms. The need for specialized organizations to help collective farms to install and put into operation the livestock equipment became evident. At the same time, training of agricultural engineers started in Leningrad, Moscow and other USSR cities. A Decree by the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union dated July 8, 1939, set a delivery plan of machines and units for livestock farming in 1940. Thus, by 1941 the conditions were created for integrated mechanization of main labor-intensive processes in national animal husbandry. Those days agricultural ecology was not in the focus. With no widespread production of mineral fertilizers in place, application of all manure to soil posed no environmental risk.

Из истории использования теста Роршаха в 20-30-е годы в СССР

<p>The present article addresses and structures the history of the application of the Rorschach test during the period of 1923 to 1936 in the Soviet Union. Hermann Rorschach visited the Russian Empire three times and was familiar with Russian psychoanalysts. His test was published in 1921 in Switzerland. By 1923 was published I.N. Dyakov’s article with the description of the test. The Rorschach test was used with children with normal development, gifted children and those with various deviations in paedology, clinical psychology and psychiatry. It was used for studying the personality of a perpetrator and for examining individuals who had committed a crime. A.E. Petrova very well described the application of the test she used in studying a “primitive” psyche ofchildren and adult perpetrators, and of patients with schizophrenia and epilepsy. L.S. Vygotsky valued highly A.E. Petrova's works and cited them in his lectures. The Rorschach test was also included in the series of tests for studying a perpetrator's personality, it was employed in the psychiatric examination to study the personality of the offender and the crime, it was also used in Serbsky State Scientific Institute for Social and Forensic Psychiatry. In 1936, after the publication of the resolution of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union Communist Party on the paedological perversions in the system of the People's Commissariats for Education, the usage of the test discontinued.</p>

MUXTARİYYƏT İLLƏRİNDƏ NAXÇIVANDA TƏHSİLİN İNKİŞAF İSTİQAMƏTLƏRİ

Development Directions of Education in Nakhchivan During the Years of Autonomy Summary Cultural advancement and progress are impossible without education. It is for this reason that the development of education has always been kept in mind, and important measures have been taken in this direction. As we know, during the period of autonomy, important work was done in the direction of education development in Nakhchivan, and great achievements were made in this field. During the years of Soviet rule, the land of Nakhchivan was considered a remote, backward area. Illiteracy reigned among the population. Nakhchivan People's Education Commissariat is established to eliminate illiteracy. In 1922-1923, one of the steps taken by the People's Commissariat of Education in the direction of eliminating illiteracy was the creation of special courses in 26 general education schools. The establishment of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in 1924 led to the development of school construction in a new direction. Thus, the network of pre-school organizations, including general education schools, has been significantly expanded, and new successes have been achieved in the direction of teacher training. The two-year Pedagogical Institute operating in Nakhchivan was selected for its activities in the direction of teacher training. In the article, the development of education in Nakhchivan during the years of autonomy was followed, and the work done in this field was interpreted from a scientific point of view. Key words: Nakhchivan, autonomous region, development of education, abolition of illiteracy, network of schools, training of teachers

Роль Наркомнаца в организации национально-государственного устройства РСФСР в 1917–1923 гг.

The article deals with the activities of the People's Commissariat for Nationalities of the RSFSR in 1917–1923. The prerequisites for the creation of the body, its organizational structure, goals and objectives of activities, powers are studied. It is concluded that this commissariat played a significant role in shaping the national-state structure of the RSFSR. It is noted that his work is traditionally highly valued in science. As a result of the analysis of the reasons for the effectiveness of the work of the People's Commissariat for National Affairs, it is concluded that such results were achieved, largely due to the well-thought-out policy of the Soviet government in relation to the peoples of the RSFSR. The proclamation and implementation of the principles of self-determination and equality of nations within the framework of the new federation made it possible to provide the Bolsheviks with significant support from numerous ethnic groups and lead them to victory over their political opponents.

Employment of Engineering and Technical Workers at Industrial Enterprises of Leningrad in 1928–1937

During the first five-year plans, the country's leadership paid special attention to providing industrial enterprises with qualified personnel, primarily engineers and technicians. Until now, the problem of employing specialists has remained poorly understood. Meanwhile, the study of this issue makes it possible not only to draw a conclusion about the extent to which the distribution of qualified personnel was the exclusive sphere of state activity, but also to evaluate the results of this process. The article attempts to analyze the practice of hiring engineering and technical workers at industrial enterprises in Leningrad in 1928–1937. The execution by the labor exchange and the bodies of the People's Commissariat of Labor of requests from factories and factories, the targeted transfer of qualified personnel from management departments to the production sector, as well as the distribution of graduates of universities, colleges and technical schools are considered as the main ways to meet the needs of industrial enterprises of Leningrad in engineering. technical workers. Since none of these methods solved the personnel problem, the practice of “luring” qualified personnel from one enterprise to another became widespread. Economic organizations (trusts and production associations, factories and factories) had a significant influence on the distribution of personnel. Not least was the role of the engineering and technical workers themselves, who had the opportunity to terminate the employment contract unilaterally. As a result, the system of hiring qualified personnel worked, rather, to redistribute engineering and technical workers between enterprises and contributed not to stabilizing the personnel situation, but to increasing the mobility of specialists.

About Some Aspects of Public Health Care and Socio-Cultural Sphere of Yugra in Extreme Conditions of the War

The subject of the article is the little-studied issues of the state of health care and socio-cultural sphere of Khanty-Mansiysk National District (1941–1945). The conditions and factors of changes are determined; the main tasks and their implementation in the studied spheres based on the introduction of new documents into the scientific circulation. In the center of attention is the analysis of the factors that influenced the financial, personnel, material support of the state institutions in the changed wartime conditions. The author reveals the existence of typical problems in the situation of health care, education and culture, ways of overcoming difficulties. Much attention in the article is paid to the analysis of facts showing the work of the health care system within the framework of the tasks defined by the People's Commissariat for Health of the USSR to protect the health of the population (children are in the first place), to prevent epidemics. In the state of school affairs, the discussion issues concerning the number of schools, the contingent of students at different levels of education, the problem of universal education coverage of children aged 8–15, the number and staffing of teachers are characterised. The material on staff training in the district's specialised secondary educational institutions is systematised, quantitative indicators and conditions of activity, teachers’ and students’ material and living conditions are analysed. The cultural sphere was financed on a residual principle, in fact, it deprived of the district centralised management, but made its best contribution to the solution of problems on cultural services to the population, being a transmitter of state-patriotic ideas. The author formulates the conclusion that health care, education and culture, despite the enormous difficulties of wartime, in general withstood the tests, fulfilled the assigned tasks, and as a very significant part of the home front, contributed to the victory in the hardest war of the Soviet people. Scientific novelty and practical significance of the presented materials are determined by the introduction of new archival documents into the scientific turnover, clarification and expansion of ideas about socio-cultural processes in the region, their theoretical understanding on the basis of modernisation paradigm and system approach. The obtained new knowledge, systematised and structured, can be applied both in scientific research and in the educational process, as well as in socio-cultural projects of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous District. It is quite obvious that the interpretation of the history of Yugra during the war years as a rear area needs a significant expansion of the traditional topics and setting new research problems. It is necessary to pay attention to different aspects of life on the home front, including the social sphere. The complexity of the military era (including everyday life of different categories of people in the district: the main population, temporary (evacuees) and special contingent) requires the identification of peculiarities in their social, material and economic situation. There is a need to rethink the subjects related not only to the analysis of the effectiveness of the Party and state management structures in the spheres of health care, education and culture, but also to the legal situation, the real role of the ruling Communist Party, and in a broader context – to find out the key characteristics of the military-political regime and its relationship with society on the materials of the region.

ARCHIVE FUND OF THE PEOPLE'S COMMISSARIAT OF FINANCES OF THE UZBEKISTAN SSR AS A SOURCE OF THE FINANCIAL, AND BUDGETARY HISTORY OF THE REPUBLIC

This article is devoted to revealing the historical significance of documents from the archival fund of the People's Commissariat of Finance of the Uzbek SSR, stored in the National Archives of Uzbekistan. The study provides the types of documents stored in the fund and their description. Historical data on expenditures and revenues of the republic’s budget in 1924-1941 are also analyzed. In addition, information about the system of formation of the state budget and local budgets was also studied in annual reports stored in the People's Commissariat of Finance.

Советский оборонный комплекс в 1928-1937 годах: пространственный срез

The article analyzes the evolution of the spatial location of enterprises of the military-industrial complex of the USSR during the First and Second five years. It is noted that if the First and Second Five-year plans on a scientific basis determined the parameters of changing the spatial location of industry, then the plans for the development of the military-industrial complex of the USSR were, as a rule, narrowly sectoral in nature, often divorced from the real possibilities of the economy. The problems of spatial placement of enterprises of the USSR military-industrial complex during the First and Second Five-year plans were analyzed within the framework of individual People's commissariats, which narrowed the possibilities for optimal placement of military production and limited the cooperation of factories, defense and civilian production. The «human factor»: the quality of workers and engineering ‒ staff clearly stood in the way of the planned shift of industry to the East by the Soviet leadership. Expansion of production capacities and complexity of the product range.

Нормативно-правовые основания организации штрафных подразделений Красной армии в годы Великой Отечественной войны (1941–1945)

The article deals with one of the most controversial problems that attracts the attention of both professional historians and artists, namely the topic of disciplinary battalions, disciplinary companies and their servicemen in the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War of 1941- 1945. This topic is multidimensional and, without claiming to cover all or at least most of its aspects, we have focused on the study of the normative and legal foundations of the organization of disciplinary battalions and disciplinary companies. The exploration of this aspect is inevitably connected with the confrontation of facts and their analysis with various mythologems and speculations on the subject of disciplinary units in the Red Army. The author examines not only the orders of the People's Commissariats of the USSR, primarily the People's Commissariat of Defense (hereinafter - PCD), but also pre-war legislation, in particular, the Criminal Code of the Russian SFSR of 1926 and the criminal legislation of the Union republics within the USSR, which allows us to find in the pre-war criminal legislation the possibility of replacing a conviction, punishing a serviceman in wartime with imprisonment without loss of rights, with sending him to the active army, with the sentence execution being postponed until the end of hostilities. Consequently, there is a reason to assert that the normativelegal acts issued during the Great Patriotic War and, in one way or another, related to disciplinary units were adopted on the basis of and in fulfillment of the Criminal Code of the Russian SFSR of 1926 and similar codes of the Union republics. We believe that, contrary to the opinion that the creation of disciplinary units was an extremely cruel and unjustified measure of the Soviet command, this decision was dictated by the extremely difficult situation at the fronts at the height of the summer of 1942 and contributed to the strengthening of discipline both at the front and in the troops of the internal districts, i.e. was necessary and justified. The very assignment to a disciplinary unit did not mean a death sentence, either legally or actually, ; rather it gave a chance to perpetrators to be released or to have their criminal punishment commuted. The author also examines the grounds for assignment to the Red Army disciplinary units

ИСТОКИ РАЗВИТИЯ АГРОИНЖЕНЕРНОЙ НАУКИ В РОССИИ

The paper is devoted to the study of new materials on the origins of the development of agroengineering science in Russia, stored in the collections of the Museum of Agricultural Mechanics named after V.P. Goryachkin RGAU - MSHA named after K.A. Timiryazev. (Research purpose) The research purpose is analyzing the development of agroengineering science in Russia in the initial periods of its formation. (Materials and methods) It was noted that the newly opened documents more fully cover the key role of V.P. Goryachkin in the creation of the Faculty of Agricultural Mechanics at the Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev, in the construction of a machine testing station, in the formation of advanced training courses for teachers in the field of agricultural engineering. We studied the materials of the commission chaired by Professor V.P. Bushinsky, created to draw up projects and estimates for the construction of the Moscow Institute of Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture in 1930 (now the Institute of Mechanics and Power Engineering named after V.P. Goryachkin as part of the RGAU - MSHA named after K.A. Timiryazev). Documents relating to the opening of the All-Union Institute of Agricultural Engineering in 1928 were put into scientific circulation, in particular, the transcript of V.P. Goryachkin's report at the meeting of the Institute of Agricultural Mechanics, renamed VISKHOM, on November 25, 1927. (Results and discussion) They showed various forms of pedagogical work that appeared as a result of the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR "On agricultural engineering" dated April 1, 2021. (Conclusions) By the beginning of the 1930s in the USSR, V.P. Goryachkin, an outstanding scientist and organizer of science and education, laid the foundations of domestic agricultural engineering; for the first time put forward scientific principles for the design, calculation and construction of agricultural machinery and tools; developed a test methodology; created a number of unique devices and apparatus.

ПОЛІТИКА РАДЯНСЬКОЇ ВЛАДИ У ПИТАННІ БОРОТЬБИ З ДИТЯЧОЮ БЕЗПРИТУЛЬНІСТЮ В 1920 – СЕРЕДИНІ 1930-х РР.: ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНО-ПРАВОВІ ЗАСАДИ

The aim of the work: to investigate the measures and results of the state's activities to overcome child homelessness in the 1920s – 1930s, to reveal the practical activities of the joint efforts of the state and the public in solving this issue. The research methodology was made up of general scientific principles of historicism, objectivity and systematicity, and also used general scientific and special research methods. The application of the principle of objectivity made it possible to consider the subject of research taking into account the objective laws that determined the processes of socio-economic development of Ukraine in the 1920s and 1930s. The principle of historicism made it possible to comprehensively analyze the problem chosen for research in its dynamics. The scientific novelty is represented by the analysis of the main forms, principles, most essential features and peculiarities of the functioning of the system of state assistance to children, measures to prevent the further increase in the level of child homelessness and crime, and their author's periodization was carried out. Conclusions. The situation that led to an increase in the number of homeless children in the 1920s and 1930s required the Soviet authorities to organize relevant state structures and take effective measures of a practical nature. In the Ukrainian SSR, issues of childhood protection and overcoming child homelessness were dealt with by specialized People's Commissariats of Education, Health Care, and Social Protection, as well as state commissions and public organizations. The rapid growth of child homelessness discredited and called into question the ideological principles of the Soviet government in the eyes of the population of the republics and the international community, forcing them to look for a way out of this situation. The elimination of the problem was hampered by the lack of a comprehensive approach, which would allow covering the entire range of tasks. The low organizational level of the low-level government apparatus did not lead to finding a proper and quick solution to the problem. These and other issues demonstrated the weakness of the Soviet state system, hindered the timely resolution of assigned tasks, which affected the solution to the problem of homelessness in general.