Orientational Metaphors Research Articles

Interpreting Metaphor In Sidney Mohede’s Song Lyrics

This research aimed at describing the metaphors used by the Mohede in the eight songs he wrote. As a qualitative research, this study rellied the data upon the lyrics of the chosen songs. The analysis applies theory of Lakoff and Johnson which divided metaphors into three types namely structural metaphor, orientational metaphor, and ontological metaphor. The analysis followed the steps of Bogdan and Biklen as follows identification, categorization, explanation, and interpretations of the findings. The result showed that the songs confirmed the existence the types of the metaphors such as structural metaphor, orientational metaphor and ontological metaphor. These findings implies a pivotal contribution of figurative speech particularly metaphor in communicating the meaning of a song. Thus, this study foreshadows a further research for comprehending the relationship of metaphor to song lyrics for both linguistic and literary context. Keywords: mathematical ability; students; Problem-Based Learning.

Conceptual Metaphor about Corona Virus: Cognitive Semantic Analysis

Abstract. Conceptual metaphors are the result of mental construction, conceptualization of the experience of human life. In Japanese, metaphorical features are often found in conveying information so that information can be easily understood. This study aimed to describe the conceptual metaphors found at the Japanese Prime Minister's Press Conference, Shinzo Abe on March 14 and 28, 2020 through the official website kantei.go.jp. The research method used was descriptive qualitative analysis. Data were collected by taking text that contained metaphorical elements and then selected. Data selection was based on the basic principle of metaphor, which was the mapping from the source domain to the target domain. Then the data were classified based on the type of metaphor by Lakoff and Johnson and the type of image scheme by Cruse and Croft. Based on the study done, there were three types of conceptual metaphors, 1) Structural metaphors with conceptuals meaning of enemy, medical treatment, control, and mind; 2) Orientational metaphors with conceptual meaning of disadvantage, and approval; 3) Ontological metaphors with conceptuals meaning of finance, and emotion. In addition, there were also six types of image schemes, namely the image scheme of Strength, Existence, Identity, Scale, Space, and Unity.Keywords: Conceptual Meaning, Press Conference, Cognitive Semantic, Image Scheme

Metaphorical Expression in Song Lyrics in English Textbook Senior High School

This study aimed to determine the metaphorical song lyrics in English textbooks in senior high school. This research is descriptive qualitative. This research's object is the Metaphor found in song lyrics in English textbooks in senior high school. Sources of data in this study are song lyrics found in English textbooks in senior high school. The songs included in the English textbooks are: 1. The world is ours by Alloe Black and David Correy; 2. Heal The World by Michael Jackson; 3. Breakaway by Kelly Clarkson; 4. Shake It Off by Taylor Swift. The method used by researchers is documentation in collecting data and analyzing data. In analyzing the data, the researcher used a Metaphor based on Lakoff and Johnson's theory, namely structural metaphors, orientation metaphors, and ontological metaphors. These are: containers and personifications. The results showed six structural Metaphors, five orientation metaphors, one container metaphor and two personification metaphors.
 Keywords: English Books, Metaphor, Song Lyric

Metafora Konseptual Bertema Rihlah (Jalan-Jalan) pada Majalah Gontor: Analisis Semantik Kognitif

This research is a cognitive semantic analysis and uses descriptive qualitative methods. The problems discussed in this study are the types of conceptual metaphors, namely (1) structural metaphors, (2) orientational metaphors, (3) metaphors. The theory used is the conceptual metaphor from Lakoff & Johnson (2003) as the main theory and the image scheme from Cruse & Croft (2004) theory. The data is taken from the Gontor magazine with the theme of "rihlah" (traveling). Based on the analysis conducted, 11 conceptual metaphor data were found, with the following details: seven structural metaphors are the concepts of the meaning of decoration, protection, limb, the taste of food, expenditure, nature, and fame; one orientational metaphor with the concept of the meaning of quality; and three ontological metaphors with the concept of well-known meaning, heredity, and quality of goods. The image schemes found were one power/control scheme, two existence/process schemes, two identity/conformity schemes, and six existence/object schemes.

METAFORA KONSEPTUAL DALAM RUBRIK TEKNOLOGI KORAN ELEKTRONIK KOMPAS

This article employs a cognitive semantic analysis with the aim to describe the types of metaphors and conceptual meanings based on conceptual metaphor theory by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), and image schemes based on image scheme theory by Cruse and Croft (2004) on the electronic newspaper Kompas. Data source in this research are taken from the technology rubric of the electronic newspaper Kompas on the March 2020 edition. We use descriptive qualitative method to conduct the reseach. The result shows that there are 16 data found of conceptual metaphor, there are nine data of structural metaphor with the conceptual meaning of enemy, leader, and human; four data of orientational metaphor with the concept of meaning of space and quality, and three data of ontological metaphor with the concept of meaning of money and fame. For the image scheme, there are four types that are found, 5 data of force scheme, 6 data of existence scheme, 1 data of container scheme, and 4 data of space scheme. Keywords: Conceptual metaphor, cognitive semantic, technology rubric of Kompas.com

DATA VISUALIZATION COMPUTER PROGRAMS IN DIACHRONIC COMPARISON OF THE BRITISH POLITICAL DISCOURSE OF THE 20<sup>TH</sup> - 21<sup>ST</sup> CENTURIES (BASED ON ORIENTATIONAL METAPHORS)

This article opens a series of publications related to the use of methods of statistical processing and data visualization in the field of political linguistics for the analysis of orientational metaphors identified in the official speeches of British politicians in the period of 1900—1920 and 2000—2020. The urgency of this article lies in the study of human cognitive processes by means of fundamental linguistic units (orientational metaphors), as well as in the use of advanced computer technologies in linguistic research. This approach allows the researcher to come to objective conclusions, to carry out a qualitative and quantitative analysis, as well as to visually present the results obtained. The aim of the work is both to identify the criteria that influence the metaphorical character of the text and to compare the temporal changes of the British political discourse from the point of view of diachrony. The following methods were used in the work: the method of diachronic analysis (with the aim to identify temporal changes in orientational metaphors), quantitative analysis and statistical processing of linguistic material. During the study, the authors analyzed 42 official speeches of British politicians, in the framework of which they identified 2,500 orientational metaphors. On the basis of the data obtained, it has been revealed that the 21 st century is more metaphorical than the 20 th , while the second decade always surpasses the first in metaphoricity. Moreover, using data visualization tools, it was shown that the first decade of the 21 st century is approximately equal in terms of metaphorical density with the second decade of the 20 th century. This work can be of interest to Russian and foreign specialists in the field of comparative political metaphorology, cognitive linguistics, history, political science, computer data analysis, and informatics.

An Analysis of Metaphor for Corona on Headlines News

This paper examines, describes, and analyzes the types of metaphor used in Tribunnews.com headlines particularly Corona issues. The data were taken from March 2nd 2020 until July 14th 2020 with keywords Corona and Covid-19 and, were analyzed in the frame of qualitative method. The data taken were analyzed by using conceptual metaphor proposed by Lakof and Johnson. The analysis deals with the types of metaphor called structural metaphor, ontological metaphor, and orientational metaphor. The result shows how Corona was mapped into other domain in order to simplify and attract reader’s attention.

METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS IN EMILY DICKINSON’S POEMS

The poem has the role of the media to deliver the author’s opinion, messages, and feeling towards certain phenomena to the readers by using literary language. The idea of those poems needs to be interpreted by the readers and it is dealing with meaning. Problems occur when there is the literary language used by the author since not all the reader can understand the implicit meaning inside the poems which certainly used figurative language, especially metaphor. Thus, the study entitled Metaphorical Expressions in Emily Dickinson’s Poems aimed to find the metaphor inside three poems by Emily Dickinson entitled I Felt a Funeral in My Brain, Because I could Not Stop for Death and I Heard a Fly Buzz – when I Died. This study also aimed to identify the implicit meaning behind those metaphors. In analyzing the data, the researcher used the metaphor theory proposed by Lakoff and Johnson, they are structural metaphor, ontological metaphor, and orientational metaphor. To answer the second research question, the researcher used the theory of meaning by I. A Richard. This study used a descriptive qualitative method and stylistic approach, in which the researcher focuses on the aesthetic function of the language. In this research, the researcher found 17 metaphorical expressions divided into 5 types of metaphor there are: entity metaphor 4 data, structural metaphor 5 data, orientation metaphor 1 data, container metaphor 1data and personification 6 data.

La metáfora conceptual en el discurso político euroescéptico (francés-español)

The second decade of the 21st century has seen the emergence and establishment of a series of movements that have led to the rise of Eurosceptic parties in France and Germany and the departure of the United Kingdom from the European Union. Considering the current political context and given the lack of studies addressing this object of study, this paper analyses the role of metaphor and metonymy in Eurosceptic discourse in French and Spanish. To this end, once the theoretical fundamentals of this research has been submitted, the compiled textual corpus is presented. This corpus consists of documents, political programmes and manifestos drafted by a number of openly Eurosceptic political parties in France, Switzerland and Spain. From this corpus, the underlying conceptual metaphors have been analyzed, as well as the orientational metaphors and the documented metonymies from the metaphorical expressions used. This study concludes that metaphor is, in political discourse, an effective means of transmitting a certain ideology. Thus, the most used conceptual metaphors have been THE EXIT FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION IS A WAY, THE EXIT FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION IS A FIGHT and POLITICS ARE A FIGHT. It is also concluded that the use of metaphor is capable of changing the citizen’s perception and conception of European Community policies and the European Union.

Going Up Is Always Good: A Multimodal Analysis of Metaphors in a TV Ad with FILMIP, the Filmic Metaphor Identification Procedure

Conceptual Metaphor Theory developed by Lakoff & Johnson (1980) suggested that we use metaphors to evaluate and communicate in our various environments. Although metaphors encompass a large variety of taxonomies, orientational metaphors are those that rely on spatial position to map concepts into other ones, referring to a relation of valence and verticality. Stated by Kövecses (2010) conceptual metaphors such orientational ones draw ‘upward’ and ‘downward’ spatial positions in which ‘upward’ is usually referred to as having positive connotations, whereby their opposites, ‘downwards’, are understood as negative. This paper seeks to unveil how the orientational metaphor good is up is employed in a filmic narrative of a language learning application for technological devices named Babbel. The present analysis is developed under the application of FILMIP (Filmic Metaphor Identification Procedure, Bort-Mir 2019). In the analyzed narrative, the orientational metaphor good is up is represented in the Babbel TV commercial (2018) as a tool for persuading customers that the best way of escalating positions at work is by learning new languages. This analysis demonstrates how orientational metaphors in multimodal media emerge as a convenient device for marketing campaigns in the context of social status improvement.

El movimiento como metáfora. Colocaciones con los verbos de movimiento venio e incido en latín

One of the best-known features of verb-noun collocations is that one of their constituents, the collocative, has a metaphorical sense adapted to the main element of the construction, the basis. However, there has been little attention to the relation between collocations and metaphors. Thus, the aim of this paper is double: on the one hand, to highlight the tight relationship between metaphor and collocations; and, on the other, to discuss some metaphors codded in collocations with the movement verbs venio and incido, from the analysis of a representative corpus. As we will see, collocations with these two verbs are connected to two orientational metaphors frequently used in a wide range of languages in the world: "states are containers and inceptions of events are endpoints of telic movements". Moreover, the verb incido has in many collocations a negative meaning because of the conceptualization of the “fall” in the Roman world, related to the "up is good, down is bad" metaphor.

Under His Majesty’s Protection

In Orientational Conceptual Metaphor, a system of ideas is organized in the relation and interaction in space like up-down, in-out, front-back, on-off, deep-shallow, central-peripheral. Lakoff and Johnson (1980) called this group of metaphors “Orientational,” because they give a concept a spatial orientation: in the example, “happy is up,” the concept happy is oriented up leading to English expressions like “I’m feeling up today.” Such metaphorical orientations have a basis in our physical and cultural experience, thus they vary from culture to culture. Drawing on this theoretical and methodological framework, this paper argues for the existence of Orientational Metaphors in Neo-Assyrian sources, which are largely attested in textual and visual references concerning the relationships between king and subjects.

METAFORA KONSEPTUAL DALAM JUDUL BERITA KONTAN.CO.ID: KAJIAN LINGUISTIK KOGNITIF

The study is titled “Conceptual Metaphor in Kontan.co.id News Titles: A Study of Cognitive Semantics”. The selection of news title diction is not only explicitly delivered, but also implicitly that is by using metaphors. This research is included in qualitative research that is descriptive. The source of metaphoric data comes from online news site Kontan.co.id. The methods used in data collection are in the name of the method of simak with the technique of note as the basic technique and method of data analysis using the method of clay with advanced techniques for direct elements (BUL). The results of the study showed three types of metaphors that were found, namely structural metaphors as much as two data, orientational metaphors as many as two data, and ontological metaphors as many as two data. Based on metaphorical mapping between the source domain and the target domain of the dominant image scheme formed is identity.

Yeni Uygur Atasözlerinin Yönelim Metaforları Açısından İncelenmesi

Klasik anlamda metafor, sadece söz sanatı olarak görülürken modern/çağdaş metafor daha geniş bir kavram alanını ifade eder. En geniş anlamıyla metaforlar, duygularımızı ortaya çıkaran veya gizleyen dile ait unsurlardır. Atasözlerinde sık sık kullanılan metaforun bir türü de yönelim metaforlarıdır. Yönelim metaforları, insanların birbirleriyle iletişim kurarken yön odaklı kelimeleri kullanmasıyla oluşur. Yeni Uygur atasözlerinde de bu yönteme sıkça başvurulmuştur. Yeni Uygur atasözlerinde yönelimi sağlayan kelimeler: aldi (ön)/keyin (arka), yuquri (yukarı)/ tüve (aşağı), yiraq (uzak)/yéqin (yakın), tar (dar)/keñ (geniş), néri (öte)/beri (beri), téş (dış)/iç (iç)’tir. Bu yer-yön bildiren kelimelerin yanında çiq- (çık-)/çüş- (düş-), baş/ayaq, asman(gökyüzü)/yer gibi kelimeler de yönelim bildirmektedir. Yeni Uygur atasözlerinin seçilimi noktasında Kurtuluş Öztopçu’nun “Uygur Atasözleri ve Deyimleri” ile yüksek lisans tezimde çevirdiğim Muhemmet Rehim’in “Uyġur Xelq Maqal Temsilliri” kitaplarından faydalanılmıştır. Muhammet Emin Yıldızlı’nın “Yönelim Metaforlu Deyimlerin Sınıflandırılması” makalesinde kullanılan tasnif yönteminden yararlanılmış, ancak sıralı cümle yapısındaki bazı atasözleri bu tasnifte herhangi bir başlığa girmediği için yeni bir başlık daha eklenmiştir. Uygurların yönelim metaforları içinden en çok aldi (ön)/keyin (arka), yiraq (uzak)/yéqin (yakın) metaforunu kullandıkları tespit edilmiştir. Yeni Uygur atasözlerinin daha önce metaforik açıdan incelenmemiş olması bu çalışmayı özgün kılan niteliklerdendir.

Ontological Cognitive Metaphor of Love in English Songs of the Late 20th Century from Cognitive Perspective

The paper provides an overview of the linguistic theory relevant to cognitive metaphor and shed light into ontological metaphors of love in songs. The writer found out typical metaphorical images of love in the famous English love songs of the late 20th century from cognitive prospective. There are 86 cited sentences from 68 love songs used with 16 metaphorical expressions of three types of metaphor: structural metaphors, orientational metaphors and ontological metaphors in which ontological metaphor was focused to analyze. That how these metaphorical images are explored in the songs with the cognitive and rhetorical value can offer a new look into literary and linguistics. In addition, the writer recommends strategies in finding out, comprehending and analyzing this type of metaphor in various contexts as well as suggests some suitable ways for readers to apply metaphor in writing texts more effectively.

Conceptual Metaphors in Paramore’s <i>After Laughter</i> Album

This research aims to classify the conceptual metaphors in Paramore’s After Laughter (2017) album. The data for the research were taken from 11 songs in the album After Laughter. The data were analyzed using Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) theory of conceptual metaphor. From the 11 songs, 47 data were identified containing conceptual metaphors. Overall, the data mostly consist of orientational metaphors. There were 37 data containing orientational metaphors, which are used by the songwriters to convey to their listeners that they had experienced ups and downs in their lives. Eight structural metaphors were used to deliver the message that life is full of challenges and struggle. However, it also conveys a lesson of the most genuine forgiveness. Only 2 data containing ontological metaphors were found. The conceptual metaphors depict the devastation in their lives, as it is tangible through human imagination and has human characteristics. By using conceptual metaphors in the song lyrics, the songwriters enable the listeners to acknowledge the message, as well as the story that they meant to convey.

Conceptual metaphors in lyrics, vocal realization and music – reinforcement or modification of emotional potential

The paper seeks to examine the ways in which the emotional potential (germ. Emotionspotential) rooted in the textual part of selected songs can potentially be reinforced or modified by the music and vocal realization. Music and intonation provide sonic counterparts of the emotional states expressed by language. I shall consider cases where the sonic counterpart is either an analog or stands in contrast to the textual component and the affective value commonly associated with the invoked conceptual metaphor/metonymy. The research material consists of three versions of the song Ride by 21 Pilots, the song Here Comes the Night Time by Arcade Fire and Die Flut [the flood] by Joachim Witt and Peter Heppner. The analysis results show that salient presence of up/down image schema in verbal and musical orientational metaphors is observable, albeit not always accompanied with the most typical valence pattern.

SPATIAL OPPOSITIONS IN THE POLITICAL ARENA OF GREAT BRITAIN

This article is a part of a complex comparative study of orientation metaphors in British political discourse in the early 20th and 21st centuries. The study has been carried out on the basis of official political speeches. The article is based on discrete analysis of spatial metaphors within the periods of 1905-1920 and 2010-2020. These time periods were chosen in order to analyze two ideologically different centuries of political power in Great Britain: the beginning of the 20th century is characterized by the rule of the Liberal party, the beginning of the 21st century is associated with the rule of the Conservative party. The urgency of the article stems from the use of comparative metaphorology as an actively developing area of modern linguistics, the purpose of which is studying mental concepts of the people through the prism of language resources. The purpose of this work is to find out similarities and differences in the use of orientation metaphors by politicians of radically different conservative and liberal ideologies within one - hundred year period. Since the concepts of orientation metaphors are archetypical, because they are based on spatial orientation of people in this world, they represent a good basis for a study of human mind. Proceeding from the semantic differences of their usage in the political contexts of different periods of time, it is possible to make a conclusion about the national worldview, which, in its turn, may allow the researcher to understand how people’s way of thinking changes in the course of a century. The following methods were used to conduct a comparative study and to identify temporal transformations in this article: diachronic analysis, component analysis, linguistic description, continuous sampling, metaphorical modeling, and cognitive - discursive method. The article demonstrates the confrontation and correlation of the meanings of archetypical and variable metaphorical models and analyzes the ideological differentiation of the usage of orientation metaphors. This work might be of interest to Russian and foreign specialists in the field of political metaphorology, cognitive linguists, politology and history.

Semantyka miłości. Analiza metafor w narracjach kobiet i mężczyzn o uczuciach i związkach

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wyników eksploracyjnych badań jakościowych dotyczących sposobów metaforyzowania miłości erotycznej przez heteroseksualne kobiety i mężczyzn. Analizy odnoszą się do dwóch faz relacji miłosnej – zakochania oraz bycia w związku. Badania bazują na kognitywnej teorii metafory George’a Lakoffa i Marka Johnsona. Analiza metafor orientacyjnych pokazała, że zakochanie doświadczane jest jako dezorientacja, natomiast związek jako układ hierarchiczny. Metafory ontologiczne pozwoliły opisać miłość jako żywioły, procesy chemiczne, przedmioty oraz żywe istoty. Metafory strukturalne nawiązywały do konsumpcji (miłość jako dar, cenny zasób, kapitał), pracy (miłość jako budowa, projekt, nauka, praca terapeutyczna), rozrywki (miłość jako gra, podróż, zagadka), konfliktu (miłość jako wojna, dyplomacja, walka wewnętrzna) oraz choroby. Analiza materiału empirycznego pokazała różnice w sposobie metaforyzowania miłości dotyczące zarówno jej faz, jak i doświadczeń uczestników wynikających z etapu bycia w związku. Okazało się, że kobiety metaforyzują miłość w sposób bardziej złożony niż mężczyźni. Różnice między płciami dotyczą również poszczególnych kontekstów.

Interpreting Metaphor In Sidney Mohede’s Song Lyrics

This research aimed at describing the metaphors used by the Mohede in the eight songs he wrote. As a qualitative research, this study rellied the data upon the lyrics of the chosen songs. The analysis applies theory of Lakoff and Johnson which divided metaphors into three types namely structural metaphor, orientational metaphor, and ontological metaphor. The analysis followed the steps of Bogdan and Biklen as follows identification, categorization, explanation, and interpretations of the findings. The result showed that the songs confirmed the existence the types of the metaphors such as structural metaphor, orientational metaphor and ontological metaphor. These findings implies a pivotal contribution of figurative speech particularly metaphor in communicating the meaning of a song. Thus, this study foreshadows a further research for comprehending the relationship of metaphor to song lyrics for both linguistic and literary context.