Past Forms Research Articles

Understanding the Function of Past Participles in Complex Sentences

This article delves into the intricacies of past participles and their function in complex sentences within the English language. It aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how past participles are used to create nuance and depth in both written and spoken English. The discussion begins with an examination of the formation and structure of past participles, distinguishing between regular and irregular verbs and their respective participle forms. The article then explores the critical role of past participles in forming perfect tenses, passive voice constructions, and participle clauses, illustrating each function with detailed examples and practical exercises. In addition, common mistakes and misconceptions are addressed, providing clear explanations to help learners differentiate between past participles and past tense forms. Effective teaching strategies are outlined, offering educators practical methods and classroom activities to reinforce learning. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of mastering past participles for achieving advanced language proficiency and encourages further study and practice. By exploring various sentence structures, examples, and common usage patterns, this article offers valuable insights for linguists, educators, and advanced English learners.

Pluralizers through time in the Basque dialect of Labourd

Abstract This article discusses the innovations that have arisen during the last several centuries in three pluralizing morphemes in the Basque dialect of Labourd (continental Basque Country). First, I will present the characteristics of Basque auxiliary and synthetic verbs so that we may better understand the three developments that I will then address and analyze: 1) a pluralizer used with transitive verbs that has moved to present tense intransitive verbs by analogy with its occurrence in past tense forms, driven by phonetic similarity; 2) a pluralizer that shows a complex development in its grammar, time and geography, and that we find in the continental Basque Country, but also in the peninsular Basque Country; and 3) a pluralizer that arose in verbs with dative and that came to be used in the transitive verb without dative jakin ‘to know’ only in Labourd.

Unraveling interlanguage variability: A psycholinguistic exploration of morphological forms in Iranian ESL learners' written performance

The present research study aimed to investigate the psycholinguistic aspects of interlanguage (IL) variability in English as a second language learners from Iran. Three morphological forms were specifically examined in this study: the plural "-s," past tense forms, and present tense forms. In order to investigate the learners' cognitive processes, the researchers used a mixed-method approach, combining qualitative semi-structured interviews with quantitative analysis of written task performance. Under various task conditions, learners exhibited two opposing patterns of IL variability (increasing and decreasing) in their morphological forms. Various degrees of accuracy were noted for every kind of morpheme. Different students allocated their attention differently to form and meaning in both under pressure and relaxed task environments. The observed variations could have been caused by limited working memory and attention capacity in addition to L1 transfer. The research indicated that the field of second language acquisition could benefit from an explanatory approach to comprehend IL variability from the learner's perspective. It provides recommendations for larger-scale research projects in a variety of educational contexts, along with pedagogical implications.

The loss of synthetic past tense forms in Slovene in the context of the hypothesised Central European convergence area

Summary One of the salient morphosyntactic features of the hypothesised Central European convergence area is allegedly a simple three-tense verb system (i. e. past, present, and future) without any formal and semantic distinction between the different past tense forms. The simplification of the originally more complex past tense system has been claimed to be contact-induced, which is mirrored in the loss of synthetic past tense forms in the linguistic history of German and Slavic. The article verifies the hypothesis according to which the loss of the preterit (i. e. a synthetic past tense form) in Upper German caused the disappearance of synthetic past tense forms, i. e. the aorist and the imperfect, in Slavic, more specifically Slovene. First, the process of the loss of the aorist and the imperfect in three medieval Slovene texts is presented, viz. the Freising Fragments (c. 972–1039), the Klagenfurt/Celovec or Rateče Manuscript (2nd half of the 14th century), and the Castelmonte/Stara Gora Manuscript (end of the 15th century). Second, the use of the preterit and the perfect in the Early New High German text Ain newes lied von den kraynneriſchen bauren (c. 1515) from the South Bavarian-Austrian speech territory, more precisely Lower Styria, is analysed. The historical linguistic analysis of the cited Slovene and German linguistic material (the latter originating from the Slovene linguistic area as well) shows that in medieval Slovene the aorist (and most probably the imperfect, too) was lost no later than by the end of the 15th century, while the formal and semantic distinction between the preterit on one hand and the perfect on the other is still preserved in Early New High German documented in the “Slovene-speaking lands” in the second decade of the 16th century. From these facts one cannot but conclude that the loss of synthetic past tense forms in Slovene could not have been influenced by (the demonstrably later) loss of the preterit in South Bavarian-Austrian German dialects, which were historically (and in some regions still are) in geographical and, consequently, sociolinguistic contact with Slovene.

The epistemic modality hierarchies of negative auxiliary verbs and the role of the past tense form in L1 and L2 English.

The epistemic modality hierarchies of negative auxiliary verbs and the role of the past tense form in L1 and L2 English.

Korelasi Pola Asupan Protein Dan Zat Besi Dengan Kadar Hemoglobin Pada Mahasiswi Prodi Kedokteran Universitas Khairun

Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is anemia with the cause being a decrease in the amount of iron needed in the process of erythropoiesis due to depleted iron stores, causing a decrease in hemoglobin formation. Riskesdas data in 2018 stated that in 300,000 households, women experienced more anemia (27.2%) than men (20.3%). The anemia rate among 15-24 year olds reached 32% in 2018. Knowing the correlation of protein and iron intake patterns with hemoglobin levels in Khairun University Medical Study Program students. This research is an analytic study that uses a cross-sectional approach. The research sample was female students who met the inclusion criteria and were determined using purposive sampling technique. Data on protein and iron intake patterns were collected through interviews using the 24-hour food recall method taken twice. Data on hemoglobin levels were obtained from collection with a portable Hb meter. In 109 samples, the most common results were deficient protein intake (78.0%), deficient iron intake (75.2%), and normal hemoglobin (72.5%). and methodology are arranged in the form of past tense, while the results and conclusions in the form of simple present tense.

Dynamics of dialect change in urban communities: Analysis of linguistic variation and evolution of Polish urban dialects based on data from local libraries

The relevance and necessity of the study of this topic lies in the fact that, in comparison with other lexical groups, dialectal linguistic units are peripheral and can easily be lost. The purpose of this study was to thoroughly examine and analyse the emergence and development of dialects in different regions of Poland. The study employed structural-functional and dialectical methods, the method of synthesis, logical and comparative analysis, the method of generalisation, as well as comparative, statistical, and system analysis. As a result, it was found that linguists distinguish three urban dialects of Polish: Warsaw, Poznan, and Krakow. The Warsaw dialect is the most widespread urban Polish dialect. Over the past few decades, the Warsaw dialect has undergone considerable changes. These changes can be noticed on several levels: the mazurka has disappeared, the accent and intonation have been simplified, and some terms are pronounced differently. Simple past tense forms are used more often than complex ones, and the grammar generally becomes simpler. The number of English and Russian borrowings is growing. Conventional phrases and expressions are becoming less common, while slang and colloquial terms are becoming more common. Unfortunately, Polish urban dialects are under threat of extinction. Local libraries are crucial for the preservation of dialects, as they collect resources on urban dialects and hold events to promote their use. The study is practically important, since all the theoretical provisions, conclusions, and recommendations can be used by philologists to improve their knowledge of the dialectical vocabulary of Poland

Стяженные формы аналитической конструкции -(ы)п ий- в чалканском языке

Analytical verb constructions in the Chalkan language undergo phonetic changes during the contraction process. In this paper, the analytical construction with the auxiliary verb iy- ‘to send’ is considered for the first time in comparison with the conjugation paradigm of a simple verb. This methodology enabled us to comprehensively depict the phonetic alterations observed in the paradigmatic structures of verbal analytical constructions. It was found that the Chalkan language exhibits the merging of not only analytical constructions into one word but also contractions within verb forms. Therefore, it is possible for temporal and personal indicators to be completely or partially omitted, and the lexical basis may be subject to reduction. The synthesis processes lead to the simplification of the outer phonetic structure of verbal word forms while simultaneously complicating the system of morphological forms of the verb. When verb analytic constructions are contracted depending on the tense markers, the auxiliary verb iy- ‘to send’ preserves its full or contracted form. When being conjugated, the verbs in the past tense on -gyn and the future tense on -yr in a positive form retain only the anlaut narrow vowel i- from the auxiliary verb iy- ‘to send.’ In the past tense forms on -dy, -tyr and the present tense forms on -yp tʹyt-, two variants can be used: the first, with full retention of the auxiliary verb iy-‘to send’ and the second, with partial retention of only the anlaut vowel i-.

The Category of Evidentiality and the Mechanisms of its Expression in Kartvelian Proverbs

Evidentiality is a universal morphosyntactic category of text that can be expressed by morphological, syntactic and lexical means. However, its linguistic expression is diverse not only in non-related but also in related languages (Margiani, Kurdadze, Lomia 2019: 427). Evidentiality as a universal grammatical category “is directly linked to the semantics of the utterance, expressing the attitude of the speaker to the provided information and pointing to the reliable source (direct or indirect) of information“ (Margiani, Kurdadze, Lomia 2019: 17). The category of evidentiality is expressed on the levels of text and discourse by various means, of which the construction with indirect speech is of utmost importance. Special literature has proved that “indirect speech is historically secondary. It is obtained as a result of processing-transformation of direct speech“ (Kvachadze 1977:441). An empirical analysis has yielded proverbs of simple structure that are expressed by means of subordinate clauses only. Such proverbs are especially productive in the Kartvelian languages. The main clause in such proverbs implies the present and past tense forms of verbs of saying (‘they say’, ‘it is said’, ‘they have said’ and so on). These verbs are omitted due to ellipsis. Such proverbs mention neither a speaker nor an addressee. In such cases, the omitted part (i.e. the main clause) is compensated by particles like Georgian o which indicate indirect speech.Indirect speech particles are distributed among the Kartvelian languages as follows: It should be underlined that in Kartvelian proverbs the indirect speech particles of the 3rd person are used systematically while the particles of the 1st and 2nd persons are extremely rare. This can be explained by the fact that the indirect speech particle of the 3rd person in the Kartvelian proverbs generalises the expressed viewpoint and enhances the reliability of the context.The use of the indirect speech particles in Georgian, Megrelian, Laz and Svan can also be analysed from the viewpoint of evidentiality. As it is known from the scholarly literature, evidentiality is expressed both morphologically and semantically in the Kartvelian languages. Different types of evidentiality are expressed differently on various language levels. For instance, in Georgian, evidentiality is expressed by perfect forms of verbs, by lexical means, by indirect speech markers, by evidential particles, etc. (Topadze-Gäumann 2011). Interestingly enough, in the Kartvelian proverbs evidentiality can have single (morphological or syntactic), double, and even multiple markers. In the latter case, it is simultaneously expressed by indirect speech particles and by evidential tenses. However, it should be noted that the natural structure of Georgian paremiological units is represented by evidential forms with single markers (mostly indirect speech particles).

Postfixal expression of the category of grammatical class in the attributive forms of the Dargin languages

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of class markers functioning in adjective and participial suffixes of the South Dargin languages (Dargin branch of the Nakh-Dagestan languages). The Dargin languages are characterized by a complex and extensive system of grammatical categories, however, the categories in numerous Dargin languages and dialects remain still unstudied, and that is the relevance of this study. The purpose of the study is to identify the cases of usage the changing markers of class and case in the postfixal position in the Dargin languages. To achieve this purpose, the following tasks are followed: a) to study the category of grammatical class in archaic South Dargin languages; b) to study the peculiarities of the functioning of class-numerical exponents; c) to identify the attributive words the class indicators of which function in the postfixal position; d) comparative analysis of Dargin word forms with changing class-numerical elements. The use of both field linguistics methods, as well as the comparative method and the method of synchronic analysis is needed to solve the above-mentioned issues. The novelty of the study is in the first attempt of comparative analysis of class-numerical indicators’ functioning in the postfixal position of attributive forms. A similar phenomenon was described only in the Kubachi language earlier. As a result of the study, all cases of postfixal use of changing class exponents in the South Dargin languages and dialects are identified. In particular, in the Chirag language these affixes are revealed in the present and past tense forms. In the Itzari dialect they are revealed in attributes derived from the demonstrative pronouns, in the Sanzhi dialect - in adjectives denoting a high degree of quality. The results of the study can be useful for compiling a comparative historical grammar of the Dargin languages.

Comparative analysis of morphosyntactic rule learning among monolingual, bilingual, and trilingual speakers: a study on Spanish preterite forms

ABSTRACT The research on language acquisition and retention has primarily focused on monolinguals and bilinguals, with comparatively few studies including trilinguals. To address this gap, the current study compares the acquisition and retention of a novel morphosyntactic rule in Spanish in twelve monolinguals, twelve bilinguals, and twelve trilinguals. The participants underwent training on the preterite verb tense in Spanish, and their ability to correctly identify the rule was tested after two days of training. The study also investigated the effect of verb type on the acquisition of novel morphosyntactic rules in monolinguals and multilinguals. The results revealed that all participants performed better during the delayed retention phase than the other phases. However, bilingual participants demonstrated significantly better accuracy in identifying newly learned tense forms than their monolingual and trilingual counterparts. The study also revealed that regular past tense forms were easier to learn than irregular past tense forms. Overall, the findings from this study suggest that individuals who speak more than two languages may face challenges in acquiring additional languages.

КӨРКӨМ ЧЫГАРМАДАГЫ УБАКТЫЛУУ-КӨРҮНҮШТҮК ФОРМАНЫН ЖАРАЛУУ ПРИНЦИПТЕРИ

Time, type, and temporal displacement are the meanings of forms of microsystems that differ from each other. Artistic time subjugates grammatical time: the present time form is not expressed as "present, now" to any author's speech, nor to any recipient. Here, authorial and reader time, on the one hand, are opposed to the character time, and on the other hand, such a discrepancy is not necessary when using the past tense form. Such multiplicity of temporal- visual form is resolved according to the nature of the relationship, which penetrates and mixes with the highest-level unity of the artistic text. The meaning of the present indefinite form derives from the paradigmatic and syntagmatic core meaning. As soon as these forms are added to the text, their meaning is superimposed on the meaning that has passed. These meanings are not mutually exclusive, they are interrelated. The intersection of various meanings into one form plays a big role in the semantic organization of the temporal structure of the work of art. Having such a complex semantics of the temporal-visual form is a feature of the artistic text.

Perception and production mismatch in truncated past tense verbs in Korean

Abstract Korean is often described as neutralizing its obstruents to unreleased stops in coda position. However, a stylistic truncated form of the intimate past tense expressing avuncularity, contradicts this description by realizing a fricative word finally. Despite tokens elicited from informants lacking phonetic evidence for a word-final vowel, speakers report hearing [ɨ] word-finally in these truncated forms. The present article gives an optimality theoretic (OT) account (McCarthy & Prince 1995) of this phenomenon by utilizing Benua’s (1995) base-truncated form (BT) constraints to explain the production of the form and Boersma & Hamann’s (2008) cue constraints to explain the mismatch between the production and perception in parallel to the treatment of loanwords. This suggests that output-output constraints and perceptual cue constraints may interact to create differences in phonological form between production and perception, even within native phonologies, and lends further support for the need for separate production and perception phonologies ( Boersma 1999 ).

Probing early lexical and morphological processing in Dutch with the MMN response

The past tense inflection has been a popular phenomenon to study the representational status of morphologically complex words. While several experiments in the processing of past tense verbs across languages have shown these verbs are stored via their constituent morphemes, experiments in the processing of the Dutch past tense indicate that these words are lexically stored in their surface form and therefore not decomposed. However, the experiments in Dutch past tense processing have not made use of experimental paradigms that can tap the earliest stages of word processing, where some theories predict decomposition would take place. We used the mismatch negativity response to study the representational status of monomorphemic and morphologically complex Dutch words. We were able to obtain different responses for monomorphemic and morphologically complex words, suggesting these are processed by different mechanisms. We cannot, however, discard the possibility that some past tense forms in Dutch do have surface form representations.

Aspect processing across languages: A visual world eye-tracking study

The study employed a combination of a picture selection task and Visual World eye-tracking to investigate the processing of grammatical aspect (perfective vs. imperfective) in three languages: Russian, Spanish and English. In order to probe into the cognitive representations triggered by the aspectual forms we contrasted visual representations of different temporal portions of telic events—a snapshot of the process stage (ongoing event) and a snapshot of the immediate aftermath of the event/the result state (completed event). In all three languages, the gaze patterns and offline responses revealed a strong preference for representations of ongoing events in the imperfective condition. This confirms that the imperfective forms in all the three languages draw attention to the in-progress portion of a telic event. In the perfective condition, however, we found robust differences. Russian uses verbal prefixes to mark perfective aspect, and our results suggest that perfective telic verbs in Russian strongly highlight the result state of an event. In Spanish, the perfective past tense form (Preterite) also highlights event completion, but to a lesser extent than in Russian—in line with its less restrictive semantics in not requiring an inherent boundary. In contrast to Russian and Spanish, English speakers did not show a preference for representations of completed events in the perfective (Simple Past) condition. This suggests that the English Simple Past form does not encode a preferential cognitive salience for either the activity portion of an event or its result state, and lends support to the analysis of the English Simple Past as a non-aspectual tense form.

АСПЕКТУАЛЬНЫЕ МОДЕЛИ НАРРАТИВА В РУССКОМ И ЧЕШСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ: ДОМИНАНТЫ И ДИСКУРСИВНЫЕ ВАРИАНТЫ ЯЗЫКОВОЙ ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИИ

The subject of research in this article is narrative texts in Russian and Czech, which are compared in order to determine the specifics of the aspectual models of narrative in each language and the regularities of integration of interpretive mechanisms in artistic discourse. The comparison is carried out with the help of the Czech-Russian parallel subcorpus of the Czech National Corpus. In both languages, the dominant forms here are the perfective past tense forms, but significant differences in the combination of aspect forms have also been identified. In Czech, more often than in Russian, one or more resultant actions included in the narrative are represented as an ongoing process by means of non-perfective verbs. Our study confirms the assumptions of cognitive linguistics about the dual role of grammatical categorization, simultaneously directed at the world around us and the world of language, and allows us to clarify the mechanism of alignment and interaction of these aspects of categorization. On the one hand, the categorical semantics of the verb aspect and perfective and non-perfective forms fixes the cultural-historical specificity of perceiving the denoted elements of the dynamic world by the speech community. On the other hand, the grammatical conceptualization is influenced by the intrasystemic relations between verb categories and forms. Besides, differences in national discourse traditions have been revealed between the compared languages, namely the influence of the style of old epic poems on the pragmatic potential of preterit forms in modern Russian.

Study of past tense forms of the verb in the Turkmen language

İşlik grammatikada esasy kategoriýalaryň biri bolup, ol sözlemleri gurnaýan, dolandyrýan ähmiyetli dil serişdesidir. İşlik zamanlary bolsa hemişe sözlemiň habary hyzmatynda gelyär we dilde öran köp ulanylýar. Esasan-da, geplenilip durlan wagta çenli bolan döwürde amala aşan gymyldy-hereketiň yüze çykyşyny görkezýän serişdeler türkmen dilinde dürli-dürlüdir. Adamzadyň dili kemala gelen döwründen başlap, müňýyllyklaryň dowamynda dürli yagdaýy, gymyldy-hereketi aňlatmak üçin, bir hereketiň dowamly-dowamsyz, anyk ýa anyk däl, gepleýäniň özüniň şayatlygynda ýa eşitmegine görä bolup geçen işi, gymyldyny aňladýan yörite dil serişdeleri häzirki güne çenli kämilleşip gelipdir.
 Türki dillerde işligiň öten zaman şekili grammatikanyň iň wajyp we çylşyrymly kategoriýalarynyň biridir. Onuň ylmy taýdan öwrenilişi orta asyrlardan başlapdyr. Türkologlaryň bu mesele boýunça eden işleri, esasan, işligiň öten zaman şekilleriniň dürli meseleleri taryhy hem-de häzirki zaman türki dillerinde ösüşi, ulanylyşy bilen baglanyşyklydyr.

Ways of Predicate Expressing in the Act Book of the Zhytomyr Hrodsky Government of 1611

The article analyzes the ways of predicate expressing in the Act Book of the Zhytomyr Hrodsky government in 1611. The main source for the study of the specified main part of a sentence was the above-mentioned manuscript of the official business style of the beginning of the 17th century. It is the style of the act book that determined the functioning of the predicate mostly in the past tense forms, given the record of court cases about already committed crimes. The method of sampling the analyzed material and the technique of linguistic statistics gave reasons to state that the most used simple verb predicate (950 word forms) in the manuscript is expressed by a verb in the form of the past perfect tense, mostly masculine, since both the scribes and the complainants were mostly masculine gender, although at the same time predicates in the forms of the feminine gender, the plural, and sporadically the present and future tenses are also occasionally recorded. In addition, the functioning of simple verb predicates with the preservation of ancient verb forms of the past tense perfect and rarely the plusquamperfect were noted. The compound verb predicate (66 usages) in the studied official business texts traditionally consists of an auxiliary verb in all tenses and most often the word must and an infinitive with the suffix -ty. The frequency of functioning is also demonstrated by the compound nominal predicate, used 47 times in the manuscript, with the predominance of the verb-adjective as the main component of this main member of the sentence, mostly in combination with the linking verb to be in various tense forms. The fact that the manuscript belongs to the official-business style determined the frequency of the use of predicates expressed by the verb form in -no, -to (149 usages). The analyzed system of expressing the predicate in the Act Book of the Zhytomyr Hrodsky government in 1611 confirms the general tendency of the functioning of this main part of a sentence in the specified period of the Old Ukrainian language in manuscripts of the official-business style and demonstrates its persistence to the modern period.

Error Analysis on Passive Sentences Construction Made by the Eleventh Year Students of MA Assulaimaniyah Mojoagung

This research analyzed on passive sentences construction in the form of present and past tense. It focused on what types of passive sentences error made by students and how do the students made errors. The aims of this research were to describe the types of passive sentences error and how the students made the errors. Qualitative research was the method of this research. The participants of this research were the eleventh grade students of MIA at MA Assulaimaniyah Mojoagung consisting of 18 students. The data of this research was the sentences of passive voice containing errors made by students. The findings showed that there were four types of error identified in passive sentences construction made by students: omission, addition, misfomation, and misordering. Most of students got difficulties in differentiating between regular and irregular verb in passive sentence construction. It can be concluded that the students are still lack of understanding of verb usage in passive sentence construction.

Japanese no datta and no de atta in written discourse

Abstract The present study examines no datta and no de atta, which are the past-tense forms of no da and no de aru in written Japanese. The analysis demonstrates that the choice between the present-tense no da/no de aru and the past-tense no datta/no de atta does not affect the temporal interpretation when they follow past-tense morphemes. However, a close examination has also revealed that the past-tense no datta/no de atta cannot follow a past-tense morpheme when the ongoing mode of discourse is non-narrative, while no da/no de aru and no datta/no de atta are both available options when the discourse is in the mode of narrative. The present study also suggests that when no datta/no de atta is used in narrative, it indicates that the stated information is less impactful, less dramatic, and more temporally distant, compared to the cases where no da/no de aru is used.