Paper Chromatographic Method Research Articles

Chemical Composition of Ripen Fruits of Solanum kieseritzkii C. A. Mey., Distributed in Azerbaijan

The article presents the results of the study of the chemical composition of ripe fruits of Solanum kieseritzkii C. A. Mey. growing in Azerbaijan. As a result of the research, the content of dry substances (18.4-21.3%), total sugars (3.8-4.5%), organic acids (0.91-1.19%), pectin substances (0.61-0.78%), fatty oil (2.8-3.6%), ascorbic acid (312.1 mg%), carotenoids (38.7-43.6 mg%), flavonoids (504.3-596.3 mg%), catechins (202-212 mg%) were determined. Using the paper chromatography method, the fruits of Solanum kieseritzkiiwere found to contain glucose, fructose, sucrose, citric, succinic and malic acids, α-, β-, γ-carotenes, zeaxanthin, xanthin, lycopene, ritin, quercetin, catechin and epicatechin. From the dry pulp after obtaining the juice, 23% of fatty oil was isolated, containing 217 mg/100 g of carotenoids and 185 mg/100 g of tocopherols. The results of the study allow us to recommend fatty oil from the waste of fruits of Solanum kieseritzkiifor obtaining functional products.

PAPER AND THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF HYDROXYCINNAMIC ACIDS IN PLANT RAW MATERIALS (REVIEW). MESSAGE 1

Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCC) are one of the types of biologically active compounds (BAC) synthesized by plants. Along with carbohydrates and proteins, HCCs are the most common compounds in the plant world and are found in almost all higher plants in free form, as part of esters and glycosides. Although the pharmacological activity of most HCCs has not been studied enough yet, however, its spectrum is quite wide.
 Many wild plants, which are currently used mainly in ethnoscience and traditional medicine, are cheap, affordable raw materials that are promising for introduction into the medical and pharmaceutical practice of our country as potential medicines. Therefore, the search for new plant species that are interesting for detailed study and the creation of modern medicines containing HCC on their basis is an scientific research area of current interest.
 The review is devoted to the study and systematization of paper and thin-layer chromatography methods used to determine the composition of HCC in plant raw materials growing on the territory of the Russian Federation as a potential raw material base of polyphenolic compounds.
 The review uses 80 sources of domestic scientific literature for the period from 2007 to 2022 inclusive, which show the results of the use of thin-layer (TLC) and paper (PC) chromatography for the study, identification and standardization of plant raw materials by the content of hydroxycinnamic acids (HCC).
 The research method used was a retrospective information and analytical analysis of the of Russian scientific literature sources.

Paper chromatography approach for the assessment of interaction between red wine and whole saliva

In-mouth interaction of red wine compounds with salivary proteins is a primary event allegedly responsible for eliciting the mouth-feel sensation of astringency. Those interactions have been currently associated with precipitation of salivary protein/polyphenol complexes. However, such single physicochemical evidence for interaction does not account for the complexity of astringency. This study aimed to develop a paper chromatography method to assess interactions between red wine and the salivary protein fraction using stepwise series of red wine/saliva binary mixtures from 100% wine to 100% saliva (“Alpha and Omega series”). Aliquots of each one of the mixtures were spotted on a cellulose membrane to scrutinize independently the distribution areas of wine components (naturally pink-colored) and salivary protein (stained blue in Coomassie Brilliant R-250). This double target detection revealed interactions between saliva and red wine components along most of the quantitative Alpha and Omega series, a point of equivalence corresponding to maximum interactivity for both complex reactants and a non-diffusible sub-fraction of saliva displaying the highest interactivity. The results indicate a novel way to assess quantitatively physicochemical interactions between red wines and human saliva but also provide new lights to approach the identification of molecular salivary structures involved in triggering astringency.

Analisis Tartazin pada Makanan dan Minuman


 
 
 
 Additives that are often used in food and beverages with the aim of attracting the attention of consumers, namely commonly known as addictive substances in food and beverages, can be in the form of dyes, flavoring and aroma, enhancers, antioxidants, preservatives, emulsifiers, bleaches, thickeners and sweeteners. Tartrazine or FC&C Yellow 5 dye code E 102 is a synthetic dye that produces a lemon yellow color which is easily soluble in water, and is a derivative of coal tar which is a mixture of phenolic compounds, polycyclic and heterocyclic hydrocarbons. The tartrazine compound is resistant to light, acetic acid, HCl and 10% NaOH, while 30% NaOH will undergo a chemical reaction with a reddish color change. Easily faded in the presence of an oxidizing agent, FeSO4 will make the substance solution cloudy, whereas in the presence of copper (Cu) there will be a change from yellow to reddish. paper chromatography and Uv-Vis spectrophotometry methods were positive for containing Tartrazine dye with levels that exceeded the limit set by ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake), which is around 7.5 mg/Kg/day. Tartrazine dye levels in samples A, B, C, D and E respectively 1.06457 ; 28.1832 ; 40.6126 ; 15.7269 and 28.936 mg/L. The use of tartrazine that exceeds the maximum limit permitted by the Government can cause harmful effects to the health of the body. Among them such as causing urticaria (skin allergies), rhinitis (runny nose), asthma, purpura (bruises on the skin) and systemic anaphylaxis (shock). The maximum limit for the use of tartrazine coloring permitted by the Government of Indonesia based on BPOM Regulation Number 11 of 2019 states that the maximum level of use of tartrazine in food additives is a maximum of 100 mg/kg for confectionery or candy which includes hard and soft confectionery, nougat and others.
 
 
 

Review Artikel: Analisis Kandungan Rhodamin B Dalam Makanan Dan Minuman

Rhodamine B is a synthetic dye that is usually used in the textile and paper industries. According to Permenkes No.239/Menkes/Per/V/85 regarding certain dyes, it states that rhodamine B is a dangerous substance. Rhodamine B is prohibited for use as a food additive because rhodamine B has chelating compounds and chlorine compounds which can cause cancer in humans. Based on the above problems, a review of articles was carried out by collecting journal literature through Google Scholar to analyze the content of rhodamine B compounds in food samples using thin layer chromatography, UV-VIS spectrophotometry, and paper chromatography methods.

Analisis Kandungan Pewarna Sintetis Pada Jajanan Pasar Di Kota Mataram Dengan Kromatografi Kertas

Food Additives are ingredients that are usually not used, not the main ingredient of food, these ingredients are intentionally added to food. One food that is often added with food additive is jam. Jam is a food made simply from sour-tasting fruits such as strawberries, grapes, blueberries and pineapple. Jam making is strongly influenced by the type of fruit used, the temperature and the jam making process (Javanmard and Endan, 2010). The types of jam bread from various brands and unbranded ones can be found in traditional markets as well as in modern markets. Synthetic dyes are generally cheaper, easier to use, stable, better coloring power, and have a wider color range (Nollet, 2004). Some synthetic dyes are so harmful to health that their use is not permitted. One example, the red color given to food is Rhodamin B (Djalil et al., 2005). The type of research used is qualitative research conducted to determine the type of coloring substances contained in branded jam bread and unbranded jam bread using the paper chromatography method. Qualitative examination with paper chromatography method and this examination to see the type of coloring substances contained in the sample. Based on the results of the qualitative analysis, it is known that of the 4 samples, 2 branded jam samples and 2 unbranded jam samples use permitted coloring agents, namely Sample A1 does not contain synthetic dyes and Sample B does not contain synthetic dyes. After qualitative examination, it was found that there was no use of coloring agents that were not permitted in the branded jam samples. In the unbranded jam after qualitative examination was not found the use of coloring substances that are not permitted. Rhodamine B is a textile dye that can trigger diarrhea, allergies, cancer or kidney damage. After the research was conducted, it was found that from the branded and unbranded jam samples, no synthetic dyes were found. Based on the results of the examination on the types and synthetic dyes of branded jam and unbranded jam circulating in Keru Narmada Market, it can be concluded as follows: The results of the examination of branded and unbranded jam found no synthetic dyes.

The study of the phenolic substances of the aerial part of the plant “Kokamaron” (Scutellaria Leptosiphon Juz.)

In the article, the extraction of secondary metabolites, i.e., flavonoids, of the Scutellaria leptosiphon Juz plant, belonging to the Scutellaria family growing in Uzbekistan, and their chemical structure was studied. The methods of extraction, fractionation, thin-layer chromatography, column chromatography, paper chromatography, and quality reaction methods were used during the research. Also, the structure of flavonoids was analyzed by physical methods - ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The aerial part of Scutellaria leptosiphon Juz collected from the mountains of the Sherobod district of Surkhandarya region (Uzbekistan) was studied for the first time and it was found that it contains baicalein, wogonin and baicalein-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. Based on the results of chemical reactions and UV, IR, 1N NMR spectrum data, the structure of 3 flavonoid substances isolated from the examined plant was determined to be Baicalein (5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone), Vogonin (5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone) and Baicalein-7-O-β-D-glucopyronazide substances. The results and conclusions of the research conducted on the isolation and chemical structure of the secondary metabolites of the S. Leptosiphon plant belonging to the Scutellaria family growing in the flora of Uzbekistan were presented.

Radio-iodination and biological evaluation of pentoxifylline as a novel probe for diagnosis of intermittent claudication

The diagnosis of intermittent claudication (IC) is challenging. Imaging with radiopharmaceuticals provides a new method for detecting acute IC. Pentoxifylline improves blood flow to ischemic tissues via increasing erythrocyte elasticity and inhibiting platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline was radio-iodinated with radioiodine-131 (131I) through a direct electrophilic substitution reaction. Furthermore, various factors that might influence the radiolabeling strategy were investigated. The radiochemical yield of [131I]iodopentoxiphyline was evaluated by using paper chromatography and HPLC methods. The biodistribution pattern of [131I]iodopentoxiphyline was studied, where Swiss albino mice was used as a model of acute limb ischemia-reperfusion. The maximum radiochemical yield of pentoxifylline was found to be 94.11 ± 2.35%. The biodistribution findings revealed that [131I]iodopentoxiphyline was significantly deposited at the ischemic site (left hind limbs), with encouraging target/non-target (T/NT) ratios. At 0.25 and 1 h post injection, the uptake of [131I]iodo-pentoxifylline was 5.30 ± 0.30 and 9.98 ± 1.12%, respectively. Also, the maximum T/NT ratio for [131I]iodo-pentoxifylline (9.45 ± 0.26) was obtained at 0.25 h post injection. Due to safety and selectivity, [131I]iodo-pentoxifylline may be a good prospective diagnostic tool for early identification of IC. Moreover, the outcome of this study can be expected to apply to I-123 as well.

Development of 186/188Re-Chitosan as an Effective Therapeutic Agent for Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory chronic disease characterized by inflammation, pain, swelling and disability, and radiosynovectomy is one of the disease treatment lines. In this study, the possibility of providing rhenium-186/rhenium-188 chitosan radiopharmaceuticals, optimization of conditions for their production and bio-distribution are reported. In order to build perrhenic acid for labeling, natural rhenium was exposed to radiation. Radionuclidic and radiochemical purities of (186/188Re)-NaReO4 were examined by gamma spectroscopy and paper chromatography methods, respectively. Labeling of chitosan with rhenium was done in different acidic situations. The radiochemical purity 186/188Re-chitosan was applied by radio thin layer chromatography (RTLC). Lastly, the bio-distribution of the radiolabeled chitosan was studied in various organs after intra articular injection of the complex to lab rats. Gamma spectrometry confirmed the high rhenium radionuclidic purity. Chromatography results showed that perrhenic acid was produced with purity greater than 97% and rhenium chitosan labeling was done over 98% in pH = 3. Dissection results showed a high bio-distribution of 186/188Re-chitosan after injection into the joint with no leakage to surrounding organs. According to the results, there is a possibility of labeling rhenium with chitosan in very high radiochemical purity. Regarding the high retention of these radiopharmaceuticals in joints with no leakage to surrounding organs, 186/188Re-chitosan can be applied as new radiosynovectomy drugs for rheumatoid arthritis treatment.

Development and validation of simplified RP-HPLC method for quantification of Darunavir in commercial tablets

Darunavir (DRV) is a peptidic protease inhibitor class of antiretroviral drug which is regularly included in the antiretroviral therapy with several other drugs to treat Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients to avoid those developing Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). In this research paper, an accurate, precise, reproducible, simple and rapid Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for quantifying DRV in the tablet dosage form (Danavir 600). The liquid chromatography was carried out on a Phenomenex C18 analytical column with dimensions of 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm using a mixture of acetonitrile (ACN) and water in the ratio of 30:70 v/v as mobile phase. The sample was injected in a volume of 20 µl and determined at 268 nm with a flow rate of 1 ml/min (ACN:water). The retention time of standard and sample drug was found to be 3.16 and 3.12 min respectively. The linearity in the calibration curve was achieved for DRV in the concentration range of 40–200 µg/ml and the regression coefficient (R2) was found to be 0.982. The percentage recovery of DRV was obtained in the range of 98.10–103.65% indicated the great accuracy of the current method. Reproducibility and recovery studies with % relative standard deviation (%RSD) with intra and inter-day precision was found to be less than 2%, which proven a developed method was reproducible. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 0.31 and 0.96 µg/ml respectively. The method was validated as per the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines and can be strongly adopted for routine analysis of DRV since it is the most reliable and rapid approach. Even though a lot of work has been performed for estimating DRV in dosage forms, this study was found to be under green chemistry with the rapid and economical condition. Thus, the statistical validation of the data showed that the proposed method can be applied for the estimation of DRV in commercial tablets.

ISOLATION OF MIRICETINE-CONTAINING FRACTIONS FROM LINOSYRIS VILLOSA PLANT AND THEIR APPLICATION AS ANTIANEMIC AGENT

With the development of chemistry, natural substances were actively supplanted from human life by chemical products. However, despite the enormous progress in this area, in recent decades, the problems of serious side effects of synthetic chemicals on the environment have become more and more pronounced. Methods of two-dimensional and one-dimensional paper chromatography, column adsorption chromatography, gas chromatography, and IR spectroscopy were used. The purpose of the article is to study the chemical composition of the Linosyris villosa plant by physicochemical methods of analysis. Creation of dosage forms based on it. The problem of the article is the search and creation of drugs based on the flora of Northern Kazakhstan. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the chemical composition and biological activity of the Linosyris villosa plant, growing in the territory of Northern Kazakhstan, is being studied for the first time. According to the results of the analysis, in 13% of patients the treatment effect is insignificant, and in 87% of patients there was an improvement in blood values (increase in hemoglobin, an increase in the number of red blood cells, almost all patients returned color index of blood), the number of white blood cells increased to normal, and the WBC differential improved. Therefore, the drug “Vitin”, an aqueous-alcoholic extract of the Linosyris villosa, is an effective drug for the treatment of patients with anemia of varying severity. The practical significance of the work is defined as follows: biologically active compounds from the Linosyris villosa plant were obtained for the purpose of studying and applying them in medicine and agriculture.

A simple thin layer chromatography based method for the quantitative analysis of biosurfactant surfactin vis-a-vis the presence of lipid and protein impurities in the processing liquid

Abstract The Bacillus surfactin lipopeptides, widely used as potent biosurfactants, have been increasingly researched for diverse applications, necessitating quantification during the production and purification stages. Lipopeptides are typically quantified by Reversed Phase-High- Performance Liquid Chromatography and High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography but these have inherent limitations of long processing times, high capital investment and high solvent consumption. In this paper, an economical and accessible Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method for the analysis of surfactin lipopeptides has been developed, its estimation capability in terms of precision and accuracy thoroughly substantiated, and its robustness under diverse solvent and sampling conditions, as well as its specificity in the presence of multiple bioproducts, comprehensively verified. A linear relationship was observed between surfactin concentration and the area formed by surfactin bands on TLC plates with surfactin concentrations in the range of 0.5 g/L and 3 g/L. The TLC analytical technique was suitable for surfactin analysis when surfactin was dissolved in different solvents and when surfactin was spotted by multiple spotting on TLC plates to accuracy and precision of up to 98% and 95% respectively. Based on inter-day error analysis, reproducible results could be obtained with high accuracy and precision (98% and ≥84% respectively) were obtained when analysis was carried out on different days (two weeks apart). While this technique has been confirmed specifically as an investigative tool for the analysis of surfactin lipopeptides, visualisation of peptides, lipids and the fengycin suggests its further application to the quantification of co-existing impurities and other lipopeptide bioproducts.

Micellar and sub-micellar liquid chromatography of terephthalic acid contaminants using a C18 column coated with Tween 20.

The tremendous amounts of terephthalic acid (TPA) produced globally require consistent monitoring of its contaminants during the different stages of production for quality control purposes. In this paper, a simple, robust and green liquid chromatography method has been developed using an isocratic 100% aqueous mobile phase at pH 2 (dilute sulfuric acid) to separate TPA contaminants (mono-, di-, and tri-carboxylic aromatic acids) on a C18 stationary phase coated with Tween 20 (polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitan monolaurate). After optimization of all chromatographic conditions, near baseline separation of the nine carboxylic acids under investigation was achieved with a 2.5 mL/min flow rate on a 5 micron C18 silica column (100 x 4.6 mm) in under 20 min. The modified stationary phase showed an excellent capability to separate structural isomers in a reasonable time, markedly better that the bare C18 stationary phase. Plots of ln retention factor versus 1/temperature showed the expected linear relationship for the di- and tri-carboxylic aromatic acids (single retention mechanism likely) but a quadratic fit for the mono-carboxylic aromatic acids (dual retention mechanism likely). Due to the stability of the surfactant modified stationary phase, future potential mass spectrometry compatibility was shown through the alternative use of trifluoroacetic acid in the 100% H2O (no Tween) mobile phase but still with UV detection. The developed method with 0.001% (vol/vol) Tween in the mobile phase was successfully used to analyze two different types of TPA industrial samples for all nine components plus revealing some other impurity peaks. The lowest limit of detection was 0.010 nmoles for o-phthalic acid and p-toluic acid (PTA), while the highest was 0.065 nmoles for 4-carboxybenzaldehyde (CBA). The concentrations of these important contaminants, PTA and CBA, in the mother liquor sample were 3348mg/L and 1806mg/L, respectively, while their respective concentrations in the purified TPA powder were 135mg/kg and 17.7mg/kg.

Determination of free and bound amino acids in plant raw materials of zea mays L. by the method of high-performance liquid chromatography

Background: Plants have long been considered as a source of easily digestible forms of amino acids in combination with other biologically active compounds. Objectives: The aim of our research was to study the amino acid composition of the roots, leaves, and silk of Zea mays. Materials and Methods: The qualitative composition and the quantitative content of the free and the bound amino acids have been studied by the methods of paper chromatography and the high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: The content of the bound amino acids is significantly higher than the content of free amino acids in the studied plant material. The presence of 11 free amino acids and 16 bound amino acids has been found after the hydrolysis of aqueous solutions of the roots, leaves, and silk of Z. mays. Cysteine dominates quantitatively among the bound amino acids in all samples. The roots have the lowest amino acid content compared to other samples of raw materials. Conclusions: Results show the availability to use the Z. mays raw material for the production of complex remedies and functional food additives that contain amino acid complexes.

Physico-chemical characterization of the terbium-161 radioisotope through separation based on cartridge LN resin column from irradiated of enriched Gd2O3 target

According to WHO, cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world and the seventh cause of death in Indonesia. Currently, cancer sufferers are increasing every year and become a national problem in health. Terbium-161 (161Tb) is a low β−-emitter of radiolanthanide (Eβ - an average of 0.150 MeV and t1/2 for 6.9 days) that is potential for cancer therapy as an alternative to 177Lu which has been widely used in nuclear medicine. Physico-chemical characterization of 161Tb radioisotope in the form of 161TbCl3 final product solution has been studied including radiochemical purity, radionuclide purity, clarity, acidity (pH), and its stability. Irradiation of the Gd2O3 enriched target (98.4% 160Gd isotope enrichment) was carried out at Bandung TRIGA 2000 reactor for ± 3 days. The separation of 161Tb radionuclide from the Gd/Tb matrix has been done by the extraction chromatography method using two pieces of LN (Eichrom) resin cartridge column. The radiochemical purity of the final product of 161TbCl3 radioisotope solution was determined using paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis methods. Radionuclide purity of fractions resulted from separation as well as the final products of radioisotope 161TbCl3 was determined through analysis using a γ-ray spectrometer equipped with a multichannel analyzer (MCA) and HP-Ge detector. The clarity of the solution was determined visually, while the determination of acidity (pH) was carried out using the universal pH indicator paper. In this study, the final product of 161TbCl3 solution has Physico-chemical characteristics that meet the requirements for nuclear medicine application, namely clear, has a pH of ∼ 1, radiochemical purity of 99.31 ± 0.62%, and radionuclide purity of 99.96 ± 0.03%. The stability of radionuclide purity still meets the requirements (> 99%) for 2 weeks after preparing the final product, but 161TbCl3 solution with radiochemical purity more than 95% was stable until 3 weeks at room temperature.

Labeled of Irradiated Chitosan with IODIUM-131 Radioisotope

Chitosan is a polysaccharide from the deacetylation process of chitin, a compound derived from crustacean animal exoskeletons. Chitosan has benefits in various fields, one of them is in health field. Chitosan is known to be able to bind with fat so that it can reduce cholesterol levels in the blood, besides chitosan also has activities as an antibacterial and anticancer. Irradiated chitosan is carried out to degrade chitosan to smaller molecular weight and is easily absorbed to the body. As a new drug, many stages of testing are carried out to determine the mechanism and effectiveness of chitosan compound specifically as an anticancer compound. One of the required data is preclinical study data using animal model. Nuclear techniques offers the results of preclinical study that can identify quickly and accurately the distribution of a drug in the body with the radiotracer principle. Therefore it is necessary to make T-chitosan labeled compounds irradiation (131I-chitosan-75kGy) and compared with 131I-chitosan labeled compounds non-radiation (131I-chitosan) as controls. In this study, the optimum formulation of chitosan and chitosan-75kGy with radioisotope iodine-131 with radiochemical purity > 90% was obtained. Chitosan can be labeled by iodine-131 with the formulation of 150 μL (0.5%) chitosan, 20 μl (5 mg / mL) chloramine T, 20 μl (10 mg / mL) sodium metabisulphite, 10 μL Nal3I and 5 minutes incubation time at room temperature. While the optimum formulation of chitosan-75kGy labeled is 100 μL (0.5%) chitosan-75kGy, 10 μl (5 mg / mL) chloramine T, 10 μl (10 mg / mL) sodium metabisulphite, 10 μL Na131I with 1 minute incubation time at room temperature. Radiochemical purity testing was carried out using ascending paper chromatography method with whatman 1 paper as a stationary phase. To separate impurities in the form of I2, chloroform is used as the mobile phase, whereas methanol 90% is used to separate impurities in the form of I−. With this successful in producing labeled chitosan, it is expected that the effectiveness of irradiated chitosan as anticancer compounds can be identified.

Determination of Dispersing-Stabilizing Properties of Motor Oils and Their Dirtiness in Performance Conditions

Under the motor oil performance conditions, it is very difficult to determine the dispersing-stabilizing properties and the degree of dirtiness of the oil. These characteristics, however, have a great effect on the performance life of the oil until its replacement and the reliability of tractor and automobile operation. Relationships of changes in dispersing-stabilizing properties of motor oils with the content of additives and performance time in the engine were obtained by theoretical analysis and practical studies. The results of the studies on improvement of paper chromatographic method to determine the dirtiness of the oils under their performance conditions are presented.

Identification and determination of ascorbic acid, free organic acids and tannic substances in the grass of Inula L. genus species

The level of studying of Inula L. genus species, growing on the territory of Ukraine, is insufficient today. The study of chemical composition, accumulation of biologically active substances, pharmacological action of investigated grass species’ extracts of Inula L. genus of Ukrainian flora are of current interest. The aim of the work is making qualitative and comparative analysis of ascorbic, organic acids and tannic substances content in the raw material of investigated species of Inula L. genus (Inula britannica L. and Inula helenium L.). Quantitative determination was carried out by volume titration method. The presence of ascorbic acid, organic acids and tannic substances in the raw material of Inula L. genus investigated species was established with the help of paper chromatography and thin-layer chromatography methods. The quantitative determination of total organic acids was carried out according to XI edition of State Pharmacopoeia methods in terms of malic acid. Water extracts were studied for the tannins presence in raw material of Inula L. genus investigated species. Compounds identification was carried out through chemical reactions in accordance with Ukrainian State Pharmacopeia. The results obtained showed the perspective of further study of the biological activity of Inula britannica L. and Inula helenium L.

The phytochemical profile and antibacterial activity of fluid extracts of Galium verum L. herb

Aim. To obtain and study the qualitative composition and the content of the main groups of biologically active substances (BAS) of fluid extracts (FEs) of Galium verum L. herb and to assess their antibacterial activity.Materials and methods. FEs of Galium verum L. herb were obtained by three-fold water extraction or ethanol (20 %, 60 %, 96 %) extraction of the raw material when heating, followed by the concentration of the combined extracts. Phenolic compounds of FEs were studied by the methods of paper and thin-layer chromatography, and spectrophotometry. The content of polysaccharides was determined gravimetrically. The antibacterial activity of FEs was determined in vitro by the agar diffusion method.Results and discussion. The chromatographic study of FEs of Galium verum L. herb revealed the presence of chlorogenic acid and rutin in all FEs, the fluid 96 % ethanol extract contains chlorogenic acid, cyanoside, quercetin and rutin. Hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids and the amount of phenolic compounds were quantified in all extracts, and polysaccharides were determined in the aqueous extract and 20 % ethanol extract. When studying the antimicrobial activity of FEs it has been found that the fluid 96 % ethanol extract exhibits the highest activity. Bacillus subtilis was the most susceptible to all the extracts under study. Proteus vulgaris showed insignificant sensitivity to the test concentration of fluid extracts obtained with water and 60 % ethanol. The rest of the microorganism test strains used were sufficiently sensitive to the FEs under study.Conclusions. The results obtained indicate the prospects of further in-depth study of the antimicrobial activity of fluid extracts of Galium verum L. herb in order to develop antibacterial agents on their basis.

Study of the inulin complex of dahlia root bulbs of Ken's flame species and its standardization

The literature data analysis has shown that phytopolysaccharides are perspective sources for study and development of active pharmaceutical ingredients, and can be used as new medicines or biologically active additives in future. Therefore, the obtained polysaccharide complex from the root bulbs of Dahlias “Ken's Flame” species is perspective for the further research and isolation of new pharmaceutical ingredients and substances.Methods. The polysaccharide complex was obtained from the Dahlia’s tubers of “Ken's Flame” species. Paper chromatography method was used to identify monosaccharides of the polysaccharide complex. Quantitative determination of fructose in the complex was carried out by adsorption spectrophotometry using α-naphthol.Results. Fructose and glucose were identified by standard paper chromatography after acidic hydrolysis of the polysaccharide complex in selected standard conditions. For the quantitative determination of fructose, the Dyshe reaction was used: with α-naphthol in acidic medium. The influence of boric acid and urea supplements on the optical absorption of fructose and glucose in the given reaction was studied. The polysaccharide complex hydrolysis kinetics was studied; conditions for reaction of fructose with α-naphthol in acidic medium were selected.Conclusions. The standard conditions for the hydrolysis of the inulin complex were determined, followed by the identification of monosaccharides: fructose and glucose by paper chromatography method. The method of determination of fructose with α-naphthol in acidic medium for a polysaccharide complex obtained from the Dahlia’s tubers of “Ken's Flame” species was developed.Experimental studies devoted to the inulin complex (IC) identification using chromatography, determined conditions for the reaction of fructose with α-naphthol in acidic medium, as well as conditions for IC hydrolysis, and IC standardization are presented in the article